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Page 40
Appendix D—
Technologies Assessed by the Committee Communications | •
| broadband, high-power, high data-rate, redundant systems
| | •
| communications system-on-a-chip
| | •
| high-dielectric constant patch antennas
| | •
| high-frequency (› Ka band) antennas
| | •
| high-power (broadcast) antennas
| | •
| high-power, solid-state transponder systems
| | •
| phased-array antennas
| | •
| up-down transmission technologies, including raindrop compensation
| | •
| wideband (i.e., optical) communications
| Earth-Based Systems | •
| automated and semi-automated processing of image data
| | •
| autonomous ground control
| | •
| development of space systems using nanotechnology
| | •
| image storage and dissemination
| | •
| integrated design systems
| | •
| large-scale information management and simulation
| | •
| low-cost operations
| | •
| paperless designs
| | •
| rapid system prototyping tools using multimedia capabilities
| | •
| verification and validation approaches and databases for commercial off-the-shelf technologies
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Page 40
Appendix D— Technologies Assessed by the Committee Communications •
broadband, high-power, high data-rate, redundant systems
•
communications system-on-a-chip
•
high-dielectric constant patch antennas
•
high-frequency (› Ka band) antennas
•
high-power (broadcast) antennas
•
high-power, solid-state transponder systems
•
phased-array antennas
•
up-down transmission technologies, including raindrop compensation
•
wideband (i.e., optical) communications
Earth-Based Systems •
automated and semi-automated processing of image data
•
autonomous ground control
•
development of space systems using nanotechnology
•
image storage and dissemination
•
integrated design systems
•
large-scale information management and simulation
•
low-cost operations
•
paperless designs
•
rapid system prototyping tools using multimedia capabilities
•
verification and validation approaches and databases for commercial off-the-shelf technologies
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Guidance and Control •
advanced attitude-control technologies
•
all star-tracker attitude-reference system
•
avionics-on-a-chip (multichip module)
•
coordinated operation of spacecraft fleets
•
fault-tolerant electromechanical actuators
•
high-accuracy, low-mass star trackers and gyros
•
interferometric fiber-optic gyros (IFOGS)
•
low-cost, reliable, position-tracking and telemetry systems (with built-in collision avoidance)
•
micromechanical sensors
•
miniature momentum-exchange devices
•
modular avionics
•
precision spacecraft pointing
•
redundant (multistring) solid-state avionics
•
use of Global Positioning System for guidance and control
Information Technologies •
artificial intelligence systems
•
automatic fault recovery
•
autonomous systems
•
data compression technologies
•
data fusion
•
digital systems processing
•
distributed functions among spacecraft
•
effective human-machine interfaces
•
high-density, fiber-optic sensor networks
•
high-density, low-cost command and data handling with open architecture
•
high-temperature electronics
•
hundred-fold increase in processing capability
•
integrated vehicle health-monitoring systems
•
low-cost, high-capacity, low-mass, radiation-resistant, solid-state memories
•
neural nets
•
neuro-engineering systems
•
onboard image processing
•
onboard mission planning capability
•
parallel computer processor architectures
•
radiation-hardened electronics
•
sequencing systems
•
system standards to expand software reuse
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Launch •
‹ 3,000 lb. thrust scale pump-fed liquid rocket propulsion
•
air-augmented/breathing rockets
•
automated ground processing
•
clean solid propellants
•
electromagnetic launch/assist
•
environmentally compatible boosters
•
gel propellants
•
high-energy density chemical propellants
•
high-energy liquid propellants
•
high thrust-to-weight engines
•
hybrid launch vehicle
•
hypersonic airplane first stage
•
integrated solar upper stage
•
laser propulsion for ground-to-orbit launch
•
lightweight integrated vehicle structures
•
lightweight launch vehicle structures
•
lightweight propellant tanks
•
low-cost, reliable cryogenic propulsion
•
lower-cost launchers
•
mass drivers
•
modular launch vehicle
•
oxygen/kerosene rocket-based combined cycle engines
•
reusable oxygen/kerosene rocket engines with thrust-to-weight ratios greater than 100
•
single-stage to orbit launchers
Materials •
advanced coatings
•
advanced composite materials
•
advanced composites manufacturing and processing
•
atomic oxygen-resistant coatings for solar cells
•
high-temperature materials for rocket engines
•
lightweight, high-strength, high-temperature materials for launch vehicles
•
low-mass, high-reflectivity composites (for telescope mirrors)
•
organic coatings (instead of hermetically sealed containers)
•
silicon carbide structures
Power •
advanced solar power
•
arc-proof, environmentally durable solar arrays
•
beamed power
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•
compact electrical power supplies
•
flywheels
•
high-conversion efficiency, low-mass solar arrays
•
high-efficiency, high-power, low-mass power generating systems
•
high-power sources at millimeter wavelengths
•
higher-energy density batteries
•
integrated energy conversion/energy storage concepts
•
large-capacity energy storage systems
•
large gossamer fresnel lenses for concentrating solar energy
•
lithium ion batteries
•
long life, lighter, cheaper regenerative fuel cells
•
long-term, compact nuclear-electric systems
•
long-term nonphotovoltaic power sources
•
low-cost, high-efficiency solar arrays
•
low-cost power storage devices
•
low-mass, high-capacity, low-cost power storage
•
more efficient long-term solar power conversion
•
nuclear power sources
•
power conversion
•
power management and distribution-on-a-chip
•
smart power-management systems
•
sodium sulfur batteries
•
solar cells with different bandgap energies with better than 40 percent efficiency
•
thin-film solar arrays
Propulsion •
antimatter propulsion
•
concentric combustion chamber engine
•
electric propulsion
•
high-energy density matter propulsion
•
high-energy density storable propellants
•
high-performance, less expensive, more producible electric propulsion
•
high thrust-to-weight engines
•
laser propulsion
•
magnetic sail
•
nontoxic storable bipropellants
•
nuclear fusion propulsion
•
nuclear propulsion
•
nuclear-thermal rocket
•
propulsion for 50 kg spacecraft
•
rockets using native propellants
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•
solar sail
•
solar-thermal propulsion
•
tethers for momentum exchange/electromagnetic maneuvering
•
xenon thrusters
Robotics •
curious, autonomous, adaptive probes
•
mobile robots
•
partially self-replicating robots
•
rovers
•
small robots for planetary mining, manufacturing, assembly
•
telerobotics
Sensors •
active sensors using synthetic aperture radar and high-frequency microwaves
•
free-flying, synthetic-aperture radars and interferometers
•
high-power local oscillators
•
high-resolution, stereoscopic Earth sensing systems
•
high-sensitivity, room temperature mid-infrared detector arrays
•
highly-integrated, multifunctional atmospheric sounders
•
hyperspectral focal planes
•
infrared interferometer (for planet detection)
•
large-aperture, deployable, optical telescopes with active alignment
•
large-format, low-noise, long-wavelength, direct-detection sensors
•
low-cost, low-power imaging sensors
•
low-mass, low-power radars
•
low-noise heterodyne mixers
•
microcalorimeters for high throughput spectroscopy
•
microsensors
•
microwave technologies
•
multiband phased arrays
•
multispectral sensors
•
remote sensing signal chain miniaturization
•
smaller autonomous instruments
•
solid-state sensor systems with high spectral and spatial resolution
•
space-based lidars
Spacecraft Systems and Electronics •
almost monolithic small spacecraft
•
highly integrated multifunction modules
•
integrated instruments
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•
integrated low-power electronic microsystems (communications, guidance)
•
integrated power and propulsion bus
•
microminiaturization
•
miniaturized electronics
•
multichip modules and chip-on-board technologies
•
optical buses
•
superconducting devices
Structures •
active interferometric system technologies, such as active delay lines and space-qualified precision metrology
•
adaptive membranes and space fabrication techniques for large optics
•
adaptive structures
•
deployable structures
•
gossamer films in multi-km sizes
•
inflatable structures
•
lightweight composite spacecraft
•
lightweight debris shielding
•
lightweight structures
•
microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
•
multifunctional structures
•
spinning spacecraft (for gravity)
•
structures to reduce vibrations on crewed platforms
•
technologies and processes for deploying ''quiet" structures to precise dimensional tolerances
•
tethers
Thermal Control •
advanced coatings for thermal control and electrostatic discharge control
•
electrochromic radiator surfaces
•
electronics able to function at high temperatures
•
electronics able to function at low temperatures
•
electronics cooling with direct immersion heat pipe
•
graphite/aluminum radiator panels
•
improved heat-rejection technologies
•
long-life cryocoolers
•
low-mass, low-power cryocoolers
•
multichip modules with integral thermal control
•
nuclear heat sources
•
rugged thermal protection for reentry
•
spacecraft that can approach the sun
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Working in Space •
aerocapture/aerobraking
•
autonomous landing
•
chemical processing of off-Earth resources
•
construction with off-Earth resources
•
lasers for debris shielding/removal
•
lightweight, high-efficiency cryogenic liquefaction
•
long-term cryogenic fluid storage in space
•
planetary surface transportation technologies
•
remote (cryogenic) fluid transfer and handling
•
remote robotic rendezvous, docking, and other operations
•
space traffic management systems
•
structures for planetary surfaces
•
surface/subsurface sample acquisition
•
terraforming technologies
Representative terms from entire chapter:
thermal control
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