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PLATE 2 The global distribution of upper-ocean flow, which is primarily wind-driven. (From Schmitz, 1996; reprinted with permission of
the Woods Holes Oceanographic Institution.)
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PLATE 3 Schematic of the global thermohaline circulation. (From Schmitz.
graphic Institution.)
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NPDW North Pacific Deep Water
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CDW Circumpolar Deep Water
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1996; reprinted with permission of the Woods Hole Oceano
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PLATE 4 Climate change in the Peruvian Andes. Upper part, a map of the changes in extent of the tropical glacier Qori Kalis from 1963
to 1995, with photographs of the change over 8 years. The left-hand graph relates the shrinkage of Qori Kalis to the rising temperatures
indicated by the ice-core data below it. Lower part, oxygen-isotope values from a Huascaran ice core. Bottom panel, century averages; top
panel, annual averages since 1900. (After Thompson et al., 1995; reprinted with permission of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science.) (Figure courtesy of Lonnie G. Thompson, Byrd Polar Research Center.)
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PLATE 5 Precipitation trends over land, 1900-1995. The trend is expressed in percent per century relative to the mean precipitation from
1961-1990. The magnitude of the trend at each location is reflected in the size of the circle. Green circles represent increases in precipitation,
and brown circles represent decreases. (From IPCC, 1998; reprinted with permission of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.)
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PLATE 6 Estimates of the globally and annually averaged anthropogenic radiative forcing (in W m-2) attributable to changes in concentra-
tions of greenhouse gases and aerosols from pre-industrial times to the present day, and to natural changes in solar output from 1850 to the
present day. Error bars are shown for all forcings. The indirect effect of sulfate aerosols through their interaction with clouds is so uncertain
that no central estimate of radiative forcing is provided. (From IPCC, 1996a; reprinted with permission of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change.)
Representative terms from entire chapter:
deep water
