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INDEX 261 Index A indicators of, 52â53, 81, 84â85, 137â Australia, northeastern, character of coast- Active faulting/Faults 140, 142 line, 97 definition, 5, 51â52 investigation via surficial earth pro- Avalanches, 235 detection methods, 50â51 cesses, 136â146 geodetic indicators of, 53 process response models in, 141â146 B geologic indicators of, 52 rates of, 141â146 Baja California, tectonic activity of, 21â22 geomorphic indicators of, 52â53 research priorities and actions, 17â19, Barbados, strandlines of, 100, 107 in interplate regions, 49 120, 148â152 Basalt flows in San Francisco Bay area, 157 seismological and paleoseismological dating by, 133â134 in Transverse Ranges, 24 research techniques in, 148â152 see also Lava flows landform indicators of, 52 time period of analysis, 4, 9â10, 21 Basin and Range province, 127â129, 135, parameters for estimating earthquake volcanism in context of, 232â233 190, 192, 211 magnitudes, 55 see also Coastal tectonics; Bay of Bothnia, character of, 98 patterns of, 12 Tectonic listings Benioff-Wadati zone, 57â58 related to folding, 63â77 Adirondack Dome, 31, 33, 39 Beryllium-10 dating, 205, 212 secondary ruptures along, 47â48 Afterslip, 32, 165, 166, 171, 173â175 Big Colewa Creek seismological indicators of, 53â54 Alaska channel profile of, 89 societal implications of, 75â77 crust deformation in, 45 effect of Monroe Uplift on, 89â90 stratigraphic relations along, 10 Gulf of, 111â112, 119 Boeuf River, channel profile of, 89 surface rupture by, 47â48 seismic gaps near, 57 Bogue Homo Creek, effect of Wiggins sympathetic offsets on, 48 strandlines in, 115 Uplift on, 90â91 trenching across, 152 uplift in, 37, 97, 115, 118â119 Boreholes, 51 Active tectonics Alaska-Aleutian seismic zone, earth- Boso Peninsula, Japan, 200, 202 alluvial river response to, 80â92 quakes along, 58 British Columbia Coast Mountains, uplift definition, 3, 5 Alluvial fans, 139â140, 141 activity in, 26 evaluation techniques, 3, 9â12, 42, 137â Alluvial rivers 139 drainage pattern disruptions, 81 C forecasts, 3, 4, 11, 16 response to active tectonics, 80â92 Calderas, 36, 104â105, 234â235 future concerns, 9 see also Channels California geodetic measurement of, 4, 10, 155â163 Amino acid racemization, 197, 199, 201, active strike-slip faulting in, 141 geomorphic analyses of, 4, 11 206 active-tectonic realms of, 20â26 geomorphic evidence of, 81â85, 136â146 Appalachian Mountains, uplift of, 37, 39 borderland, tectonic activity of, 23 impact on effective use of rivers and Arching, of Gulf Coastal Plain, 38 Coast Ranges, tectonic activity of, 25 canals, 85â92 Ash, volcanic dating, 133, 134, 210 coastline displacement, 107 impacts on society, 12â17 Asthenospheric bumps, 40 Gulf of, tectonic activity of, 21â22
INDEX 262 seismic monitoring network in, 159 by progressive landform modification, see also Fault displacements strandlines, 96, 101, 108, 113â114 199, 208 Distributed shear, 41 vertical displacements in, 7 by rock and mineral weathering, 199, see also Baja California 206â207 E Canals, impact of active tectonics on, 85, 92 by soil development, 197, 199, 207â208 Earthquakes Carbon-14, 56â57, 152, 197â202, 203, 213 by tektites, 200 Alaskan (1964), 7, 48, 49, 64, 111â112, Cascade Range, 26, 57 carbon-14, 56â57, 152, 197â202, 203, 118â119, 171 Channels 213 along San Andreas Fault, 140â141 classification of, 82 coastal area deformation, 203, 206 belts, 30â31 effect of uplift on, 90 control of, 209 Borah Peak, Idaho (1983), 7, 13, 15, 33, modifications of, 81 correlation methods, 209â210 204, 222â224 pattern changes, 82â85 cosmogenic isotope, 198, 205 Borrego Mountain (1968), 48, 144 profile of, 134 desert environments, 207 caused by quarrying, 67 source of morphologic changes in, 91 episodes of faulting, 200 Charleston, South Carolina (1886), 31, Chronology fault scarps, 189â193 34, 35, 50, 57, 97, 150 Pleistocene to Holocene, 146 fission-track, 197, 198, 204 Coalinga (1983), 25, 48, 72â73, 76, 160, see also Varve chronology glaciations, 207 166 Climate, effects of on geomorphic pro- landforms, 126 countermeasures, 15â17 cesses, 8â9, 37, 52, 84 methods, 195â213 deformation cycle, 156 Coastlines morphologic, of fault scarps, 181â193 deformations resulting from, 32â35, active-tectonic, 98 paleoseismological techniques, 151 149, 155â158 morphology and tectonic setting, 96â98 Pleistocene strandlines, 100â102 differences in, 149 see also Strandlines potassium-argon, 197, 198, 204 Dixie Valley, Nevada (1954), 32, 33, Columbia River Basalt, radioactive waste prehistoric faults, 156, 197, 200 49, 51, 57, 191 disposal in, 248 problems, 200â202, 203, 212â213 El Asnam, Algeria (1980), 48, 67, 69, Consequence assessment, 256â258 Quaternary, 52, 135, 205 72, 152, 218â219 Cratons radiometric, 75, 102, 103, 118, 197â205 elapsed time of, 217 earthquakes in, 31 research priorities on, 17 Fort Tejon (1857), 25 North American, 26 sedimentary materials, 205 Ganges flood plain, 64 vertical motions of, 30â32 spanning different time intervals, 210â generation process diagram, 196 Creep, 48, 140, 151, 152, 165â166, 169, 212 ground displacement during, 25 171, 173â174, 185â187 stable isotope, 200 Guatemalan (1976), 48â49 Creepmeters, 7, 10, 53, 169 uranium series, 197, 198, 202â204 hazards, 14, 24, 45â60, 226â228 Crust uranium-trend, 197, 198, 205 Hebgen Lake, Montana (1959), 33 dynamics, studies of, 11 Death Valley, alluvial fans in, 139 Himalayan, 64 extension patterns, 6, 21, 27 Deformation historical records of, 10, 45â46 horizontal displacement of, 167â169 coseismic, 32, 41, 156 Homestead Valley (1979), 166 loadings, 36â37 ground, measurement of, 239 identification of, 150 lower, magma intrusion into, 40 interseismic, 34 Imperial Valley (1979), 171 movements in coastal areas, 104 permanent, 156, 160â162 in cratons, 31 shortening, 6, 27 postseismic, 32 in Upper Indus Basin, 92 vertical displacements of, 7, 103â107, preseismic, 32, 34 Inangahua, New Zealand (1968), 67, 171 112, 169â171 societal impact, 158â160 intraplate, 32â33, 46, 116 see also Hot spots tectonic, 48 Kanto (1703, 1923), 116â117 Crust deformation see also Crust deformation; Lompoc (1981), 75â76 documentation of, 26â27 Earthquakes; magnitude, 33, 35, 49, 54, 55, 216 importance of studies on, 20â21 Faulting/Faults maximum credible and maximum prob- types, 5â6 Deformation rates able, 215â216 Crustal blocks, see Plates dating by, 199 mechanics of minor movements, 165 irregularities in, 158â160 Murchison (1929), 171 D monitoring, 155â156 Nankai (1946), 109, 161â162 Dams, Auburn thin arch, 12â13, 14, 47, present-day, 156â158 Nankaido (1707), 117 215â216 Dendrochronology, 142, 197, 198, 202 Napier (1931), 171 Dating Desert environments, dating, 207 New Madrid (1811â1812), 14, 16, 31, annual, 197 Disaster preparedness, advances in, 16â17 35, 50, 59, 85, 87, 150 by basalt flows and volcanic ash depos- Displacements Niigata, Japan (1964), 49 its, 133, 134, 210 glacio-isostatic, 104â106 Oroville, California (1975), 33 by deformation rate, 199 ground, during Fort Tejon earthquake, 25 Parkfield (1966), 25 by deposition rate, 199 horizontal, 167â169 Pleasant Valley (1915), 191 by fossils and artifacts, 200, 210 per event, 217 prehistoric, 11, 149â152 by geomorphic position and incision tectonic, 106â107 recurrence, 9, 15, 56â57, 73, 85, 95, rate, 199 vertical, 7, 48, 103â107, 112â115, 151, 114, 115â120, 136â137, 142, 144â by historical records, 197, 198 169â171 145, 161, 200, 217, 224â226
INDEX 263 San Fernando (1971), 24, 48, 138, 167, evaluation difficulties, 46 recommended research priorities on, 17 171 geometry of, 217 satellite, 53 San Francisco (1906), 12, 156, 157 hazards related to, 47â49 Geodetic monitoring secondary effects of, 48â49 Holocene deposits in, 52, 144 accuracy, 37, 167â171 size of intraplate, 50 identification of, 150 techniques, 10, 167â177 size relation to fault rupture parameters, lateral movement of, 115 Geologic history, tectonic activity fore- 45â46, 54â55 Lost River, 219â220, 222 casts from, 4, 9 subduction zone, 58 low-shake, 76 Geology Tabas-e-Golshan, Iran (1978), 48 Meers, 15, 45, 46, 50, 55, 58â59 data base, 216â217 Valentine, Texas (1931), 33, 34 monitoring, 25, 165 real-time, recommended research priori- West Yellowstone (1959), 184, 188, 191 mountain fronts generated by, 127â129 ties on, 18 Yellowstone Park, Wyoming (1975), 33 North Anatolian, 56, 63, 151, 169, 173 volcanic, of Nevada Test site, 251â253 see also Microearthquakes; Oued Fodda, 217â218 Geomorphic indices Paleoseismology; patterns of offset vs. time, 212 mountain-front sinuosity, 138â139 Predictions recorded in strandlines, 112â115 stream gradient, 137â138 Elastic rebound theory, 156 recurrence, 49, 52, 56â57, 211 valley width-to-height ratio, 139 Electron spin resonance, 197, 198, 204â205 rupture parameters, 45â46, 54â55 Geomorphic processes Embayments, geometry of, 130â131 San Andreas, 6, 7, 12, 13, 21, 23, 25, rates of, 7â9, 131â134 En echelon anticlines, 72 27, 30, 39, 48, 51, 136, 138, 140, surficial, 136â146 Engineering projects, cancellations, 12â 144, 149, 150, 151, 157, 158, 165, Geomorphology 14, 47, 215â216 168â170, 173, 175, 200, 220â222 focus of, 11 Epeirogeny, 5â6, 30â32, 37â42 San Jacinto, 144, 170, 174, 211 investigatory techniques of, 136â146 Erosion segmentation, 55, 217â222 recommended research priorities on, 17 cycle of, 126 slip, 165â167 soil, 146 of fault scarps, 152 slip rates, 51â52, 56, 149 studies in, 27 stream valley, 128 Stillwater, 57 tectonic, of escarpments and mountain Escarpments Superstition Hills, 48 fronts, 125â135, 139â141 drainage divide, 130 thrust, 6, 8, 63, 69, 72, 106, 173 Glaciations, dating of, 206â207 profiles of, 131 Ventura, 69, 70, 75 Global Positioning System, 53, 162â163 see also Fault scarps; vertical movement of, 112â115 Grand Wash Cliffs, 130, 132, 133 Scarps Wasatch, 34, 51, 136, 151, 183, 185, Gravitational field, changes preceding vol- 188, 211, 218, 221 canic eruption, 240 F see also Active faulting/Faults; Gravity Fault displacements Flexural-slip faults; effects of on geomorphic process rates, 9 frequency of occurrence, 5 Strike-slip faults methods for studying fault zones, 51 lateral, 7 Fennoscandia, postglacial rebound of, 36, Grey-Inangahua Basin, flexural-slip faults measurement, 10 105 of, 65, 72, 76 relationship between earthquake magni- Flexural-slip faults Ground motion, strong, characteristics tude and, 55 characteristics, 64â65 and intensity, 47 vertical component of, 113â114 examples of coseismic, 67â68 Gulf Coastal Plain, arching of, 38 Fault scarps Grey-Inangahua Basin, New Zealand, erosion of, 152 65, 72, 76 H flexural-slip, 68 related to folding, 48 Hawaii generation of, 129â131 seismicity of, 75â76 dry-tilt measurement in, 172 gravitational effects on, 9 slip rates of, 146 volcanic activity in, 7â8, 31 hypothetical uplift history of, 126 Ventura Basin, California, 65â66 Hazardous waste, tectonic stability of dis- identification of, 150 Fold-and-thrust belts posal sites, 92, 247â259 in alluvium, 127 active tectonics of on-land, 73â75, 76 Hazards Late Quaternary, 48 mechanics of, 64 earthquake, 14, 24, 45â60, 226â228 mapping, 55 Folding/Folds evaluation, 3, 4, 14, 24, 41, 45â60, 151, morphologic dating and modeling deg- active faults related to, 63â77 215â228, 247â259 radation of, 181â193 expressed by strandlines, 109â112 related to faults, 47â49 morphology of, 11, 142â144 flexural-slip fault relationship to, 48 seismic, trends in geologic analysis, Reelfoot Lake, 46 importance in tectonic studies, 11 215â228 simple, 189â193 near-surface, 69â70 volcanic, 13, 247â259 Faulting/Faults and Fault systems and related to faulting, 69â73 Henry Mountains, 183â184 zones societal implications of, 75â77 Hillslopes activity rates of, 54 Fossils, value in dating, 210 character of, 126 Alpine, 63, 149 degradation patterns of, 181â183 bending moment, 68â69, 72, 76 G loosening-limited, 183â185, 188â189, classification of, 67 Gases, volcanic, 235, 240 191 dating prehistoric, 197, 200 Geodesy profile of, 187 discontinuities in, 55â56 near-field tectonic, 164â177 transport-limited, 183â188, 189, 191â193 earthquake epicentral and hypocentral distributions of, 53
INDEX 264 weathering-limited, 184 assemblages, 126, 139â141 effects of uplifts on, 91 see also Slopes dating, 126 history of, 87 Himalaya evaluation of faulted, 144 longitudinal profiles of, 86 greatest earthquakes of, 64 study of active tectonics through, 4, 11 profile through Monroe Uplift, 88 map of southern margin of, 74 types, 125â126 Mississippi Valley thrust front, profile of, 74 Landslides, 48â49, 92, 150 earthquake potential, 14 Historical records Laser ranging impact of active tectonics on river use, geodetic monitoring through, 10 satellite, 10, 42, 163 85â91 of earthquakes, 10, 45â46 strain measurement by, 10 Modeling/Models Holocene two-color, 10 characteristic earthquake, 222â224 deposits, as indicators of fault activity, 52 Lava flows, 234 crustal structure and behavior, 24 deposits, in faults, 144 Level lines, 10, 53, 168 earthquake hazard, 226â228 fault displacements, 13, 15 Leveling, geodetic, 42, 53, 159â161, 166, earthquake recurrence, 56, 224â226 motions, 39 169â171, 175 Hillslope degradation, 185â193 strandlines, 96â99, 102â108, 110â113, Lichenometry, 197, 199 of fault scarps, 181â193 115â120 Liquefaction, 48â49, 150 of fault segments, 55 see also Chronology; Lithospheric plates, see Plates of fold-and-thrust belt mechanics, 64, Paleoseismology Loess deposits, thermoluminescence dat- 76â77 Hot spots, 39, 41 ing of, 205 Poisson-Exponential, 227 Hudson Bay, character of, 98 Los Gatos Creek, deformation of stream process response, 141â146 Hurricane Cliffs, 130, 135 bed of, 72â73, 160â161 renewal, 228 Hydration Lost River Range, faults along, 13â14 schematic, of fault structure, 57 obsidian, 197, 199, 206 Low-Sun angle photography, 50, 53, 56 seismic deformation cycle, 156 tephra, 197, 199 seismogenic, 47 M snowplow, 64 I Magma time-predictable, 227 India associated with monogenetic volcanic Mojave Desert active foreland thrust belt of, 73 centers, 249 nontectonic fault slip in, 169 alluvial plain of, 73 feeder systems, 249 pediment surface in, 133 as a rigid indentor, 41 inflation, intraplate, 35â36 Molasse sediments, 74 underthrusting beneath Himalaya, 75 intrusion into lower crust, 40 Monitoring Indus Valley, impact of active tectonics movements, subsurface, 35 crustal tilt, 171â173 on river use, 85 separation, 40 deformation rates, 155â156 Instruments, geodetic monitoring, 10 volume vs. time plots, 253, 255 dry-tilt method, 172â173 Interferometry, very-long-baseline, 10, 163 Magnetic field, changes preceding vol- faults, 25, 165 Interplate regions, characteristics of, 49 canic eruption, 240â241 geodetic, 10, 17, 37, 164â177 Intraplate deformations Magnetostratigraphy, 73, 75 Long Valley, 36 mechanisms for, 40 Magnitude recurrence of slip-stick faulting, 76 social impact of, 41 maximum moment, of subduction zone San Andreas Fault system, 25 Intraplate movements, 9, 30â42, 45â46, rupture, 58 seismic, of volcanoes, 239 49â50, 55, 59 moment, 54, 149 strain and stress, 18, 53 Intraplate regions scales, 54 stratigraphic, 10â11 seismic hazard evaluation of, 49â50 surface wave, 52 volcanoes, 238â241 Iran see also Earthquake magnitudes see also Instruments impact of active tectonics on canal use, 85 Mammoth Lakes, intracrustal magmatism Monroe Uplift strandlines in, 115 in, 36 active tectonics of, 87â90 uplift rate in, 10 Mantle, densification, 40 uplift rates of, 7 Iwo Jima, volcanic uplift of, 104â105 Matuyama Reversed-Polarity Chron, 210 Montague Island, vertical displacement Mendocino triple junction of, 7, 48 J deformations at, 21, 25, 26 Montalvo Mounds, 72 Japan plate activity at, 6, 20, 26 Morphology, stream-valley, 128â129 active folding in, 66â67 Michigan Basin, 31, 33, 40 Mountain blocks, 127â128 coseismic uplift in, 115â118 Microearthquakes, 149 Mountain fronts investigation of faulted terraces in, 145 Microplates fault-generated, 127â129 strandlines, 97, 101, 108â110, 113, 115 boundaries, 49 hypothetical uplift history of, 126 stratigraphic record of, 10 collision with major plates, 6 tectonic geomorphology of, 125â135 vertical displacement rates in, 7 domains, fault characteristics of, 49 Mountains, see specific mountains Microseismicity, determining distribu- Murray River, 81 L tions of, 11â12 Microtopography, 140 N Lahars, 235 Land use planning, 137 Middle America, population dwelling Nankai Trough, seismic activity of, 161â Landforms near volcanoes in, 237 162 as indicators of fault activity, 52 Mississippi River Neotectonics, 9, 39
INDEX 265 Nevada Test Site Peninsular Ranges, tectonic activity of, 23 Ring of Fire, 30, 233 radioactive waste disposal in, 248 Plate tectonics theory, 30, 49, 233 Rio Grande rift, 35, 36 volcanic geology of, 251â253 Plates Rivers New Guinea activity along margins of, 5â6 major, in areas of structural instability, 80 coastline tilt of, 109 Asiatic, 6 see also Aluvial rivers; strandlines, 96, 99â100, 107â109 Australia-India, 119 specific rivers New Mexico, uplift in, 35 boundaries, 57, 95, 233 Rockfalls, 48 New York, seismicity in, 34â35, 39 boundary forces of, 39 New Zealand collision of, 6, 39 S block diagram of Giles Creek faulting, 66 convergence, 21, 57â58, 63, 73, 232â233 Salton Trough, 21â22, 166, 169 coseismic uplift in, 119â120 Eurasian, 73, 75, 115, 116 San Francisco Bay area, active faults of, investigation of faulted terraces in, 145 Indian, 6, 39, 73, 75 157 strandlines, 97, 101, 111â113, 120 Juan de Fuca-Gorda, 5â6, 20, 21, 26, San Gabriel Mountains, application of see also Grey-Inangahua Basin 57â58, 158 stream-gradient index to, 137â138 North America location of volcanoes relative to, 232â233 Sand blows, liquefaction-related, 57, 150 seismicity of eastern coast, 97 movement of, 6, 7, 10 21, 30 Santa Clara syncline, diagrammatic cross- southeastern, character of coastline, 97, North American, 5â7, 20â21, 25, 26, 39, section, 66 101 50, 57, 75, 158, 211 Satellite, geodesy, 53 western, historical earthquake records Pacific, 5â7, 20, 21, 25, 26, 30â31, 75, Scarps of, 10 119, 211 tectonic geomorphology of, 125â135 see also United States Philippine Sea, 161 with simple initial morphology, profile Nuclear fuel, spent, disposal of, 248 rotation, 23 of, 183 Nuclear reactors sliding past each other, 30 see also Escarpments; Bodega Bay, 12â13 see also Interplate and Intraplate listings; Fault scarps GE Vallecitos test, 210 Microplates Sea level seismic hazards to, 215 Pleistocene changes, 36â37, 95â121 siting, 51, 215 strandlines, 96, 98â102, 104, 106â109, history, 96, 99, 104 111, 113, 115 Sedimentary deposits, use to appraise O see also Chronology; earthquake hazards, 24 Oakwood Salt Dome, 92 Dating; Seiches, 48â49 Obduction, description, 6 Paleoseismology Seismic gaps, description, 57 Oil exploration, in active fold-and-thrust Porpoise structure, 23, 25 Seismic moment, 54, 149 belts, 76 Postglacial rebound, 30, 32, 36â37, 39, Seismic networks, 4, 54 Oklahoma, fault displacements in, 15 41, 105 Seismic reflection techniques, 51 Oregon Predictions Seismicity active-tectonic realms of, 21, 22, 26 implications of preseismic deformations global map of, 31 Coast Ranges, tectonic activity of, 26 for, 34 of eastern United States, 50 coastline displacement, 107 seismic event, 4, 7â8, 16â17, 34, 41, 49, of intraplate regions, 49â50 plate activity beneath, 6 57, 118, 136, 142, 144, 169, 249â251 patterns of, 53â54 Orogeny Probabilistic risk assessment, 253â256 resulting from magma inflation, 35 deformational processes of, 5â6 Probability studies, recommended see also Paleoseismicity examples, 6 research priorities on, 18 Seismographs, 25, 239 Pyroclastic falls and flows, 234 Seismology P Pyroclastic surge, 235 improved techniques of, 149 Pakistan research techniques in, 148â152 active foreland thrust belt of, 73 R Seismometer networks, 53, 152 Salt Range, 64, 73 Radar imagery, 50 Shivwitz Plateau, 132 Paleomagnetism, 200, 210 Radioactive waste disposal, volcanic haz- Sierra Nevada foothills, earthquake and Paleoseismicity ard assessment for, 247â259 fault displacement potential of, 13 Holocene, 144 Radioactive waste repository, effect of Sinuosity Paleoseismology volcanic eruption on, 249â251 mountain front, 8, 128, 137â139 Central Nevada Seismic Belt, 57 Range fronts, characterization, 8 river channel, 82â84, 87, 88â92 earthquake magnitude approximation in, Ranges, see specific ranges Slip 55 Reactivation concept, 39 aseismic, 165 earthquake risk assessment through, 125 Red Mountain, strandline across, 113 coseismic, 114 of San Andreas Fault zone, 56 Research needs dynamically triggered, 166â167, 169, progress in, 149 coastal tectonics, 120â121 174, 176 recommended research priorities on, 17â in coastal tectonics, 120â121 preseismic, 174 18 in tectonic geomorphology, 135 rates, 51â52, 56, 146, 149, 158, 216, research techniques in, 148â152 morphologic dating of fault scarps, 193 225â226 Palos Verdes Peninsula, marine strand- on dating, 17 Slopes lines of, 95 on probability studies, 18 characterization of, 126â127 Pearl River, effect of Wiggins Uplift on, 91 seismological and paleoseismological, elements of, 143 Pediments, 131, 133 17â18, 151â152
INDEX 266 equilibrium in, 126â127 analysis of, 11 Volcanoes evolution of, 127 definition, 21 active, 26 patterns of change of, 127 western conterminous United States, 21â Cascade Range, 26 replacement, 130, 131 26 characteristics of, 233â235 retreat, 130 Tectonics, intraplate, see Intraplate listings deformations associated with, 26 scarp, 142 Tephrochronology, 73, 75, 200, 210 distribution of, 232â233, 236 transport-limited, 127 Thermoluminescence, 197, 198, 204â205 eruptions of, 7â8, 233â235, 238, 241â245 weathering-limited, 127 Thrusting Hawaiian Islands-Emperor Seamount see also Hillslopes dip-slip, 69 chain, 31 Soils oblique-slip, 69 hazards to radioactive waste disposal, disturbances be faulting and earth- Tide-gauge records, 95â97, 102, 104â105 247â259 quakes, 152 Tigrus and Euphrates Valley, impact of historical record of, 10 geomorphology, 146 active tectonics on canal use, 85 impact of people, 236â238 Profile Development Index, 207 Tilt location relative to plates, 232â233 Source directivity, 47 along a straight coastline, 109 monitoring, 238â241 Strain leveling to detect, 171â173 Mount St. Helens, 7â8, 235, 239, 244 gauges, 27 of bedrock and river terraces over Ven- public response to, 241â245 meters, 10 tura Avenue Anticline, 146 sociological impacts of, 231â245 rates, 34 of marine strandlines, 107â109 tectonic setting of, 231â245 release, 7â8, 48 rate calculation, 108 vertical displacements by, 104â105 tectonic, 10 Tiltmeters, 10, 134 world distribution of, 232 Strandlines Tomography, 149 depositional, 96, 97 Toppenish Ridge, Washington, bending W displacement and deformation of, 103â moment faults at, 69, 72 Wasatch Range, 185, 221 120 Transverse Ranges Washington (state) erosional, 96, 97 active faults in, 24, 149 active tectonic realms of, 21, 22, 26 fault movement recorded in, 112â115 tectonic activity of, 23, 63â64, 65â66, 75 Coast Ranges, tectonic activity of, 26 Holocene, 96â99, 102â108, 110â113, Tremor, volcanic or harmonic, 239 coastline displacement, 107 115â120 Trenching/Trenches plate activity beneath, 6 marine, 95â120 across active faults, 152, 222â224 volcanic activity in, 8 Pleistocene, 96, 98â102, 104, 106â109, exploratory, 51, 69 Wiggins Uplift, active tectonics of, 90â91 111, 113, 115 log of, 222â223 Wrench faulting, 26 Stratigraphy, monitoring tectonic activity Triangulation, 53, 166â168 through, 10â11, 200, 209â210, 213 Trilateration, 10, 53, 156, 158â159, 166, Y Stream valleys, morphology, 128â129 168â169 Yellowstone National Park, intracrustal Strike-slip faults Tsunamis, 48â49 magmatism in, 36 disruptions by, 6 landform assemblage characteristic of, U Z 140â141 United States Zagros Mountains, 64 relationship between earthquake magni- central and eastern, earthquake charac- tude and displacement for, 55 teristics in, 46 simple shear associated with, 142 eastern, seismicity in, 50 vertical displacements of, 151 eastern, vertical motion of, 39 Subduction intraplate stress patterns for, 39 along offshore Peru-Chile trench, 98 investigation of faulted terraces in, 145 character of in northwestern United northwestern, subduction character of, States, 45, 57â58 57â58 description, 6 western, active fault evaluation in, 46 oblique, 26 western, vertical displacement rates in, 7 of Juan de Fuca plate, 26, 57â58 see also North America of Pacific Ocean plates, 30 Uplift volcanic association with, 35, 36 following glacial unloading, 37 zones, earthquake magnitude in, 49 hypothetical history of, 126 Subsidence, 48 of Appalachian Mountains, 37 Subsurface radar profiling, 50 of bedrock and river terraces over Surveys Ventura Avenue Anticline, 146 aeromagnetic methods, 51 rates, 7, 10â11, 23, 35, 36, 40, 100, 104, alignment, 53 106, 115â120, 125â126 geodetic, 53, 162â163 strandline production by, 115â120 space-based, 163 theoretical patterns of, 116 surface magnetic method, 51 V T Valleys Taiwan, fold-and-thrust belt of, 64 warping of alluvial terraces in, 81 Tallahala Creek, channel profile of, 90â91 width-to-height ratio, 139 Tectonic activity, see Active tectonics see also Stream valleys Tectonic processes Varve chronology, 197, 198 rates, 5â9 Ventura Avenue anticline, 7, 23, 75â76, types, 5â6 146 see also Epeirogeny; Ventura Basin, 65, 73, 138 Folding/Folds; Vermillion Cliffs, 131 Orogeny Viscoelastic relaxation, 32 Tectonic realms