NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report and the committee were supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsor.

This study was supported by Contract No. 50-DKNA-6-90040, Task No. 7-95103 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

Cover: Double hoop halibut spirit mask (approximately 24 inches tall) made of driftwood by Yupik artist Lola Ferguson, Nunivak Island, Alaska. Used with permission of the artist; photo provided by the Department of the Interior, Indian Craft Shop, Washington, D.C.