Index
A
Academic achievement see Educational attainment;
Accidents and injuries, 66, 78, 107, 178
Acculturation, see Assimilation
Administration for Children and Families, 167
Adolescent Health Survey, 177(n.2)
Adolescents, 6, 35, 90-91, 166, 178
acculturative stress, 85-89 (passim), 161
African American, 79-80, 89, 90, 91
African immigrants, not African Americans, 79, 83, 88
alcohol use, 79, 107-108, 159, 160
Chinese, 83, 88, 96, 98, 100, 104, 105, 109, 161
assimilation, 79, 89, 159-160, 161
behavioral risk factors, 79, 80, 82-84, 178
alcohol use, 79, 107-108, 159, 160
substance abuse, 8, 79, 80-81, 83, 107, 159, 160, 178
violence, 79, 80-81, 83, 107, 159
see also ''African American" supra Caribbean immigrants, 83, 88
chronic illness, 70
defined, 275
education, 89, 90, 93, 94, 98-100, 178
European immigrants, 79, 83, 88
first-generation immigrants, 6, 79, 80, 82, 83, 88-90, 91
health care access, 144
health status, 64, 78-83, 90-91, 107, 123, 159-161, 177 (n.2), 178
Hispanics, 79, 80-82, 83, 85, 88, 89, 91
HIV infections, 70
mental health status, 6, 161, 178
psychological factors, 6, 35, 80-81, 88-91
see also "behavioral risk factors" supra second-generation immigrants, 6, 79, 80, 82, 83, 88-89, 91
sexual behavior, 6, 79-83, 92, 95, 107, 159
substance abuse, 8, 79, 80-81, 83, 107, 159, 160, 178
suicide, 91
third- and later-generation, 6, 7, 79, 81, 82, 83, 88-91, 161
African Americans, 79-80, 89, 90, 91
welfare, 123
Adoption, 124
see also Parents
AFDC, see Aid to Families with Dependent Children
Affidavits, see Sponsorship
African Americans, 26, 38, 156
adolescents, 79-80, 89, 90, 91
assimilation, 26-27
census data, 20(n.1)
educational attainment, 47, 90, 100, 101, 103, 105, 106, 107
health care access, 145-147
health insurance, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 148, 153
health status, general, 62, 65, 67, 72, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82
historical perspectives, 2, 26-27, 38
infant mortality, 62
mental health status, 81, 89-91, 93
numerous siblings, 51
overcrowded housing, 52
poverty, 2, 5, 42, 45, 52, 158, 212-213
research methodology, 2, 5, 12, 170, 171, 181
research recommendations, 2-3, 12, 170, 171, 181
single-parent families, 50
socioeconomic / demographic status, 5, 52, 89
tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230, 236, 246-247, 254, 259, 264
welfare, 129, 130, 133, 143, 152
see also Blacks
African immigrants, not African Americans
behavioral risk factors, 83
English as a second language, 54
health status, 71, 72, 75, 79, 83, 88
poverty, 43
research methodology, 170
see also Middle East;
specific nationalities
Age factors, 177
see also Parents
age at entry, 25
elderly persons, 21-22, 115, 119, 180(n.3)
intergenerational cohesion/ conflict, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 36, 87, 92, 94, 169
population in general, 21
sexual behavior, 6, 79-83, 92, 95, 107, 159
see also Adolescents;
Neonatal care;
Young children
Agricultural sector, see Migrant workers
Agriculture Research, Extension, and Education Reform Act of 1998, 112(n.2)
AIDS, see Human immunodeficiency virus
Aid to Families with Dependent Children, 112-114, 124, 125, 128, 129, 131, 132-133, 134
see also Temporary Assistance to Needy Families
Alcohol use/abuse, 63, 79, 87, 107-108, 159, 160, 169
adolescents, 79, 107-108, 159, 160
gender factors, 63
Amebiasis, 71
American Academy of Pediatrics, 138, 144
American Indians, see Native Americans
Anthropological research, see Ethnographic research
Arizona, 21
Chinese, 83, 88, 96, 98, 100, 104, 105, 109, 161
educational attainment, 62, 97, 101, 103, 105, 107, 161, 213, 215, 227, 237, 259, 264
health care access, 145-148
health insurance, 140-143, 153, 164
lead poisoning, 74
nutrition, 75-76
research recommendations, 170, 171
socioeconomic/demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230, 236, 246-247, 254 , 259, 264
statistics on immigration, 1-2, 3
welfare participation, 131-132, 134, 162
see also Southeast Asians;
specific nationalities
educational, 7, 97, 104-105, 106, 109
Assessment, see Monitoring systems
Assimilation, 3, 5, 23-26, 31-32, 123, 159-160
acculturative stress, 25, 63, 79, 84-88, 105, 106, 161, 272
adolescents, 79, 89, 159-160, 161
African Americans, 26-27
chronic illness, response to, 69
defined, 272
ecological/life-course models, 29-31
economic factors, 24-25
educational attainment and, 24-25
first-generation immigrants, 12, 85-91
Hispanics, acculturative stress, 85-86, 88, 89
historical perspectives, 23-24, 26
mental health and, 25, 84-88, 161
migration experience (stress), 14, 25, 31, 35, 37
nutrition, 76
parents, 25
prenatal health, 63
racial/ethnic factors, 23-24, 26-28
research recommendations, 12, 23
third- and later-generation immigrants, 12
African Americans, 26-27
upward mobility, 24-25
see also Discrimination;
English as a second language
Asthma, 66, 69-70, 79, 80, 107, 138, 159
Attitudes
health care services, 148-149, 152
health insurance, 141
individual personal, 32, 33, 59, 148-149
see also Aspirations;
Discrimination
Austrians, 54
Automobiles, see Motor vehicle ownership
B
Balanced Budget Act of 1997, 112, 115
Behavioral risk factors, general, 6, 87, 105, 107, 159, 160, 169
accidents and injuries, 66, 78, 107, 178
adolescent, 79, 80, 82-84, 178
see also Alcohol use/abuse;
Crime and criminal justice system;
Sexual behavior;
Smoking;
Substance abuse, adolescents;
Violence
Biculturalism, 13, 27-28, 34, 64, 85, 172, 272
Birth and Death Registration Systems, 166
Birth control, see Contraception
Birthplace and status
citizenship and, 1, 14, 37(n.2), 56, 114, 176
country of origin, see Country of origin;
specific nationalities
foreign-born children, see First-generation immigrants
foreign-born parents, U.S.-born children, see Second-generation immigrants
U.S.-born children of U.S.-born parents, see African Americans;
Third- and later-generation immigrants
Birthweight, 5, 60-63, 107, 159
defined, 60
education, 90, 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 213, 215, 227, 237, 259, 264
English language abilities, 159, 213, 230-231, 264-271
health care access, 70, 145-147
health insurance, 140, 141, 142, 148, 153
population constitution, 20
research methodology, 20, 26, 28, 38, 44, 181
socioeconomic/demographic risk factors, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230, 236-237, 246-247, 254, 259, 264-265
see also African Americans
Block grants, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119
Breastfeeding, 77
Bureau of Census, 20, 40-58, 167, 174, 177(n.2), 179, 181
Bureau of Justice Statistics, 178
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 179
C
California, 21
education of immigrants, 91, 92, 96
health status of immigrants, 71, 73, 77
welfare reform, 118
Cambodians, 8, 43, 48, 50, 53, 54, 55, 77, 92, 134, 143, 158
socioeconomic/demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 236-237, 246 247, 254, 259, 264-265
Canada, 83, 88, 106, 216-217, 220-221, 226, 229, 234-235, 244-245, 252-253, 257, 270-271
Caribbean immigrants, 170
infectious diseases, 72
racial factors, 26
single-parent families, 49, 50
socioeconomic/demographic status, tables, 212-271 (passim)
see also specific nationalities
Cars, see Motor vehicle ownership
Centers for Disease Control, 166, 177-178
Central Americans, 170
birthweight/infant mortality, 60, 61
educational attainment/poverty, 53, 106
health insurance, 143
infectious diseases, 72
refugees, 58
single-parent families, 49, 50
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 212-271 (passim)
welfare, 121
see also specific nationalities
Charity, see Private assistance
Child abuse, 78
Child Care and Development Block Grant, 114, 117, 119
Children of Immigrants: Health, Adjustment, and Public Assistance, xvi
Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study, 91, 92
Children's Bureau, 124
Chinese
adolescents, 83, 88, 96, 98, 100, 104, 105, 109, 161
educational attainment, 7, 96, 98, 100, 104, 105, 109, 110, 161
health insurance, 143
infant mortality, 61
infectious diseases, 71
lead poisoning, 73
nutrition, 77
socioeconomic/demographic status, tables, 214-215, 220-221, 225, 228, 232-233, 240-241, 250 251, 256, 261, 268-269
see also Hong Kong Chinese
Cigarettes, see Smoking
Cirrhosis, 71
Cities, see Urban areas
Citizenship, 37, 56-57, 175, 176, 177
birthplace and, 1, 14, 37(n.2), 56, 114, 176
civic participation of immigrants, 17
country of origin and generation,
table, 231, 233, 235, 265, 267, 269, 271
defined, 273
first-generation immigrants, 231, 233, 235, 265, 267, 269, 271
health insurance, 139, 140, 142
parents, 56-57, 135, 175, 235, 265, 267, 269, 271
poverty and, 56-57
report methodology, 18-19
second-generation immigrants,
tables, 231, 233, 235, 265, 267, 269, 271
welfare eligibility, 56-57, 112-115, 120, 135, 136, 174
see also Immigration status
Colombia, 55, 214-215, 218-219, 225, 228, 230-231, 238-239, 248-249, 255, 260, 266-267
Communicable diseases, see Infectious diseases
Community Health Services Program, 118
Cost and cost-benefit factors
health care, 10, 123-124, 166, 178
research recommendations, 166, 178, 179
Country of origin, general adolescents, 91
English-speaking, general, 54
family size, 51
health insurance, 153
health status, 74, 76, 92, 109, 168
infectious diseases, 7, 70, 108, 160
lead poisoning, 73
mental health, 92
risk/protective factors, 160
by country of origin and generation, tables, 212-271
poverty and, 8, 42, 43-44, 48, 50,
tables, 42-43, 212-227, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246-258
research recommendations, 14, 164, 165, 168, 170, 176-181
sampling and, 11, 14-15, 36, 40, 64, 97, 153, 164, 171-172, 174, 176-180 (passim)
variation across persons from same country, 59
see also Birthplace and status;
specific nationalities
Crime and criminal justice system, 27, 177, 178
child abuse, 78
detention centers, 57
see also Illegal immigrants;
Violence
Cubans, 20(n.1)
acculturative stress, 85-86, 88
birthweight/infant mortality, 60, 61, 62
educational attainment, 107
health insurance, 143
socioeconomic/demographic status, tables, 214-215, 225, 228, 232-233, 240-241, 250-251, 256, 261, 268-269
welfare, 118, 123, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 161-162
biculturalism, 13, 27-28, 34, 64, 85, 172, 272
chronically ill children, 69
ecological/life-course models, 29-31
health care, culturally sensitive, 5, 9, 13, 14, 70, 151-152, 173, 175-176
health care services and access, 9, 70, 149, 150-152
health insurance, 141
health status, general, 9, 68, 69-70, 108
infant mortality, 63
multiculturalism, 27-28
nutrition, 77
research recommendations, 165, 168, 169, 172
services provisions, 5, 9, 13, 14
see also Assimilation;
Ethnographic research;
Language factors;
Religious factors
Culturally competent care, 5, 9, 13, 14, 70, 151-152, 173, 175-176
Current Population Reports, 181
Current Population Survey, 167, 177(n.2), 179
D
Data collection, see Monitoring systems;
Research methodology;
Research recommendations;
Sampling
Decennial Census of Population and Housing, 20, 40-58, 167, 179
Deeming, welfare eligibility, 273
Delinquency, see Crime and
criminal justice system
Demographic factors, general, 37, 40-58
health insurance, 140-141
population in general, 21-22
by country of origin, 212-271
research recommendations, 11, 177
risk factor status by country of origin and generation, tables, 212-271
urban residence, 4, 24, 32, 73, 93, 122-123, 170, 174
welfare participation, 131-134
see also Age factors;
Employment factors;
Families and households;
Gender factors;
Population;
Racial/ethnic factors;
Socioeconomic status;
specific nationalities and ethnic groups
Dental health and services, 66, 78
Department of Health and Human Services, 174, 176
Department of Housing and Urban Development, 180(n.3)
Deportation, 57
see also Self-esteem/self-concept
Detention centers, 57-58
Developmental psychology, 33-35
acculturative stress, 87-88, 272
ecological models, 29
life-course models, 11, 12, 23, 29, 30-31
poverty, 7
research recommendations, 12, 22-23, 35, 36-37, 165, 168, 171
Diarrhea, 72
Diet, see Nutrition
Disabled persons, 115, 119, 122, 124
Discrimination, 5, 26-28, 34-35, 85, 92, 94, 109, 158-159, 165
Diseases and disorders, 5
acute, 5, 10, 64, 69, 71, 74, 107, 108, 136, 138, 159, 163;
see also Emergency medical services
chronic, 5, 10, 64, 68-70, 71, 107, 108, 136, 138, 149, 159, 178
ear ailments, 138
see also Disabled persons;
Infectious diseases;
Mental health and illness;
Respiratory ailments;
Toxins;
specific diseases
Doctors, see Physicians
Dominicans, 8, 44-45, 53, 56, 158, 230-231
socioeconomic/demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 236-237, 246-247, 254, 259, 264-265
DPT, 68
Drinking, see Alcohol use/abuse
Drug abuse, see Substance abuse, adolescents
E
Ear ailments, 138
Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey, 166, 178
Eastern Europeans, 75, 123, 133, 134
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 212-271 (passim)
Ecological models, 29
aging population, 21-22
assimilation, 24-25
chronic illness, 68
Great Depression, 30
self-esteem/depression, 94
see also Cost and cost-benefit factors;
Funding;
Poverty;
Socioeconomic status
Education
adolescents, 89, 90, 94, 98-100, 178
country of origin, general, 97, 109, 161, 164
generation of immigration, 46-47, 93-96, 97-101, 102-105, 106, 109, 157
by country of origin and generation, tables, 213, 217, 227-229, 238, 241, 243, 245, 259
learning difficulties, 5, 80-81, 105
professional, 151-152
report methodology, 19
research recommendations, 14, 164, 166-167, 169, 171, 177
school as protective factor, 32
see Information dissemination;
Preschool education;
Primary and secondary education
Educational attainment, 7, 93-107, 109-110, 161
acculturative stress, 86
African Americans, 47, 90, 100, 101, 103, 105, 106, 107
Asians, 62, 97, 101, 103, 105, 107, 161, 213, 215, 227, 237, 259, 264
Chinese, 7, 96, 98, 100, 104, 105, 109, 110, 161
aspirations, 7, 97, 104-105, 106, 109
assimilation and, 24-25
blacks, 90, 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 213, 215, 227, 237, 259, 264
Cubans, 107
by country of origin and generation, tables, 213, 215, 217, 227-229, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 254, 259-263
first-generation immigrants, 7, 46-47, 93, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 109, 157, 161
by country of origin and generation, tables, 213, 217, 227-229, 238, 241, 243, 245, 259
health insurance and, 143, 144
Hispanics, 97-99, 100, 101, 103, 105, 213, 215, 227, 237, 259, 264
infant mortality and, 62
literacy, 47
reading test scores, 96, 98, 161
math test scores, 96, 98, 109-110, 161
Mexicans, 7, 47, 53, 63, 96-99, 101, 104, 105, 109-110, 213, 227, 237, 259, 264
mothers, 46
by country of origin and generation, tables, 213, 215, 217, 227-229, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 254, 259-263
parents, 7, 8, 31, 46-49, 53, 96, 98, 140, 144, 157
by country of origin and generation, tables, 227-229, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 254, 259-263
racial differences, general, 26-27
reading test scores, 96, 98, 161
research recommendations, 14, 164, 166-167, 169, 171, 177
second-generation immigrants, 7, 46-47, 93-96, 97, 100, 102-105, 106, 109, 110, 157, 164, 171
by country of origin and generation, tables, 213, 217, 227-229, 238, 241, 243, 245, 259
third- and later-generation immigrants, 7, 46-47, 93, 96, 100, 103, 104-105, 106, 109-110, 157, 161
African Americans, 47, 90, 100, 101, 103, 105, 106, 107
by country of origin and generation, tables, 213, 215, 227, 237, 259-263
whites, 7, 47, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105
see also English as a second language
Elderly persons, 21-22, 115, 119, 180(n.3)
El Salvadorans, see Salvadorans
Emergency medical services, 114, 115, 117, 124, 125, 138, 149-150, 175
Employment factors, 3, 17, 157-158, 171, 177, 224, 254
aging population, 21-22
children, 123
fathers, 7-8, 48-49, 50, 52, 158, 224-226, 254-258
first-generation immigrants, 7, 41, 46, 48, 52, 157, 158, 224-226, 254-258
health insurance, 10, 123-124, 137-138, 142, 143, 145-146
historic perspectives, 24
illegal immigrants, employer sanctions, 120
infant mortality, 63
migrant workers, 6, 65, 68, 74, 160
migration, rationale for, 37
mothers, 48, 49, 157-158, 224-226, 254-255
part-time workers, 49, 52, 53, 158, 224-226, 254, 256-258
racial differences, 27
second-generation immigrants, 7, 41, 46, 48, 144, 224, 254-258
self-employment, 143
third- and later-generation immigrants, 7, 41, 46, 48, 52, 224, 254-258
unskilled workers, 8, 44, 53, 121, 159
English as a second language, 3, 4, 8-9, 49, 54-55, 58, 93, 158, 159
acculturative stress, 84-86, 161
blacks, 159, 213, 230-231, 264-271
first-generation immigrants, 3, 9, 28, 54, 55, 58, 84-85, 89, 92-93, 95-96, 148-149, 213, 215, 217, 230-231, 241, 243, 245, 264-265
health insurance, 141
household language not English, 8, 49, 55, 98, 158, 213, 215, 217
by country of origin and generation, table, 230-231, 232, 234, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 264, 268, 270
literacy, 47
reading test scores, 96, 98, 161
neighborhood language not English, 55, 158
parents, 3, 8, 49, 54-55, 86, 230-235, 265, 267, 269, 271
second-generation immigrants, 54, 89, 95-96, 158, 213, 215, 217, 230-231, 241, 243, 245, 264-265
Spanish television and, 55
status by country of origin and generation, table, 230-235, 265, 267, 269, 271
third- and later-generation immigrants, comparative indices, 89, 95-96, 213, 230-231, 264-271
Environmental Protection Agency, 74
Epidemiology, see Risk factors;
specific risk factors
Ethnicity, see Racial/ethnic factors;
specific groups
Ethnographic research, 13, 33, 172-173
Eastern Europeans, 75, 123, 133, 134, 212-271 (passim)
health insurance, 143
nutritional status, 75
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 212-271 (passim)
welfare, 118, 123, 133, 134, 162
Western Europeans, 133, 134, 212-271 (passim)
Evaluation
see also Monitoring systems
F
Families and households, 3, 6, 32-34, 108, 157, 158, 161
chronically ill children, 69
ecological/life-course models, 29-31
educational support, 97, 100-105
health insurance, 140-141
health services use, 144-148
immigration policy, 1, 120, 126
intergenerational cohesion/ conflict, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 36, 87, 92, 94, 169
language of household not English, 8, 49, 55, 98, 158, 213, 215, 217
by country of origin and generation, table, 230-231, 232, 234, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 264, 268, 270
overcrowded, 7, 8, 31, 42, 51-52, 135, 221, 223, 247, 249, 251, 253
research recommendations, 14, 34-35, 169, 172, 177, 178, 179
residential mobility/stability, 31, 32
siblings, numerous, 7, 31, 41-42, 50-51, 153, 213, 215, 217, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245
telephone access, household, 219, 221, 223, 247, 249, 250, 253
motor vehicle ownership, 218, 220, 222, 246, 248, 250, 252
welfare participation, 120, 126, 131-134
AFDC, 112-114, 124, 125, 128, 129, 131, 132-133, 134
TANF, 112-113, 115, 117, 118, 162
see also Fathers;
Housing;
Mothers;
Parents
Fathers
educational attainment, 46-47, 53, 157
by country of origin and generation, tables, 213, 215, 217, 227-229, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 254, 259-263
employment, 7-8, 48-49, 50, 52, 158, 224-226, 254-258
see also Parents
culturally competent care, 14, 173
research recommendations, 12, 14-15, 164-181
welfare, 111-120 (passim), 124-154 (passim)
see also Funding;
Legislation;
specific departments and agencies
Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 15, 180-181
Filipinos health insurance, 143
health status, 61, 71, 77, 83, 110
mental health/adjustment, 88, 89, 92, 96, 98, 100, 104-105
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 216-217, 222-223, 226, 229, 234-235, 244-245, 252 253, 258, 263, 270-271
First-generation immigrants
Note: foreign-born children
adolescents, 6, 64, 79, 80, 82, 83, 88-90, 91
chronic illness, response to, 69-70
citizenship status, 231, 233, 235, 265, 267, 269, 271
decennial census, 41
educational attainment, 7, 46-47, 93, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 109, 157, 161
by country of origin and generation, tables, 213, 217, 227-229, 238, 241, 243, 245, 259
employment status, 7, 41, 46, 48, 52, 157, 158, 224-226, 254-258
English as a second language, 3, 9, 28, 54, 55, 58, 84-85, 89, 92 93, 95-96, 148-149, 213, 215,
217, 230-231, 241, 243, 245, 264-265
health care access, 11, 70, 145-148, 154, 159, 163
health insurance, 139-143, 153, 154, 163
health status, general, 1, 64-66, 69, 72, 75, 76, 78-83, 107, 108, 168
housing, overcrowded/old, 7, 51-52, 219, 223, 247, 249, 251, 253
information dissemination, 15
lead poisoning, 73
motor vehicle ownership, 218, 220, 222, 246, 248, 250, 252
population growth, 1, 17, 20-21
poverty, 7, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 53, 157, 158, 212, 214, 216, 236, 238, 240-242, 244
research recommendations, 15, 34-36, 164, 168, 169, 171, 181
siblings, number of, 50-51, 213, 217, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245
single-parent families, 7, 49, 50, 158, 213, 215, 217, 241, 245
socioeconomic risk/protective factors, 40-41
tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 236-237, 240-271 (passim)
telephone access, 219, 221, 223, 247, 248, 250
welfare participation, 9, 58, 125, 127-133, 152-153, 161-162
Food and Consumer Service, 167
Food assistance, 112, 119, 175, 122-123
school lunch program, 114, 116, 122-123, 124
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), 114, 115, 116, 124, 175, 275
Food Stamps Program, 4, 22, 112-114, 116, 119, 124, 125, 128, 129, 131, 132-133, 134
Foreign-born persons, see First-generation immigrants
Foreign language speakers, see English as a second language;
Language factors
Funding
block grants, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119
research recommendations, 12, 155, 164
welfare, 118
see also Balanced Budget Act of 1997;
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996
G
Gastrointestinal diseases, 70, 72
alcohol abuse, 63
English language acquisition, 86
interfamilial conflicts, 87
self-esteem/depression, 92, 94
sexual behavior, adolescents, 79
Generational factors
intergenerational cohesion/ conflict, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 36, 87, 92, 94, 169
see also First-generation immigrants;
Second-generation immigrants;
Third- and later-generation immigrants
Giardia, 72
Government role, see Federal government;
Local government;
State government
Great Depression, 30
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 236-237, 246-247, 254, 260, 264-265
Guyanans, 56, 214-215, 220-221, 225, 228, 232-233, 240-241, 248-249, 256, 261, 266-267
H
Haitians, 8, 44-45, 54, 56, 71, 107, 158
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 238-239, 248-249, 255, 260, 266-267
Hawaii, 21
Head Start program, 65, 114, 115, 117, 119, 124
Health Care Financing Administration, 167
Health insurance, 10, 111, 137-144, 153-154, 163-164, 166
African Americans, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 148, 153
attitudes toward, 141
blacks, 140, 141, 142, 148, 153
country of origin, general, 153
demographic factors, general, 140-141
educational attainment and, 143, 144
employment factors, 10, 123-124, 137-138, 142, 143, 145-146
first-generation immigrants, 139-143, 153, 154, 163
immigration status and, 142, 163
citizenship and, 139, 140, 142
managed care, 150
health maintenance organizations, 137
see also Medicaid
racial factors, 140-143
second-generation immigrants, 10, 139, 140-144, 153, 154, 163
state-assisted, 11, 115, 118, 136-137
third- and later-generation immigrants, 10, 139, 140-143, 153, 154, 163
African Americans, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 148, 153
uninsured persons, 138-143, 147, 148, 149, 153-154, 163-164
Health maintenance organizations, 137
Health Resources Administration, 176
Health services, availability and access, 3, 9, 136-154
African Americans, 145-147
Africans, not African Americans, 71, 72, 75, 79, 83, 88
Asians, 145-148
attitudes toward, 148-149, 152
chronically ill children, 68-69
cost and cost-benefit factors, 10, 123-124, 166, 178
culturally sensitive, 5, 9, 13, 14, 70, 151-152, 173, 175-176
cultural perceptions of, 9, 70 149, 150-152
detention centers, 57-58
discrimination, 5
emergency, 114, 115, 117, 124, 125, 138, 149-150, 175
first-generation immigrants, 11, 70, 145-148, 154, 159, 163
Hispanics, 145-147
historical perspectives, 122-123
immigration status and, 142, 163
immunization, 68, 71-72, 124, 175, 178
parental attitudes, 148-149, 152
physicians, 10, 71, 72, 122, 137, 138, 144, 146-148, 149, 154, 163, 176
preventive, 62-63, 138, 154, 163, 164
public assistance participation, 9-10, 136-144
research recommendations, 11, 13-14, 35, 173-174
second-generation immigrants, 10, 145-148, 154, 163, 174
state role, 115
third- and later-generation immigrants, 10, 11, 145-148, 154, 163, 174
see also Health insurance
Health status, general, 3-7, 34, 59-93, 107-109, 159-160
accidents and injuries, 66, 78, 107, 178
adolescents, 64, 78-83, 90-91, 107, 123, 159-161, 177(n.2), 178
African Americans, 62, 65, 67, 72, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82
African immigrants, not African Americans, 71, 72, 75, 79, 83, 88
breastfeeding, 77
country of origin, general, 74, 76, 92, 109, 168
infectious diseases, 7, 70, 108, 160
cultural perceptions of, 9, 68, 69-70, 108
Filipinos, 61, 71, 77, 83, 110
first-generation immigrants, 1, 64-66, 69, 72, 75, 76, 78-83, 107, 108, 168
health promoting behavior, general, 9, 13, 24, 33, 63, 161, 169, 172
hospitals and hospitalization, 122, 137, 138, 150, 154
Mexicans, 6, 65, 66, 68, 78, 107, 108, 160
parental assessment, 63-68
racial/ethnic factors, 67, 68, 159, 160
research recommendations, 12-16, 165, 166, 171-172, 175-179 (passim)
second-generation immigrants, 6, 38, 59, 62-83 (passim), 107, 108, 159, 168, 169, 171
third- and later-generation immigrants, 1, 5, 6, 18, 33, 38, 59, 62 -83 (passim), 78, 107, 108, 159, 160, 164, 168
African Americans, 62, 65, 67, 72, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82
weight, 75, 76, 80-81, 107, 159
see also Birthweight;
Diseases and disorders;
Infant mortality;
Mental health and illness;
Nutrition;
Risk factors
Heating assistance, 128, 129, 132-133, 134
Hemoglobinopathies, 77
Hepatitis, 6, 42, 71-72, 108, 160
adolescents, 79, 80-82, 83, 85, 88, 89, 91
acculturative stress, 85-86, 88, 89
census data, 20
educational attainment, 97-99, 100, 101, 103, 105, 213, 215, 227, 237, 259, 264
English as a second language, 55
fertility, 82
health care access, 145-147
health insurance, 139-143, 153
health status, general, 65, 80-82
infant mortality, 61
nutrition, 75
overcrowded housing, 52, 219, 223, 247, 248, 252
poverty, 5, 42, 52, 158, 212, 236
research recommendations, 12, 170, 171, 181
socioeconomic/demographic status, tables, 212-213, 217-218, 224, 227, 230, 236, 246-247, 254, 259, 264-265
statistics on immigration, 1-2
socioeconomic / demographic
status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230, 236, 246-247, 254, 259, 264
survey questionnaires in Spanish, 64
see also Central Americans;
South Americans;
specific nationalities
Historical perspectives, 157-159
African Americans, 2, 26-27, 38
country of origin, general, 30
educational attainment, 47
general immigration trends, 17
Great Depression, 30
health care access, 145
life-course models, 30
research design, incorporation into, 35
single-parent families, 50
welfare, prior to reform, 114, 120-126, 152
see also Projections, statistics
HMOs, see Health maintenance organizations
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 238-239, 246-247, 254, 260, 264-265
Hong Kong Chinese, 54, 55, 77, 143, 225, 228, 232-233, 242-243, 250-251, 256, 262
Hospitals and hospitalization, 122, 137, 138, 150, 154
see also Emergency medical services
Housing, 32, 177, 219, 221, 247, 251, 253
first- / second-generation immigrants, 7, 51-52, 219, 223, 247, 249, 251, 253
overcrowded/old, 7, 8, 31, 42, 51-52, 135, 219, 221, 223, 247, 249, 251, 253
public assistance, 128, 129, 132-133, 134
residential mobility/stability, 31, 32
Human immunodeficiency virus, 70, 166, 178
I
Illegal immigrants, 31, 56, 57, 170, 172
defined, 273
detention, 57-58
deportation, 57
employer sanctions, 120
welfare eligibility, 113(n.3), 114-117, 118-119, 120, 121, 125, 135, 175
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act, 112(n.1), 121, 275
Immigration Act, 120-121
Immigration and Nationality Act, 120
Immigration and Naturalization Service
arrests by, 57
welfare regulations, 119
Immigration policy, 37, 111-154, 169, 171
family reunification, 1, 120, 126
poor persons, visa restrictions, 125-126
refugees preferred, 126
see also Immigration status
Immigration Reform and Control Act, 121, 126-127(n.5)
Immigration status, general, 11, 31, 37, 56-57, 172
by country of origin and generation, table, 231, 233, 235, 265, 267, 269, 271
duration of residence, 14, 59, 68, 87-88, 107, 120, 160, 174
parental, 119, 120, 135, 136, 174-175
siblings, 174
sponsors, 113(n.1), 114, 118, 121, 125-127, 175, 275
welfare eligibility, 56-57, 112-121, 135-136, 137-138, 145, 152, 155-156, 163-164, 174, 175
citizenship and, 56-57, 112-115, 120, 135, 136, 174
deeming defined, 273
illegal immigrants, 113(n.3), 114-117, 118-119, 120, 121, 125, 135, 175
international standards, 120
legal permanent residents, 113(n.3), 114, 116-117
naturalized citizens, 56-57, 112-115, 113(n.3), 120, 135, 136, 174
prior to welfare reform, 114, 120-126, 152
refugees, 113(n.3), 114, 116-118, 120-121, 126, 134, 153
time limits, 115-120 (passim)
undocumented immigrants, 113(n.3), 114-117, 118-119, 175
see also Citizenship;
First-generation immigrants;
Illegal immigrants;
Refugees;
Second-generation immigrants;
Third- and later-generation immigrants
Immunization, 68, 124, 175, 178
Income, see Poverty;
Socioeconomic status
Indians (American), see Native Americans
Indians (Asian), 71, 73, 216-217, 222-223, 226, 229, 234-235, 244-245, 252-253, 257, 263, 270-271
Individual personal factors, 32, 33, 59, 168
health care access barriers, 148-149
Indonesians, 143, 214-215, 220-221, 225, 228, 232-233, 240-241, 250-251, 256, 261, 268-269
Infant mortality, 5, 60-63, 70, 107
Infants, see Neonatal care;
Prenatal care
Infectious diseases, 6, 19, 42, 65, 66, 69, 70-72, 107
sexually transmitted diseases, 6, 70, 71, 166, 178
see also Immunization;
Parasitic infections;
specific diseases
Information dissemination, 14, 15, 165, 172, 176, 181
Injuries, see Accidents and injuries
Insurance, see Health insurance
International organizations culturally competent care, 14
welfare standards, 120
Iron deficiency, see Anemia
Israelis, 49, 214-215, 218-219, 224, 228, 230-231, 238-239, 248-249, 255, 260, 266-267
J
Jamaicans, 49, 107, 214-215, 220-221, 225, 228, 232-233, 240-241, 248-249, 256, 261, 266-267
Japanese, 49, 61-62, 83, 143, 216-217, 220-221, 228, 232-233, 242 243, 252-253, 257, 262, 270-271
Jews, 123
K
Koreans, 71, 143, 161, 214-215, 225, 228, 232-233, 240-241, 250-251, 256, 261, 268-269
L
acculturative stress, 84-85
chronically ill children, 69
English-speaking countries, immigrants from, 54
health care access, 149, 150-152
culturally sensitive services, 5, 9, 13, 14, 70, 151-152, 173, 175-176
health status, general, 68
household language not English, 8, 49, 55, 98, 158, 213, 215, 217
by country of origin and generation, table, 230-231, 232, 234, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 264, 268, 270
neighborhood language not English, 55, 158
Spanish television, 55
survey questionnaires in native language, 64
see also English as a second language
Laotians, 8, 43, 48, 50, 53, 54, 55, 77, 92, 134, 143, 158, 161, 227
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 230-231, 236-237, 246-247, 254, 259, 264-265
Latin Americans, 3, 26, 63, 143
see also Caribbean immigrants;
Central Americans;
Hispanics;
South Americans;
specific nationalities
Lead poisoning, 72-74, 108, 123, 160
Legal issues, see Citizenship;
Crime and criminal justice system; Illegal immigrants;
Immigration policy
Legislation
Agriculture Research, Extension, and Education Reform Act, 112(n.2)
Illegal Immigration Reform and
Immigrant Responsibility Act, 112(n.1), 121, 275
Immigration Act, 120-121
Immigration and Nationality Act, 120
Immigration Reform and Control Act, 121, 126-127(n.5)
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, 4, 22, 112, 155
Public Health Services Act, 118
Refugee Act, 120
Life-course models, 11, 12, 23, 29, 30-31
Linked Birth/Death Data Sets, 60
Literacy, 47
neighborhood resources, 31, 32, 178
welfare, 119
see also Urban areas
Local government, 3
medical services, 138
welfare reform, 22, 114, 117, 121, 123, 124
Longitudinal studies
developmental psychology, 29, 165
nutrition, 77
research recommendations, 12-13, 36, 165-172
Low-income persons, see Poverty
M
Malaysians, 143
Managed care, 150
see also Health maintenance organizations
Marriage and marital status, 131
birth outside marriage, 79
immigration policy, 1
racial factors, 27
Maryland, 119
Massachusetts, 21
Maternal and Child Health Block Grant, 118
Math test scores, 96, 98, 109-110, 161
Measles, 68
Media, 29
Medicaid, 4, 10, 22, 112, 114, 117, 118, 124, 125, 128, 129, 131, 132-133, 134, 137-139, 143-144, 145, 147, 149, 150, 154, 162, 163-164
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 166, 167(n.1), 178
Medical services,
see also Health insurance;
Health services
Melting pot, see Assimilation
Mental health and illness, 5, 83-107, 161
self-esteem, 6, 80-81, 87, 88-90, 92-93, 94-95, 109, 161
African Americans, 81, 89-91, 93
assimilation and, 25, 84-88, 161
detention centers, 57-58
education, behavioral problems, 105-106
Filipinos, 88, 89, 92, 96, 98, 100, 104-105
first-generation immigrants, 85-88, 91, 109
research recommendations, 14, 172-173, 177
second-generation immigrants, 59, 83-84, 109, 171
third- and later-generation immigrants, 5, 18, 33, 59, 83-85, 89, 109, 171
African Americans, 81, 89-91, 93
war refugees, 57
see also Depression;
Psychological factors;
Self-esteem/self-concept;
Suicide
Mexicans
adolescents, 79, 82, 83, 88, 91-92, 109-110
birthweight/infant mortality, 60, 61, 62, 63
census data, 20(n.1)
chronic illness, response to, 70
educational attainment, 7, 47, 53, 63, 96-99, 101, 104, 105, 109-110, 213, 227, 237, 259, 264
immunization, 68
infectious diseases, 72
overcrowded housing, 52, 213, 219, 237, 247
single-parent families, 50, 213, 237
socioeconomic status, 8, 43, 44, 45, 50, 52-53, 56
tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 236-237, 246-247, 254, 259, 264-265
suicide, 91
tuberculosis, 71
welfare, 6, 108, 121, 129, 130, 131, 153, 160, 161-162
Michigan, 21
Middle East, 73
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 212-271 (passim)
see also specific nationalities
Migrant workers, 6, 65, 68, 74, 160
Migration experience (stress), 14, 25, 31, 35, 37
see also Illegal immigrants;
Refugees
Military service, 117
Minority groups, see Discrimination;
Racial/ethnic factors
Monitoring systems, 14-15, 32, 135, 136, 155, 164, 166-167, 176-179
generational perspective lacking, 59
see also Longitudinal studies;
specific studies
Monitoring the Future Survey, 166, 178
Mothers
breastfeeding, 77
educational attainment, 46, 213, 215, 217, 241
by country of origin and generation, tables, 227-229, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 254, 259-263
employment status, 48, 49, 157-158, 224-226, 254-255
migrant workers, 68
see also Parents
Motivation, see Aspirations;
Attitudes
Motor vehicle ownership, 218, 220, 222, 246, 248, 250, 252
Multiculturalism, 27-28
Mumps, 68
N
National Center for Education Statistics, 166-167, 178
National Center for Health Statistics, 166, 178
National Crime Victimization Survey, 166, 178
National Educational Longitudinal Survey, 88-89, 93, 167, 178
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 63-67, 69-70, 72, 73, 76, 78, 166, 178
National Health Interview Survey, 63-65, 166, 178
National Household Education Survey, 167, 178
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 166, 170, 178, 179
National Institute on Aging, 180(n.3)
National Institute on Drug Abuse, 178
National Integrated Quality Control Survey, 167
National Longitudinal Adolescent Health Survey, 78-80, 88, 89, 166
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 78-83, 88, 178
National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, 179
National Medical Care Expenditure Surveys, 167(n.1)
National Science Foundation, 167, 180(n.3)
National Survey of American Families, 174
National Survey of Family Growth, 166, 178
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230, 236, 246-247, 254, 259, 264
Naturalization, see Citizenship
Neonatal care, 5, 61, 138, 159-160
see also Infant mortality
Netherlands, 54, 216-217, 222-223, 226, 229, 234-235, 244-245, 252-253, 257, 263, 270-271
Nevada, 21
New Immigration Survey, 171-172
New Jersey, 21
New York, 21, 71, 74, 118-119, 123-124
Nicaraguans, 8, 44, 77, 85-86, 91, 107
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 238-239, 246 247, 255, 264-265
Nigerians, 49, 54, 214-215, 220-221, 225, 228, 232-233, 240-241, 248-249, 256, 261, 268-269
Non-Hispanic whites, 20(n. 1)
Numeracy, see Math test scores
Asians, 75-76
country of origin, general, 74, 76
detention centers, 57
weight indices, 75, 76, 80-81, 107, 159
see also Food assistance;
Food Stamps Program
O
Ohio, 21
P
Pacific Islanders, 62
Pakistanis, 49, 73, 214-215, 218-219, 225, 228, 230-231, 238-239, 248-249, 255, 260, 266-267
Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 127, 129, 130, 167, 180
Parasitic infections, 71, 72, 107, 108, 160
Parents
acculturative stress, 86-87
aspirations for children, 32, 33
assimilation, 25
citizenship, 56-57, 135, 175, 235, 265, 267, 269, 271
country of origin, general, 14, 46-49;
see ''parents" under specific nationalities
educational attainment of, 7, 8, 31, 46-49, 53, 96, 98, 140, 144, 157
by country of origin and generation, tables, 227-229, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 254, 259-263
educational support for children, 6-7, 97-98, 100-105, 109
employment status, 7, 48-49, 157-158, 224-226, 254-258
English proficiency, 3, 8, 49, 54-55, 86, 230-235, 265, 267, 269, 271
health care access, attitudes, 148-149, 152
health status of child, parental assessment, 63-68
immigration status of, 119, 120, 135, 136, 174-175
illegal immigrants, welfare for children of, 119, 135
intergenerational cohesion/conflict, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 36, 87, 92, 94, 169
language of household not English, 8, 49, 55, 98, 158, 213, 215, 217
by country of origin and generation, table, 230-231, 232, 234, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 264, 268, 270
racial differences, 27
single-parent families, 7, 31, 41-42, 49-50, 52, 158, 213, 215, 217, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245
welfare eligibility, verification, 119, 120, 135
see also Fathers;
Marriage and marital status;
Mothers;
Neonatal care;
Prenatal care
Part-time workers, 49, 52, 53, 158, 224-226, 254, 256-258
see also Migrant workers
Pennsylvania, 21
Perinatal infections, 70
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, 4, 22, 112, 155
Peru, 77
Pesticides, 6, 65, 68, 74, 160
Philippines, see Filipinos
Phosphorous necrosis, 123
Physicians, 10, 71, 72, 122, 137, 138, 144, 146-148, 149, 154, 163, 176
see also Lead poisoning;
Toxins
Policy, see Immigration policy;
Legislation;
Welfare
Polio, 68
Population
Bureau of Census, 20, 40-58, 167, 174, 177(n.2), 179, 181
by country of origin and generation, tables, 212-270 (passim)
see also Demographic factors;
Fertility
Poverty, 2, 4, 5, 7-8, 31, 42-45, 47, 109, 158, 160
African Americans, 2, 5, 42, 45, 52, 158, 212-213
assimilation and, 25
citizenship and, 56-57
country of origin, general, 8, 42, 43-44, 48, 50, 53, 56-57, 158-159, 168
tables, 42-43, 212-227, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246-258
educational attainment and, 7, 48-49, 53, 106
English as a second language, 54
first-generation immigrants, 7, 42-45 (passim), 47, 53, 157, 158, 212, 214, 216, 236, 238, 240-242, 244
health care access, 150
see also Medicaid
health status, general, 75, 159-160, 168
Hispanics, 5, 42, 52, 158, 212, 236
illegal immigrants, 56
nutrition and, 75
physician visits, 149
second-generation immigrants, 42-45, 157, 158, 212, 214, 216, 236, 238, 240-242, 244
single-parent families, 50
sponsorship, 113(n.1), 114, 118, 121, 125-127, 175, 275
third- and later-generation immigrants, 42-45, 47, 56, 157, 158, 212, 214, 216, 236, 238, 240-242, 244
African Americans, 2, 5, 42, 45, 52, 158, 212-213
visa restrictions, 125-126
see also Welfare
racial differences, 27
see also Birthweight
Preschool education, 6-7, 65, 100, 109
Head Start program, 65, 114, 115, 117, 119, 124
Primary and secondary education, 46, 93-107, 109-110
adolescents, 89, 90, 94, 98-100, 178
behavioral problems, 105-106
chronically ill children, 68
health education and services, 122, 123
high school graduates, 46
learning difficulties, 80-81, 105
school lunch program, 114, 116, 122-123, 124
Private assistance, 121, 122-124
Professional organizations
American Academy of Pediatrics, 138, 144
culturally competent care, 14, 176
Projections, statistics, 20, 21
Protective factors, general, 2, 3, 5-7, 31-34, 40, 91, 108-109, 156, 157-159, 164-165
defined, 32
health care, preventive services, 62-63, 138, 154, 163, 164
PSID, see Panel Study of Income Dynamics
Psychological factors, 109
adolescents, 6, 35, 80-81, 88-91
individual personal, 32, 33, 59, 148-149, 168
refugees, violence, 57-58
research recommendations, 12, 35, 168, 169, 171
self-esteem, 6, 80-81, 87, 88-90, 92-93, 94-95
see also Attitudes;
Developmental psychology;
Mental health and illness;
Migration experience (stress);
Stress
Public assistance, see Welfare
Public Health Services Act, 118
Public Health Surveillance Systems, 166
Q
R
Racial/ethnic factors, 1-2, 5, 22, 26-28, 36, 37, 38, 47-48, 158-159
acculturative stress, 86
birthweight/infant mortality, 60
census data, 20
educational attainment, 26-27
employment, 27
health insurance, 140-143
health status, general, 67, 68, 159, 160
historical perspective, 23-24
infectious diseases, 70
minority defined, 273
research recommendations, 165, 172, 177
see also Assimilation;
Discrimination;
specific racial/ethnic groups and nationalities
Reading
literacy, 47
Refugee Act, 120
defined, 274
Medicaid eligibility, 10, 114, 118, 144
socioeconomic status, 8, 43-44, 52-53
Southeast Asian, 9
state government role, 126
Supplemental Security Income, 114, 116, 118
violence and crime, 57-58
welfare, 4, 113(n.3), 114, 116-118, 120-121, 126, 134, 153
see specific refugee nationalities (e.g., Cambodians)
Religious factors, 33
Eastern European Jews, 123
Research methodology African Americans, 2, 5, 12, 170, 171, 181
assimilation research, 24
blacks, 20, 26, 28, 38, 44, 181
Children's Bureau, 124
country of origin, general, 14, 164, 165, 168, 170, 176-181
linguistic/cultural factors, 64, 108
New Immigration Survey, 171-172
report at hand, xv-xvi, 2, 12, 17-19, 127-128, 136-137, 144
risk-protective factors, 32-33
U.S. born/immigrant comparisons, 12, 17-18, 36-37
see also Ethnographic research;
Longitudinal studies;
Monitoring systems;
Sampling
Research recommendations, 2-3, 11-15, 18, 22-23, 34-37, 164-181
Respiratory ailments, 64, 65, 66-67, 70, 107
asthma, 66, 69-70, 79, 80, 107, 138, 159
Risk factors, general, 3, 18, 31-34, 40-58, 156, 157-159
defined, 32
research recommendations, 11, 14, 22, 164-165, 166, 169
tabulated by country of origin and duration of residence, 212-271
see also Behavioral risk factors;
Protective factors;
specific risk factors
Rubella, 68
S
Salvadorans, 8, 43-44, 77, 107
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 238-239, 246-247, 255, 260, 264-265
Sampling
country of origin sampling, 11, 14-15, 36, 40, 64, 97, 153, 164, 171-172, 174, 176-180 (passim)
health and welfare reform, 13-14
research recommendations, 11, 12-14, 15, 171, 174, 177, 179-180
Saudi Arabians, 73
SCHIP, see State Children's Health Insurance Program
Schistosomiasis, 71
School lunch program, 114, 116, 122-123, 124
Schools, see Preschool education;
Primary and secondary education
Seasonal workers, see Migrant workers
Second-generation immigrants
Note: U.S.-born children of foreign-born parents
adolescents, 6, 79, 80, 82, 83, 88-89, 91
birthweight/infant mortality, 5, 107
citizenship status, 231, 233, 235, 265, 267, 269, 271
decennial census, 41
educational attainment, 7, 46-47, 93-96, 97, 100, 102-105, 106, 109, 110, 157, 164, 171
by country of origin and generation, tables, 213, 217, 227-229, 238, 241, 243, 245, 259
employment status, 7, 41, 46, 48, 144, 224, 254-258
English as a second language, 54, 89, 95-96, 158, 213, 215, 217, 230-231, 241, 243, 245, 264-265
health care access, 10, 145-148, 154, 163, 174
health insurance, 10, 139, 140-144, 153, 154, 163
health status, general, 6, 38, 59, 62-83 (passim), 107, 108, 159, 164, 168, 169, 171
housing, old/overcrowded, 7, 51-52, 219, 223, 247, 249, 251, 253
information dissemination, 15
mental health, 59, 83-85, 89, 109, 171
motor vehicle ownership, 218, 220, 222, 246, 248, 250, 252
population growth, 1, 17, 20-21
poverty, 42-45, 157, 158, 212, 214, 216, 236, 238, 240-242, 244
research methodology, 15, 37, 38, 40-41, 164, 168, 170, 171, 180-181
research recommendations, 15, 34-36, 164, 168, 170, 171, 174, 180-181
siblings, number of, 50-51, 213, 217, 237, 241, 243, 245
single-parent families, 49, 50, 158, 213, 215, 217, 241, 245
by country of origin, tables, 212-271
socioeconomic risk/protective factors, 8, 40, 43-45, 47, 53, 158
tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 236-237, 240-271 (passim)
telephone access, 219, 221, 223, 247, 248, 250
welfare participation, 9, 125, 127-134, 152-153, 162, 174
Self-esteem/self-concept, 98
adolescents, 6, 80-81, 87, 88-90, 92-93, 94-95, 109, 161
teachers, impact on, 105-106
see also Depression
Sex differences, see Gender factors
Sexual behavior, 169
adolescents, 6, 79-83, 92, 95, 107, 159
Sexually transmitted diseases, 70, 166, 178
Siblings, numerous, 7, 31, 41-42, 50-51, 153, 213, 215, 217, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245
Sight deficiencies, see Visual impairments
Silicosis, 123
Single-parent families, 7, 31, 41-42, 49-50, 52, 158
African Americans, 50
by country of origin and generation, tables, 213, 215, 217, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245
SIPP, see Survey of Income and Program Participation
pregnant women, 63, 107-108, 160
research recommendations, 12, 35, 168, 169, 171, 172, 179
social learning, 27
see also Cultural factors;
Discrimination;
Ecological models;
Housing;
Language factors;
Life-course models;
Socioeconomic status
Social services
chronic illness, 68
eligibility for, 114
illegal immigrants, surveillance, 120
see also Welfare
Socioeconomic status, 3, 5, 6, 7-8, 37, 40-58, 108-109, 158
tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230, 236, 246-247, 254, 259, 264
educational attainment, 96, 98
health insurance, 140-141
life-course models, 30
motor vehicle ownership, 218, 220, 222, 246, 250, 252
nutrition and, 75
research recommendations, 11, 14, 34, 166, 168, 176, 179
risk/protective factors by country of origin and generation, tables, 212-271
telephone access, household, 219, 221, 223, 247, 249, 251, 253
upward mobility, 24-25
see also Educational attainment;
Employment factors;
Families and households;
Housing;
Poverty;
Welfare
South Africans, 54, 216-217, 222-223, 226, 229, 234-235, 244-245, 252-253, 263, 270-271
South Americans, 170
health insurance, 143
infectious diseases, 72
single-parent families, 49
socioeconomic / demographic
status, tables, 212-271 (passim)
see also specific nationalities
congenital anemia, 77
educational attainment, 106
health insurance, 143-144, 153, 164
infectious diseases, 72
nutrition, 76-77
welfare, 9, 118, 121, 131, 134
see also specific nationalities
Soviet nationals, 8, 43, 50, 53, 57, 158
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 236 237, 246-247, 254, 259, 264-265
Sponsorship, 113(n.1), 114, 118, 121, 125-127, 175
defined, 275
Spouses, see Marriage and marital status
SSI, see Supplemental Security Income
State Children's Health Insurance Program, 11, 115, 118, 136-137
State government, 3
culturally competent care, 5, 9, 13, 14, 70, 151-152, 173, 175-177
health insurance, state-assisted, 11, 115, 118, 136-137
medical services, 138
refugees, 126
welfare policy, 4, 22, 114, 115, 117-119, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 135, 155-156
see also specific states
State-level factors immigrant concentrations, 21
see also specific states
Statistical methodology, see Projections, statistics;
Research methodology;
Sampling
Stress
acculturative, 25, 63, 79, 84-88, 105, 106, 161, 272
migration experience, 14, 25, 31, 35, 37
pregnancy outcomes, 61
Substance abuse, adolescents, 8, 79, 80-81, 83, 107, 159, 160, 178
Supplemental Security Income, 4, 10-11, 22, 112, 114, 115, 116, 119, 124, 125, 128, 129, 131, 132-133, 134
defined, 275
disabled and elderly, 115
Survey of Income and Program Participation, 127, 130, 167, 179
Survey of Program Dynamics, 167, 174, 179
T
Taiwanese, 55, 77, 143, 214-215, 225, 228, 232-233, 240-241, 250-251, 256, 262, 268-269
TANF, see Temporary Assistance to Needy Families
Telephone access, household, 219, 221, 223, 247, 249, 250, 253
Temporal factors
duration of residence, 14, 59, 68, 87-88, 107, 120, 160, 174
welfare eligibility limits, 115-120 (passim)
see also First-generation immigrants;
Second-generation immigrants;
Third- and later-generation immigrants
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, 112-113, 115, 117, 118, 162
see also Aid to Families with Dependent Children
Thais, 8, 43, 48, 50, 53, 134, 158
socioeconomic/demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 236-237, 246-247, 254, 259, 264-265
Third- and later-generation immigrants
Note: U.S.-born children of U.S.-born parents/U. S.-born families
adolescents, 6, 7, 79, 81, 82, 83, 88-91, 161
African Americans, 79-80, 89, 90, 91
assimilation, 12
African Americans, 26-27
chronic illness, response to, 69-70
decennial census, 41
educational attainment, 7, 46-47, 93, 96, 100, 103, 104-105, 106, 109-110, 157, 161
African Americans, 47, 90, 100, 101, 103, 105, 106, 107
by country of origin and generation, tables, 213, 215, 227, 237, 259-263
employment status, 7, 41, 46, 48, 52, 224, 254-258
English language abilities, 89, 95-96, 213, 230-231, 264-271
health care access, 10, 11, 145-148, 154, 163, 174
health insurance, 10, 139, 140-143, 153, 154, 163
African Americans, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 148, 153
health status, general, 1, 5, 6, 18, 33, 38, 59, 62-83 (passim), 78, 107, 108, 159, 160, 164, 168
African Americans, 62, 65, 67, 72, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82
housing, old/overcrowded, 7, 51-52, 219, 221, 247
mental health, 5, 18, 33, 59, 83-85, 89, 109, 171
African Americans, 81, 89-91, 93
motor vehicle ownership, 218, 246
poverty, 42-45, 47, 56, 157, 158, 212, 214, 216, 236, 238, 240-242, 244
African Americans, 2, 5, 42, 45, 52, 158, 212-213
research recommendations, 12, 14, 15, 33-36, 164, 168, 170, 181
risk factors, general, 6, 33-35, 41
siblings, number of, 50-51, 213, 237
single-parent families, 7, 49-50, 52, 158, 213
socioeconomic risk/protective factors, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 236-237, 246-247, 254, 259, 264-271 (passim)
welfare participation, 9, 127-134, 152-153, 162
African Americans, 129, 130, 133, 143, 152
see also African Americans
Time factors, see Temporal factors
Title IV child care assistance, 124
Title XX block grants, 114, 115, 117, 118
Tobacco, see Smoking
Toxins, diseases caused by, 19
lead poisoning, 72-74, 108, 123, 160
migrant workers, 6, 65, 68, 74, 160
see also Poisoning
Transportation, see Motor vehicle ownership
Trichuris, 72
Tuberculosis, 6, 42, 70, 71, 108, 160, 166, 178
U
Undocumented immigrants, see Illegal immigrants
Upward mobility, 24-25
Urban areas, 4, 24, 32, 73, 93, 122-123, 170, 174
Urban Institute, 174
USSR, see Soviet nationals
V
Vietnamese, 8, 43, 50, 57, 158
Amerasians, 83
congenital anemia, 77
health care access, 151
health insurance, 143-144
socioeconomic /demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 236-237, 246-247, 254, 260, 264-265
tuberculosis, 71
welfare participation, 134
Virginia, 21
Violence, 178
adolescents, 79, 80-81, 83, 107, 159
child abuse, 78
refugees, 57-58
report methodology, 19
W
Washington state, 21
Weight, 75, 76, 80-81, 107, 159
Welfare, 121
African Americans, 129, 130, 133, 143, 152
Cubans, 118, 123, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 161-162
demography, general, 131-134
eligibility, 56-57, 112-121, 135-136, 137-138, 145, 152, 155-156, 163-164, 174, 175
citizenship and, 56-57, 112-115, 120, 135, 136, 174
deeming defined, 273
illegal immigrants, 113(n.3), 114-117, 118-119, 120, 121, 125, 135, 175
international standards, 120
legal permanent residents, 113(n.3), 114, 116-117
naturalized citizens, 56-57, 112-115, 120, 135, 136, 174
prior to welfare reform, 114, 120-126, 152
refugees, 113(n.3), 114, 116-118, 120-121, 126, 134, 153
time limits, 115-120 (passim)
undocumented immigrants, 113(n.3), 114-117, 118-119, 175
European immigrants, 118, 123, 133, 134, 162
federal role, 111-120 (passim), 124-154 (passim)
first-generation immigrants, 9, 58, 125, 127-133, 152-153, 161-162
heating assistance, 128, 129, 132-133, 134
historical perspectives, 114, 120-126, 152
illegal immigrants, 56
local government role, 22, 114, 117, 121, 123, 124
Mexicans, 6, 108, 121, 129, 130, 131, 153, 160, 161-162
private assistance, 121, 122-124
public assistance defined, 274
refugees, 4, 113(n.3), 114, 116-118, 120-121, 126, 134, 153
research recommendations, 11, 13-14, 22, 173-174
second-generation immigrants, 9, 125, 127-134, 152-153, 162, 174
Southeast Asians, 9, 118, 121, 131, 134
state government policy, 4, 22, 114, 115, 117-119, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 135, 155-156
third- and later-generation immigrants, 9, 127-134, 152-153, 162
African Americans, 129, 130, 133, 143, 152
use of benefits, 127-136
see also Aid to Families with Dependent Children;
Food assistance;
Food Stamps Program;
Medicaid;
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996;
Supplemental Security Income;
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families;
WIC
Welfare Reform and Children: A Three-City Study, 174
Census Bureau, 20
educational attainment, 7, 47, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105
health care access, 145-147
health insurance, 140-143
health status, general, 65, 67, 78, 160
infant mortality, 62
population projections, 20
research recommendations, 12, 170
single-parent families, 50
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230, 236, 246-247, 254, 259, 264
WIC (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children), 114, 115, 116, 124, 175, 275
Y
Young children
family factors, 6-7
general health surveys, 63-68, 78
lead poisoning, 72-74, 108, 123, 160
research recommendations, 35-36
see also Birthweight;
Infant mortality;
Neonatal care
Youth, see Adolescents
Youth Risk Behavior National Survey, 166