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OPPORTUNITIES IN
Misery
Committee to Survey Opportunities in the
Chemical Sciences
Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology
Commission on Physical Sciences,
Mathematics, and Resources
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Wash~ngtorl, D.~. 1985
OCR for page R2
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board
of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the
National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of
Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their
special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures
approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in
1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's
purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council
operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority
of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit,
self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the principal operating
agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering
in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and
engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of
Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were
established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of
Sciences.
Support for this project was provided by the American Chemical Society, the U.S. Air Force
Office of Scientific Research under Grant No. AFOSR-83-0323, the Council for Chemical
Research, Inc., the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, Inc., the U.S. Department of
Energy under Grant No. DE-FG02-81ER10984, the National Institutes of Health under
Grant No. CHE-8301035, the National Bureau of Standards under Contract No.
NB835BCA2075, and the National Science Foundation under Grant No. CHE-8301035.
Support was also provided by the following industrial companies: Aluminum Company of
America, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Calgon Corporation, Celanese Research Company, Dow
Chemical Company, Eastman Kodak Company, E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc.,
Exxon Corporation, General Electric Company, GTE Laboratories, Inc., Johnson and
Johnson Company, Mobay Chemical Company, Mobil Research and Development Corpora-
tion, Monsanto Company, Pfizer, Inc., Phillips Petroleum Company, PPG Industries, Inc.,
Proctor and Gamble Company, Shell Development Company, Standard Oil Company (Ohio),
Stauffer Chemical Company, TRW, Inc., and
Copyright ~ 1985 by the National Academy of Sciences
U.S. Steel Corporation.
No part of this book may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic, or electronic
process, or in the form of a phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system,
transmitted, or otherwise copied for public or private use, without written permission from
the publisher, except for the purposes of official use by the United States Government.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 85-62586
International Standard Book Number 0-309-03594-5, soft cover
International Standard Book Number 0-309-03633-X, hard cover
Printed in the United States of America
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Committee to Survey Opportunities in the Chemical Sciences
GEORGE C. PIMENTEL (Chairman), University of California, Berkeley
ALLEN J. BARD, The University of Texas at Austin
FRED BASOLO, Northwestern University
JOHN H. BIRELY, Los Alamos National Laboratory
JOHN I. BRAUMAN, Stanford University
HARRY G. DRICKAMER, University of Illinois, Urbana
HANS-G. ELIAS, Dow Chemical Co.
MOSTAFA A. EL-SAYED, University of California, Los Angeles
DAVID A. EVANS, Harvard University
JOSEF FRIED, University of Chicago
GERHART FRIEDLANDER, Brookhaven National Laboratory
HARRY B. GRAY, California Institute of Technology
VLADIMIR HAENSEL, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
RALPH F. HIRSCHMANN, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories
ISABELLA L. KARLE, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
WILLIAM A. LESTER, JR., University of California, Berkeley
RUDOLPH A. MARCUS, California Institute of Technology
FRED W. McLAFFERTY, Cornell University
KOJI NAKANISHI, Columbia University
ALAN SCHRIESHEIM, Argonne National Laboratory
HOWARD E. SIMMONS, JR., E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc.
WILLIAM P. SLIGHTER, AT&T Bell Laboratories
GABOR A. SOMORJAI, University of California, Berkeley
EARL R. STADTMAN, National Institutes of Health
CHRISTOPHER T. WALSH, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
GEORGE M. WHITESIDES, Harvard University
WILLIAM SPINDEL, Staf{Director, Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology
(BCST)
ROBERT M. SIMON, Sta~O~cer, BCST
PEGGY J. POSEY, Sta~ O~cer, BCST
ROBERT C. RODNEY, Editor, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and
Resources
MARTIN A. PAUL, Technical Consultant, BCST
MARY E. BUNDY, Administrative Associate to Dr. Pimentel
JEAN E. YATES, Financial Coordinator, BCST
RENEE R. HARRIS, Senior Secretary, BCST
. · .
111
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1V
Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology
ALLEN J. BARD (Co-Chairman', The University of Texas at Austin
LEO J. THOMAS, JR. (Co-Chairman9, Eastman Kodak Company
FRED BASOLO, Northwestern University
STEPHEN J. BENKOVIC, Pennsylvania State University
JOHN H. DIRELY, Los Alamos National Laboratory
KENNETH B. BISCHOFF, University of Delaware
JOHN I. BRAUMAN, Stanford University
EUGENE H. CORDES, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories
WILLIAM A. GODDARD III, California Institute of Technology
LOWELL P. HAGER, University of Illinois, Urbana
ARTHUR E. HUMPHREY, Lehigh University
DAVID W. McCALL, AT&T Bell Laboratories
FRED W. McLAFFERTY, Cornell University
LEO A. PAQUETTE, Ohio State University
GEORGE W. PARSHALL, E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc.
GEORGE C. PIMENTEL, University of California, Berkeley
DAVID P. SHEETZ, Dow Chemical Co.
THRESSA C. STADTMAN, National Institutes of Health
MONTE C. THRODAHL, St. Louis, Mo.
NICHOLAS J. TURRO, Columbia University
GEORGE M. WHITESIDES, Harvard University
Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, ant! Resources
HERBERT FRIEDMAN (ChairmanJ, National Research Council
CLARENCE R. ALLEN, California Institute of Technology
THOMAS D. BARROW, Standard Oil Company, Ohio (retired)
ELKAN R. BLOUT, Harvard Medical School
BERNARD F. BURKE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
GEORGE F. CARRIER, Harvard University
CHARLES L. DRAKE, Dartmouth College
MILDRED S. DRESSELHAUS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
JOSEPH L. FISHER, Office of the Governor, Commonwealth of Virginia
JAMES C. FLETCHER, University of Pittsburgh
WILLIAM A. FOWLER, California Institute of Technology
GERHART FRIEDLANDER, Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDWARD D. GOLDBERG, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
MARY L. GOOD, Signal Research Center, Inc.
J. ROSS MacDONALD, University of North Carolina
THOMAS MALONE, Saint Joseph College
CHARLES J. MANKIN, Oklahoma Geological Survey
PERRY L. McCARTY, Stanford University
WILLIAM D. PHILLIPS, Mallinckro~t, Inc.
ROBERT E. SIEVERS, University of Colorado
JOHN D. SPENGLER, Harvard School of Public Health
GEORGE WETHERILL, Carnegie Institution of Washington
RAPHAEL G. KASPER, Executive Director
LAWRENCE E. McCRAY, Associate Executive Director
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Preface
In 1965, the National Research Council published Chemistry: Opportunities
and Neecis. This report, under the leadership of Frank Westheimer, surveyed
the state of the discipline at that time. In the 20 years since then, chemistry has
undergone a virtual revolution in its techniques, instrumentation, and capa-
bilities. New frontiers lie before us.
These new vistas made evident the need for a new survey of chemical science
and its intellectual and economic impact. That need, recognized by the Chem-
istry Section of the National Academy of Sciences, led in 1982 to meetings of a
planning committee formed by the Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology
of the National Research Council. The planning committee unanimously
recommended that a new survey of chemistry be undertaken, and the Board
approved. This report is the result.
A committee of 26 members broadly representative of the academic, indus-
trial, and governmental research sectors, the geographic areas, and the major
subdisciplines of chemistry was appointed to guide the study and to frame its
conclusions and recommendations. Put briefly, the committee's charge was to
describe:
· the contemporary research frontiers of chemistry;
· the opportunities for the chemical sciences to address society's needs; and
· the resources needed to explore these frontiers to advance human knowI-
edge and to exploit chemistry's opportunities to enhance the well-being of
humankind.
To achieve these goals, the committee organized itself into five task forces,
which, in turn, called upon more than 350 chemical researchers to suggest
topics, prepare commissioned papers on cutting-edge research, and provide
critiques of the manuscript as it developed. An interim report was prepared in
the fall of 1983 under the auspices of the Academies' Committee on Science,
Engineering, and Public Policy, titled Report of the Research Briefing Panel on
Selected Opportunities in Chemistry. The briefing report was based upon
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V1
PREFACE
research directions of particular promise that became apparent early in this
study. Its recommendations and priorities are entirely consonant with the more
complete analysis presented here.
Of course, a single report can hardly cover every aspect of a set of disciplines
as broad, vigorous, and dynamic as the chemical sciences. For example,
chemical engineering is not explicitly discussed in detail; a complementary
examination of the research frontiers in that field is clearly called for and is now
under way. Nevertheless, ~ believe that this report does indeed capture the
essence of the chemical sciences today. Its content represents an enthusiastic
consensus of a broad spectrum from that community. The National Research
Council, the scientific community, and T. myself, are all deeply indebted to the
members of the committee, the many colleagues who assisted the task forces,
and the able and conscientious reviewers whose suggestions and advice deter-
mined the substance of the report. ~ am also grateful to my staff at Berkeley and
to the staff of the NRC's Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology who, under
the leadership of William Spindel, provided throughout the term of the project
the day-to-day support so essential to its successful completion.
The primary audience for this report is made up of those responsible for
guiding science policy in the Congress and the Administration. We believe that
the report will be useful to other audiences, too: the leaders of the chemical
industry, the chemical research community, and also those inquisitive about
science, about its relation to their own lives, and about the current directions of
that most central of sciences, chemistry.
GEORGE C. PIMENTEE
Chairman, Committee to Survey
Opportunities in the Chemical Sciences
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Contents
I. INTRODUCTION
II.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
III. CONTROL OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
A. New Processes, 21
B. More Energy, 34
C. New Products and Materials, 48
D. Intellectual Frontiers, 63
E. Instrumentation, 91
IV. DEALING WITH MOLECULAR COMPLEXITY
A. More Food, 106
B. Better Health, 125
C. Biotechnologies, 144
D. Intellectual Frontiers, 155
E. Instrumentation, 178
V. CHEMISTRY AND NATIONAL WELL-BEING
A. Better Environment, 193
B. Continued Economic Competitiveness, 209
C. Increased National Security, 222
D. Intellectual Frontiers, 240
E. Instrumentation, 265
VI. MANPOWER AND EDUCATION.
VII. RESOURCES FOR BASIC RESEARCH IN THE
CHEMICAL SCIENCES........................
APPENDIXES
A. Chemistry in Industry: Tables, 327
B. Contributors, 332
INDEX. . .
21
.. 106
193
.. 279
288
........ 337
e e
V11
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WORLD'S LARGEST INDEX
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The sheer volume of this amazing collective index attests to
the worldwide activity and importance of chemistry today.
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