National Academies Press: OpenBook

Active Tectonics: Impact on Society (1986)

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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1986. Active Tectonics: Impact on Society. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/624.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1986. Active Tectonics: Impact on Society. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/624.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1986. Active Tectonics: Impact on Society. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/624.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1986. Active Tectonics: Impact on Society. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/624.
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Page 264
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1986. Active Tectonics: Impact on Society. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/624.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1986. Active Tectonics: Impact on Society. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/624.
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INDEX 261 Index A indicators of, 52–53, 81, 84–85, 137– Australia, northeastern, character of coast- Active faulting/Faults 140, 142 line, 97 definition, 5, 51–52 investigation via surficial earth pro- Avalanches, 235 detection methods, 50–51 cesses, 136–146 geodetic indicators of, 53 process response models in, 141–146 B geologic indicators of, 52 rates of, 141–146 Baja California, tectonic activity of, 21–22 geomorphic indicators of, 52–53 research priorities and actions, 17–19, Barbados, strandlines of, 100, 107 in interplate regions, 49 120, 148–152 Basalt flows in San Francisco Bay area, 157 seismological and paleoseismological dating by, 133–134 in Transverse Ranges, 24 research techniques in, 148–152 see also Lava flows landform indicators of, 52 time period of analysis, 4, 9–10, 21 Basin and Range province, 127–129, 135, parameters for estimating earthquake volcanism in context of, 232–233 190, 192, 211 magnitudes, 55 see also Coastal tectonics; Bay of Bothnia, character of, 98 patterns of, 12 Tectonic listings Benioff-Wadati zone, 57–58 related to folding, 63–77 Adirondack Dome, 31, 33, 39 Beryllium-10 dating, 205, 212 secondary ruptures along, 47–48 Afterslip, 32, 165, 166, 171, 173–175 Big Colewa Creek seismological indicators of, 53–54 Alaska channel profile of, 89 societal implications of, 75–77 crust deformation in, 45 effect of Monroe Uplift on, 89–90 stratigraphic relations along, 10 Gulf of, 111–112, 119 Boeuf River, channel profile of, 89 surface rupture by, 47–48 seismic gaps near, 57 Bogue Homo Creek, effect of Wiggins sympathetic offsets on, 48 strandlines in, 115 Uplift on, 90–91 trenching across, 152 uplift in, 37, 97, 115, 118–119 Boreholes, 51 Active tectonics Alaska-Aleutian seismic zone, earth- Boso Peninsula, Japan, 200, 202 alluvial river response to, 80–92 quakes along, 58 British Columbia Coast Mountains, uplift definition, 3, 5 Alluvial fans, 139–140, 141 activity in, 26 evaluation techniques, 3, 9–12, 42, 137– Alluvial rivers 139 drainage pattern disruptions, 81 C forecasts, 3, 4, 11, 16 response to active tectonics, 80–92 Calderas, 36, 104–105, 234–235 future concerns, 9 see also Channels California geodetic measurement of, 4, 10, 155–163 Amino acid racemization, 197, 199, 201, active strike-slip faulting in, 141 geomorphic analyses of, 4, 11 206 active-tectonic realms of, 20–26 geomorphic evidence of, 81–85, 136–146 Appalachian Mountains, uplift of, 37, 39 borderland, tectonic activity of, 23 impact on effective use of rivers and Arching, of Gulf Coastal Plain, 38 Coast Ranges, tectonic activity of, 25 canals, 85–92 Ash, volcanic dating, 133, 134, 210 coastline displacement, 107 impacts on society, 12–17 Asthenospheric bumps, 40 Gulf of, tectonic activity of, 21–22

INDEX 262 seismic monitoring network in, 159 by progressive landform modification, see also Fault displacements strandlines, 96, 101, 108, 113–114 199, 208 Distributed shear, 41 vertical displacements in, 7 by rock and mineral weathering, 199, see also Baja California 206–207 E Canals, impact of active tectonics on, 85, 92 by soil development, 197, 199, 207–208 Earthquakes Carbon-14, 56–57, 152, 197–202, 203, 213 by tektites, 200 Alaskan (1964), 7, 48, 49, 64, 111–112, Cascade Range, 26, 57 carbon-14, 56–57, 152, 197–202, 203, 118–119, 171 Channels 213 along San Andreas Fault, 140–141 classification of, 82 coastal area deformation, 203, 206 belts, 30–31 effect of uplift on, 90 control of, 209 Borah Peak, Idaho (1983), 7, 13, 15, 33, modifications of, 81 correlation methods, 209–210 204, 222–224 pattern changes, 82–85 cosmogenic isotope, 198, 205 Borrego Mountain (1968), 48, 144 profile of, 134 desert environments, 207 caused by quarrying, 67 source of morphologic changes in, 91 episodes of faulting, 200 Charleston, South Carolina (1886), 31, Chronology fault scarps, 189–193 34, 35, 50, 57, 97, 150 Pleistocene to Holocene, 146 fission-track, 197, 198, 204 Coalinga (1983), 25, 48, 72–73, 76, 160, see also Varve chronology glaciations, 207 166 Climate, effects of on geomorphic pro- landforms, 126 countermeasures, 15–17 cesses, 8–9, 37, 52, 84 methods, 195–213 deformation cycle, 156 Coastlines morphologic, of fault scarps, 181–193 deformations resulting from, 32–35, active-tectonic, 98 paleoseismological techniques, 151 149, 155–158 morphology and tectonic setting, 96–98 Pleistocene strandlines, 100–102 differences in, 149 see also Strandlines potassium-argon, 197, 198, 204 Dixie Valley, Nevada (1954), 32, 33, Columbia River Basalt, radioactive waste prehistoric faults, 156, 197, 200 49, 51, 57, 191 disposal in, 248 problems, 200–202, 203, 212–213 El Asnam, Algeria (1980), 48, 67, 69, Consequence assessment, 256–258 Quaternary, 52, 135, 205 72, 152, 218–219 Cratons radiometric, 75, 102, 103, 118, 197–205 elapsed time of, 217 earthquakes in, 31 research priorities on, 17 Fort Tejon (1857), 25 North American, 26 sedimentary materials, 205 Ganges flood plain, 64 vertical motions of, 30–32 spanning different time intervals, 210– generation process diagram, 196 Creep, 48, 140, 151, 152, 165–166, 169, 212 ground displacement during, 25 171, 173–174, 185–187 stable isotope, 200 Guatemalan (1976), 48–49 Creepmeters, 7, 10, 53, 169 uranium series, 197, 198, 202–204 hazards, 14, 24, 45–60, 226–228 Crust uranium-trend, 197, 198, 205 Hebgen Lake, Montana (1959), 33 dynamics, studies of, 11 Death Valley, alluvial fans in, 139 Himalayan, 64 extension patterns, 6, 21, 27 Deformation historical records of, 10, 45–46 horizontal displacement of, 167–169 coseismic, 32, 41, 156 Homestead Valley (1979), 166 loadings, 36–37 ground, measurement of, 239 identification of, 150 lower, magma intrusion into, 40 interseismic, 34 Imperial Valley (1979), 171 movements in coastal areas, 104 permanent, 156, 160–162 in cratons, 31 shortening, 6, 27 postseismic, 32 in Upper Indus Basin, 92 vertical displacements of, 7, 103–107, preseismic, 32, 34 Inangahua, New Zealand (1968), 67, 171 112, 169–171 societal impact, 158–160 intraplate, 32–33, 46, 116 see also Hot spots tectonic, 48 Kanto (1703, 1923), 116–117 Crust deformation see also Crust deformation; Lompoc (1981), 75–76 documentation of, 26–27 Earthquakes; magnitude, 33, 35, 49, 54, 55, 216 importance of studies on, 20–21 Faulting/Faults maximum credible and maximum prob- types, 5–6 Deformation rates able, 215–216 Crustal blocks, see Plates dating by, 199 mechanics of minor movements, 165 irregularities in, 158–160 Murchison (1929), 171 D monitoring, 155–156 Nankai (1946), 109, 161–162 Dams, Auburn thin arch, 12–13, 14, 47, present-day, 156–158 Nankaido (1707), 117 215–216 Dendrochronology, 142, 197, 198, 202 Napier (1931), 171 Dating Desert environments, dating, 207 New Madrid (1811–1812), 14, 16, 31, annual, 197 Disaster preparedness, advances in, 16–17 35, 50, 59, 85, 87, 150 by basalt flows and volcanic ash depos- Displacements Niigata, Japan (1964), 49 its, 133, 134, 210 glacio-isostatic, 104–106 Oroville, California (1975), 33 by deformation rate, 199 ground, during Fort Tejon earthquake, 25 Parkfield (1966), 25 by deposition rate, 199 horizontal, 167–169 Pleasant Valley (1915), 191 by fossils and artifacts, 200, 210 per event, 217 prehistoric, 11, 149–152 by geomorphic position and incision tectonic, 106–107 recurrence, 9, 15, 56–57, 73, 85, 95, rate, 199 vertical, 7, 48, 103–107, 112–115, 151, 114, 115–120, 136–137, 142, 144– by historical records, 197, 198 169–171 145, 161, 200, 217, 224–226

INDEX 263 San Fernando (1971), 24, 48, 138, 167, evaluation difficulties, 46 recommended research priorities on, 17 171 geometry of, 217 satellite, 53 San Francisco (1906), 12, 156, 157 hazards related to, 47–49 Geodetic monitoring secondary effects of, 48–49 Holocene deposits in, 52, 144 accuracy, 37, 167–171 size of intraplate, 50 identification of, 150 techniques, 10, 167–177 size relation to fault rupture parameters, lateral movement of, 115 Geologic history, tectonic activity fore- 45–46, 54–55 Lost River, 219–220, 222 casts from, 4, 9 subduction zone, 58 low-shake, 76 Geology Tabas-e-Golshan, Iran (1978), 48 Meers, 15, 45, 46, 50, 55, 58–59 data base, 216–217 Valentine, Texas (1931), 33, 34 monitoring, 25, 165 real-time, recommended research priori- West Yellowstone (1959), 184, 188, 191 mountain fronts generated by, 127–129 ties on, 18 Yellowstone Park, Wyoming (1975), 33 North Anatolian, 56, 63, 151, 169, 173 volcanic, of Nevada Test site, 251–253 see also Microearthquakes; Oued Fodda, 217–218 Geomorphic indices Paleoseismology; patterns of offset vs. time, 212 mountain-front sinuosity, 138–139 Predictions recorded in strandlines, 112–115 stream gradient, 137–138 Elastic rebound theory, 156 recurrence, 49, 52, 56–57, 211 valley width-to-height ratio, 139 Electron spin resonance, 197, 198, 204–205 rupture parameters, 45–46, 54–55 Geomorphic processes Embayments, geometry of, 130–131 San Andreas, 6, 7, 12, 13, 21, 23, 25, rates of, 7–9, 131–134 En echelon anticlines, 72 27, 30, 39, 48, 51, 136, 138, 140, surficial, 136–146 Engineering projects, cancellations, 12– 144, 149, 150, 151, 157, 158, 165, Geomorphology 14, 47, 215–216 168–170, 173, 175, 200, 220–222 focus of, 11 Epeirogeny, 5–6, 30–32, 37–42 San Jacinto, 144, 170, 174, 211 investigatory techniques of, 136–146 Erosion segmentation, 55, 217–222 recommended research priorities on, 17 cycle of, 126 slip, 165–167 soil, 146 of fault scarps, 152 slip rates, 51–52, 56, 149 studies in, 27 stream valley, 128 Stillwater, 57 tectonic, of escarpments and mountain Escarpments Superstition Hills, 48 fronts, 125–135, 139–141 drainage divide, 130 thrust, 6, 8, 63, 69, 72, 106, 173 Glaciations, dating of, 206–207 profiles of, 131 Ventura, 69, 70, 75 Global Positioning System, 53, 162–163 see also Fault scarps; vertical movement of, 112–115 Grand Wash Cliffs, 130, 132, 133 Scarps Wasatch, 34, 51, 136, 151, 183, 185, Gravitational field, changes preceding vol- 188, 211, 218, 221 canic eruption, 240 F see also Active faulting/Faults; Gravity Fault displacements Flexural-slip faults; effects of on geomorphic process rates, 9 frequency of occurrence, 5 Strike-slip faults methods for studying fault zones, 51 lateral, 7 Fennoscandia, postglacial rebound of, 36, Grey-Inangahua Basin, flexural-slip faults measurement, 10 105 of, 65, 72, 76 relationship between earthquake magni- Flexural-slip faults Ground motion, strong, characteristics tude and, 55 characteristics, 64–65 and intensity, 47 vertical component of, 113–114 examples of coseismic, 67–68 Gulf Coastal Plain, arching of, 38 Fault scarps Grey-Inangahua Basin, New Zealand, erosion of, 152 65, 72, 76 H flexural-slip, 68 related to folding, 48 Hawaii generation of, 129–131 seismicity of, 75–76 dry-tilt measurement in, 172 gravitational effects on, 9 slip rates of, 146 volcanic activity in, 7–8, 31 hypothetical uplift history of, 126 Ventura Basin, California, 65–66 Hazardous waste, tectonic stability of dis- identification of, 150 Fold-and-thrust belts posal sites, 92, 247–259 in alluvium, 127 active tectonics of on-land, 73–75, 76 Hazards Late Quaternary, 48 mechanics of, 64 earthquake, 14, 24, 45–60, 226–228 mapping, 55 Folding/Folds evaluation, 3, 4, 14, 24, 41, 45–60, 151, morphologic dating and modeling deg- active faults related to, 63–77 215–228, 247–259 radation of, 181–193 expressed by strandlines, 109–112 related to faults, 47–49 morphology of, 11, 142–144 flexural-slip fault relationship to, 48 seismic, trends in geologic analysis, Reelfoot Lake, 46 importance in tectonic studies, 11 215–228 simple, 189–193 near-surface, 69–70 volcanic, 13, 247–259 Faulting/Faults and Fault systems and related to faulting, 69–73 Henry Mountains, 183–184 zones societal implications of, 75–77 Hillslopes activity rates of, 54 Fossils, value in dating, 210 character of, 126 Alpine, 63, 149 degradation patterns of, 181–183 bending moment, 68–69, 72, 76 G loosening-limited, 183–185, 188–189, classification of, 67 Gases, volcanic, 235, 240 191 dating prehistoric, 197, 200 Geodesy profile of, 187 discontinuities in, 55–56 near-field tectonic, 164–177 transport-limited, 183–188, 189, 191–193 earthquake epicentral and hypocentral distributions of, 53

INDEX 264 weathering-limited, 184 assemblages, 126, 139–141 effects of uplifts on, 91 see also Slopes dating, 126 history of, 87 Himalaya evaluation of faulted, 144 longitudinal profiles of, 86 greatest earthquakes of, 64 study of active tectonics through, 4, 11 profile through Monroe Uplift, 88 map of southern margin of, 74 types, 125–126 Mississippi Valley thrust front, profile of, 74 Landslides, 48–49, 92, 150 earthquake potential, 14 Historical records Laser ranging impact of active tectonics on river use, geodetic monitoring through, 10 satellite, 10, 42, 163 85–91 of earthquakes, 10, 45–46 strain measurement by, 10 Modeling/Models Holocene two-color, 10 characteristic earthquake, 222–224 deposits, as indicators of fault activity, 52 Lava flows, 234 crustal structure and behavior, 24 deposits, in faults, 144 Level lines, 10, 53, 168 earthquake hazard, 226–228 fault displacements, 13, 15 Leveling, geodetic, 42, 53, 159–161, 166, earthquake recurrence, 56, 224–226 motions, 39 169–171, 175 Hillslope degradation, 185–193 strandlines, 96–99, 102–108, 110–113, Lichenometry, 197, 199 of fault scarps, 181–193 115–120 Liquefaction, 48–49, 150 of fault segments, 55 see also Chronology; Lithospheric plates, see Plates of fold-and-thrust belt mechanics, 64, Paleoseismology Loess deposits, thermoluminescence dat- 76–77 Hot spots, 39, 41 ing of, 205 Poisson-Exponential, 227 Hudson Bay, character of, 98 Los Gatos Creek, deformation of stream process response, 141–146 Hurricane Cliffs, 130, 135 bed of, 72–73, 160–161 renewal, 228 Hydration Lost River Range, faults along, 13–14 schematic, of fault structure, 57 obsidian, 197, 199, 206 Low-Sun angle photography, 50, 53, 56 seismic deformation cycle, 156 tephra, 197, 199 seismogenic, 47 M snowplow, 64 I Magma time-predictable, 227 India associated with monogenetic volcanic Mojave Desert active foreland thrust belt of, 73 centers, 249 nontectonic fault slip in, 169 alluvial plain of, 73 feeder systems, 249 pediment surface in, 133 as a rigid indentor, 41 inflation, intraplate, 35–36 Molasse sediments, 74 underthrusting beneath Himalaya, 75 intrusion into lower crust, 40 Monitoring Indus Valley, impact of active tectonics movements, subsurface, 35 crustal tilt, 171–173 on river use, 85 separation, 40 deformation rates, 155–156 Instruments, geodetic monitoring, 10 volume vs. time plots, 253, 255 dry-tilt method, 172–173 Interferometry, very-long-baseline, 10, 163 Magnetic field, changes preceding vol- faults, 25, 165 Interplate regions, characteristics of, 49 canic eruption, 240–241 geodetic, 10, 17, 37, 164–177 Intraplate deformations Magnetostratigraphy, 73, 75 Long Valley, 36 mechanisms for, 40 Magnitude recurrence of slip-stick faulting, 76 social impact of, 41 maximum moment, of subduction zone San Andreas Fault system, 25 Intraplate movements, 9, 30–42, 45–46, rupture, 58 seismic, of volcanoes, 239 49–50, 55, 59 moment, 54, 149 strain and stress, 18, 53 Intraplate regions scales, 54 stratigraphic, 10–11 seismic hazard evaluation of, 49–50 surface wave, 52 volcanoes, 238–241 Iran see also Earthquake magnitudes see also Instruments impact of active tectonics on canal use, 85 Mammoth Lakes, intracrustal magmatism Monroe Uplift strandlines in, 115 in, 36 active tectonics of, 87–90 uplift rate in, 10 Mantle, densification, 40 uplift rates of, 7 Iwo Jima, volcanic uplift of, 104–105 Matuyama Reversed-Polarity Chron, 210 Montague Island, vertical displacement Mendocino triple junction of, 7, 48 J deformations at, 21, 25, 26 Montalvo Mounds, 72 Japan plate activity at, 6, 20, 26 Morphology, stream-valley, 128–129 active folding in, 66–67 Michigan Basin, 31, 33, 40 Mountain blocks, 127–128 coseismic uplift in, 115–118 Microearthquakes, 149 Mountain fronts investigation of faulted terraces in, 145 Microplates fault-generated, 127–129 strandlines, 97, 101, 108–110, 113, 115 boundaries, 49 hypothetical uplift history of, 126 stratigraphic record of, 10 collision with major plates, 6 tectonic geomorphology of, 125–135 vertical displacement rates in, 7 domains, fault characteristics of, 49 Mountains, see specific mountains Microseismicity, determining distribu- Murray River, 81 L tions of, 11–12 Microtopography, 140 N Lahars, 235 Land use planning, 137 Middle America, population dwelling Nankai Trough, seismic activity of, 161– Landforms near volcanoes in, 237 162 as indicators of fault activity, 52 Mississippi River Neotectonics, 9, 39

INDEX 265 Nevada Test Site Peninsular Ranges, tectonic activity of, 23 Ring of Fire, 30, 233 radioactive waste disposal in, 248 Plate tectonics theory, 30, 49, 233 Rio Grande rift, 35, 36 volcanic geology of, 251–253 Plates Rivers New Guinea activity along margins of, 5–6 major, in areas of structural instability, 80 coastline tilt of, 109 Asiatic, 6 see also Aluvial rivers; strandlines, 96, 99–100, 107–109 Australia-India, 119 specific rivers New Mexico, uplift in, 35 boundaries, 57, 95, 233 Rockfalls, 48 New York, seismicity in, 34–35, 39 boundary forces of, 39 New Zealand collision of, 6, 39 S block diagram of Giles Creek faulting, 66 convergence, 21, 57–58, 63, 73, 232–233 Salton Trough, 21–22, 166, 169 coseismic uplift in, 119–120 Eurasian, 73, 75, 115, 116 San Francisco Bay area, active faults of, investigation of faulted terraces in, 145 Indian, 6, 39, 73, 75 157 strandlines, 97, 101, 111–113, 120 Juan de Fuca-Gorda, 5–6, 20, 21, 26, San Gabriel Mountains, application of see also Grey-Inangahua Basin 57–58, 158 stream-gradient index to, 137–138 North America location of volcanoes relative to, 232–233 Sand blows, liquefaction-related, 57, 150 seismicity of eastern coast, 97 movement of, 6, 7, 10 21, 30 Santa Clara syncline, diagrammatic cross- southeastern, character of coastline, 97, North American, 5–7, 20–21, 25, 26, 39, section, 66 101 50, 57, 75, 158, 211 Satellite, geodesy, 53 western, historical earthquake records Pacific, 5–7, 20, 21, 25, 26, 30–31, 75, Scarps of, 10 119, 211 tectonic geomorphology of, 125–135 see also United States Philippine Sea, 161 with simple initial morphology, profile Nuclear fuel, spent, disposal of, 248 rotation, 23 of, 183 Nuclear reactors sliding past each other, 30 see also Escarpments; Bodega Bay, 12–13 see also Interplate and Intraplate listings; Fault scarps GE Vallecitos test, 210 Microplates Sea level seismic hazards to, 215 Pleistocene changes, 36–37, 95–121 siting, 51, 215 strandlines, 96, 98–102, 104, 106–109, history, 96, 99, 104 111, 113, 115 Sedimentary deposits, use to appraise O see also Chronology; earthquake hazards, 24 Oakwood Salt Dome, 92 Dating; Seiches, 48–49 Obduction, description, 6 Paleoseismology Seismic gaps, description, 57 Oil exploration, in active fold-and-thrust Porpoise structure, 23, 25 Seismic moment, 54, 149 belts, 76 Postglacial rebound, 30, 32, 36–37, 39, Seismic networks, 4, 54 Oklahoma, fault displacements in, 15 41, 105 Seismic reflection techniques, 51 Oregon Predictions Seismicity active-tectonic realms of, 21, 22, 26 implications of preseismic deformations global map of, 31 Coast Ranges, tectonic activity of, 26 for, 34 of eastern United States, 50 coastline displacement, 107 seismic event, 4, 7–8, 16–17, 34, 41, 49, of intraplate regions, 49–50 plate activity beneath, 6 57, 118, 136, 142, 144, 169, 249–251 patterns of, 53–54 Orogeny Probabilistic risk assessment, 253–256 resulting from magma inflation, 35 deformational processes of, 5–6 Probability studies, recommended see also Paleoseismicity examples, 6 research priorities on, 18 Seismographs, 25, 239 Pyroclastic falls and flows, 234 Seismology P Pyroclastic surge, 235 improved techniques of, 149 Pakistan research techniques in, 148–152 active foreland thrust belt of, 73 R Seismometer networks, 53, 152 Salt Range, 64, 73 Radar imagery, 50 Shivwitz Plateau, 132 Paleomagnetism, 200, 210 Radioactive waste disposal, volcanic haz- Sierra Nevada foothills, earthquake and Paleoseismicity ard assessment for, 247–259 fault displacement potential of, 13 Holocene, 144 Radioactive waste repository, effect of Sinuosity Paleoseismology volcanic eruption on, 249–251 mountain front, 8, 128, 137–139 Central Nevada Seismic Belt, 57 Range fronts, characterization, 8 river channel, 82–84, 87, 88–92 earthquake magnitude approximation in, Ranges, see specific ranges Slip 55 Reactivation concept, 39 aseismic, 165 earthquake risk assessment through, 125 Red Mountain, strandline across, 113 coseismic, 114 of San Andreas Fault zone, 56 Research needs dynamically triggered, 166–167, 169, progress in, 149 coastal tectonics, 120–121 174, 176 recommended research priorities on, 17– in coastal tectonics, 120–121 preseismic, 174 18 in tectonic geomorphology, 135 rates, 51–52, 56, 146, 149, 158, 216, research techniques in, 148–152 morphologic dating of fault scarps, 193 225–226 Palos Verdes Peninsula, marine strand- on dating, 17 Slopes lines of, 95 on probability studies, 18 characterization of, 126–127 Pearl River, effect of Wiggins Uplift on, 91 seismological and paleoseismological, elements of, 143 Pediments, 131, 133 17–18, 151–152

INDEX 266 equilibrium in, 126–127 analysis of, 11 Volcanoes evolution of, 127 definition, 21 active, 26 patterns of change of, 127 western conterminous United States, 21– Cascade Range, 26 replacement, 130, 131 26 characteristics of, 233–235 retreat, 130 Tectonics, intraplate, see Intraplate listings deformations associated with, 26 scarp, 142 Tephrochronology, 73, 75, 200, 210 distribution of, 232–233, 236 transport-limited, 127 Thermoluminescence, 197, 198, 204–205 eruptions of, 7–8, 233–235, 238, 241–245 weathering-limited, 127 Thrusting Hawaiian Islands-Emperor Seamount see also Hillslopes dip-slip, 69 chain, 31 Soils oblique-slip, 69 hazards to radioactive waste disposal, disturbances be faulting and earth- Tide-gauge records, 95–97, 102, 104–105 247–259 quakes, 152 Tigrus and Euphrates Valley, impact of historical record of, 10 geomorphology, 146 active tectonics on canal use, 85 impact of people, 236–238 Profile Development Index, 207 Tilt location relative to plates, 232–233 Source directivity, 47 along a straight coastline, 109 monitoring, 238–241 Strain leveling to detect, 171–173 Mount St. Helens, 7–8, 235, 239, 244 gauges, 27 of bedrock and river terraces over Ven- public response to, 241–245 meters, 10 tura Avenue Anticline, 146 sociological impacts of, 231–245 rates, 34 of marine strandlines, 107–109 tectonic setting of, 231–245 release, 7–8, 48 rate calculation, 108 vertical displacements by, 104–105 tectonic, 10 Tiltmeters, 10, 134 world distribution of, 232 Strandlines Tomography, 149 depositional, 96, 97 Toppenish Ridge, Washington, bending W displacement and deformation of, 103– moment faults at, 69, 72 Wasatch Range, 185, 221 120 Transverse Ranges Washington (state) erosional, 96, 97 active faults in, 24, 149 active tectonic realms of, 21, 22, 26 fault movement recorded in, 112–115 tectonic activity of, 23, 63–64, 65–66, 75 Coast Ranges, tectonic activity of, 26 Holocene, 96–99, 102–108, 110–113, Tremor, volcanic or harmonic, 239 coastline displacement, 107 115–120 Trenching/Trenches plate activity beneath, 6 marine, 95–120 across active faults, 152, 222–224 volcanic activity in, 8 Pleistocene, 96, 98–102, 104, 106–109, exploratory, 51, 69 Wiggins Uplift, active tectonics of, 90–91 111, 113, 115 log of, 222–223 Wrench faulting, 26 Stratigraphy, monitoring tectonic activity Triangulation, 53, 166–168 through, 10–11, 200, 209–210, 213 Trilateration, 10, 53, 156, 158–159, 166, Y Stream valleys, morphology, 128–129 168–169 Yellowstone National Park, intracrustal Strike-slip faults Tsunamis, 48–49 magmatism in, 36 disruptions by, 6 landform assemblage characteristic of, U Z 140–141 United States Zagros Mountains, 64 relationship between earthquake magni- central and eastern, earthquake charac- tude and displacement for, 55 teristics in, 46 simple shear associated with, 142 eastern, seismicity in, 50 vertical displacements of, 151 eastern, vertical motion of, 39 Subduction intraplate stress patterns for, 39 along offshore Peru-Chile trench, 98 investigation of faulted terraces in, 145 character of in northwestern United northwestern, subduction character of, States, 45, 57–58 57–58 description, 6 western, active fault evaluation in, 46 oblique, 26 western, vertical displacement rates in, 7 of Juan de Fuca plate, 26, 57–58 see also North America of Pacific Ocean plates, 30 Uplift volcanic association with, 35, 36 following glacial unloading, 37 zones, earthquake magnitude in, 49 hypothetical history of, 126 Subsidence, 48 of Appalachian Mountains, 37 Subsurface radar profiling, 50 of bedrock and river terraces over Surveys Ventura Avenue Anticline, 146 aeromagnetic methods, 51 rates, 7, 10–11, 23, 35, 36, 40, 100, 104, alignment, 53 106, 115–120, 125–126 geodetic, 53, 162–163 strandline production by, 115–120 space-based, 163 theoretical patterns of, 116 surface magnetic method, 51 V T Valleys Taiwan, fold-and-thrust belt of, 64 warping of alluvial terraces in, 81 Tallahala Creek, channel profile of, 90–91 width-to-height ratio, 139 Tectonic activity, see Active tectonics see also Stream valleys Tectonic processes Varve chronology, 197, 198 rates, 5–9 Ventura Avenue anticline, 7, 23, 75–76, types, 5–6 146 see also Epeirogeny; Ventura Basin, 65, 73, 138 Folding/Folds; Vermillion Cliffs, 131 Orogeny Viscoelastic relaxation, 32 Tectonic realms

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Over 250,000 people were killed in the Tangshan, China earthquake of 1976, and other less active tectonic processes can disrupt river channels or have a grave impact on repositories of radioactive wastes. Since tectonic processes can be critical to many human activities, the Geophysics Study Committee Panel on Active Tectonics has presented an evaluation of the current state of knowledge about tectonic events, which include not only earthquakes but volcanic eruptions and similar events. This book addresses three main topics: the tectonic processes and their rates, methods of identifying and evaluating active tectonics, and the effects of active tectonics on society.

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