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PHYSICS THROUGH THE 1990s
Atomic, Molecular,
and Optical Physics
Pane! on Atomic, Molecular,
and Optical Physics
Physics Survey Committee
Board on Physics and Astronomy
Commission on Physical Sciences
Mathematics, and Resources
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1986
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NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of
the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the
Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were
chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to
procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the
National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute
of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences
in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's
purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council
operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the
authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a
private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the
principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National
Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public,
and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both
Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the
Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter
of the National Academy of Sciences.
The Board on Physics and Astronomy is pleased to acknowledge generous support for
the Physics Survey from the Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation,
the Department of Defense, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the
Department of Commerce, the American Physical Society, Coherent (Laser Products
Division), General Electric Company, General Motors Foundation, and International
Business Machines Corporation.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics.
(Physics through the 1990s)
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Physics Research United States. 2. Atoms-
Research United States. 3. Molecules Research-
United States. 4. Optics Research United States.
5. National Research Council (U.S.). Panel on
Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. I. National
Research Council (U.S.). Panel on Atomic, Molecular,
and Optical Physics. II. Series.
QC44.A86 1985 530'.072073 85-11524
ISBN 0-309-03575-9
Printed in the United States of America
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PANEL ON ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS
DANIEL KLEPPNER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Chairman
C. Lewis COCKE, JR., Kansas State University
ALEXANDER DALGARNO, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics
ROBERT W. FIELD, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
THEODOR W. HANSCH, Stanford University
NEAL F. LANE, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs
JOSEPH MACEK, University of Nebraska
FRANCIS M. PIPKIN, Harvard University
IVAN A. SELLIN, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
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PHYSICS SURVEY COMMITTEE
WILLIAM F. BRINKMAN, Sandia National Laboratories, Chairman
JOSEPH CERNY, University of California, Berkeley, and Lawrence
Berkeley Laboratory
RONALD c. DAVIDSON, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
JOHN M. DAWSON, University of California, Los Angeles
MILDRED s. DRESSEEHAUS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
VAL L. FITCH, Princeton University
PAUL A. FLEURY, AT&T Bell Laboratories
WILLIAM A. FOWLER, w. K. Kellogg Radiation Laboratory
THEODOR w. HANSCH, Stanford University
VINCENT JACCARINO' University of California, Santa Barbara
DANIEL KEEPPNER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
AEEXE! A. MARADUDIN, University of California, Irvine
PETER D. MACD. PARKER, Yale University
MARTIN L. PERK, Stanford University
WATT w. WEBB, Cornell University
DAVID T. WILKINSON, Princeton University
DONALD c. SHAPERO, Staf7Director
ROBERT L. RIEMER, Staff Officer
CHARLES K. REED, Consultant
1V
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BOARD ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY
HANS FRAUENFEEDER, University of Illinois, Chairman
FELIX H. BOEHM, California Institute of Technology
RICHARD G. BREWER, IBM San Jose Research Laboratory
DEAN E. EASTMAN, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
JAMES E. GUNN, Princeton University
LEO p. KADANOFF, The University of Chicago
w. CARE LINEBERGER, University of Colorado
NORMAN F. RAMSEY, Harvard University
MORTON s. ROBERTS, National Radio Astronomy Observatory
MARSHALL N. ROSENBEUTH, University of Texas at Austin
WILLIAM p. SEICHTER, AT&T Bell Laboratories
SAM B. TREIMAN, Princeton University
DONALD c. SHAPERO, Staf7Director
ROBERT L. RIEMER, Staff Officer
HELENE PATTERSON, Stay Assistant
SUSAN WYATT, Stay Assistant
v
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COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS,
AND RESOURCES
HERBERT FRIEDMAN, National Research Council, Chairman
THOMAS D. BARROW, Standard Oil Company (Retired)
ELKAN R. BLOUT, Harvard Medical School
WILLIAM BROWDER, Princeton University
BERNARD F. BURKE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
GEORGE F. CARRIER, Harvard University
CHARLES L. DRAKE, Dartmouth College
MILDRED s. DRESSEEHAUS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
JOSEPH L. FISHER, Office of the Governor, Commonwealth of
Virginia
JAMES c. FLETCHER, University of Pittsburgh
WILLIAM A. FOWLER, California Institute of Technology
GERHART FRIEDEANDER, Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDWARD D. GOLDBERG, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
MARY L. GOOD, Signal Research Center
J. Ross MACDONALD, University of North Carolina
THOMAS F. MALONE, Saint Joseph College
CHARLES J. MANKIN, Oklahoma Geological Survey
PERRY L. MCCARTY, Stanford University
WILLIAM D. PHILLIPS, Mallinckrodt, Inc.
ROBERT E. SIEVERS, University of Colorado
JOHN D. SPENGEER, Harvard School of Public Health
GEORGE w. WETHERILE, Carnegie Institution of Washington
RAPHAEL G. KASPER, Executive Director
LAWRENCE E. MCCRAY, Associate Executive Director
V1
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Preface
This report was prepared by the Panel on Atomic, Molecular, and
Optical (AMO) Physics of the Physics Survey Committee in response
to its charge to describe the field, to characterize the recent advances,
and to identify the current frontiers of research. In carrying out this
task, we were helped immeasurably by the members of the AMO
community and others whose names appear on the following pages. We
thank all of them for their contributions.
. .
V11
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Acknowledgments
In preparing this report we have been generously assisted by many
members of the AMO community, by colleagues in neighboring fields,
and by the National Research Council's Committee on Atomic and
Molecular Science whose preliminary work helped to pave the way.
We particularly thank L. Armstrong, Jr., and J. L. Dehmer for their
assistance. In addition, we thank the following for their contributions:
N. Bardsley, G. W. Baughman, G. B. Benedek, H. G. Berry, R. S.
Berry, R. J. Bieniek, G. C. Bjorklund, C. Borde, R. G. Brewer, S. J.
Brodsky, A. Chutjian, B. Crasemann, S. Datz, P. M. Dehmer, R. D.
Deslattes, G. H. Dunn, J. H. Eberly, R. R. Freeman, A. C. Gallagher,
T. F. Gallagher, T. F. George, H. M. Gibbs, H. R. Griem, J. L. Hall,
S. E. Harris, R. J. W. Henry, J. T. Hougen, M. Inokuti, E. P. Ippen,
W. R. Johnson, M. Jones, B. R. Junker, W. E. Kaupilla, H. D. Kelly,
E. G. Kessler, A. Kupperman, S. R. Leone, S. Liberman, D. R. Lide,
Jr., J. C. Light, C. D. Lin, W. C. Lineberger, T. E. Mady, L. Mandel,
V. McKoy, E. Merzbacher, W. E. Meyerhof, D. E. Murnick, J. A.
Neff, L. J. Neuringer, D. W. Norcross, R. M. Osgood, A. Owyoung,
D. E. Post, Jr., D. E. Pritchard, W. P. Reinhardt, J. S. Risley, R. J.
Saykally, D. W. Setser, S. J. Sibener, R. E. Smalley, S. J. Smith,
W. W. Smith, A. F. Starace, A. Temkin, D. G. Thomas, J. P.
Toennies? R. F. C. Vessot, H. Walther, J. C. Weisheit, and D. C.
Wineland.
This report was reviewed by the Committee on Atomic and Molec-
1X
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X ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ular Science, National Research Council, whose members are F. M.
Pipkin, Chairman, L. Armstrong, Jr., R. S. Berry, R. Bersohn, J. L.
Dehmer, G. H. Dunn, D. E. Golden, G. S. Hurst, H. P. Kelly, K.
Kirby, D. Kleppner, J. Macek, G. A. Martin, C. B. Moore, J. T.
Moseley, F. Richard, A. Temkin, N. H. Tolk, J. C. Weisheit, and
R. C. Woods; D. C. Shapero, StaffDirector.
In addition, we thank the following for helpful comments and
criticism: H. J. Andra, P. L. Bender, R. B. Bernstein, H. G. Berry, N.
Bloembergen, J. Brossel, J. M. Deutch, U. Fano, E. N. Fortson, R.
Geballe, S. Haroche, W. G. Harter, P. J. Hay, E. J. Helter, V. Hughes,
W. A. Klemperer, Y. T. Lee, R. T. Pack, N. F. Ramsey, C. K.
Rhodes, B. Schneider, A. E. Siegman, W. C. Stwalley, and W. R.
Wadt.
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Contents
SUMMARY
1
1 A PROGRAM OF RESEARCH INITIATIVES. . .
The Nature of the Field, 7
Organization of the Report, ~
Introduction to the Research Initiatives, 9
Initiative in Atomic Physics, 10
Fundamental Tests and High-Precision Techniques, 10
Many-Electron Dynamics, 14
Transient States of Atomic Systems, 16
Initiative in Molecular Physics, ]S
The Physics of Isolated Molecules, 18
The Physics of Molecular Collisions, 22
Initiative in Optical Physics, 23
New Light Sources, 24
Advanced Spectroscopy, 26
Quantum Optics, 28
ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS
IN THE UNITED STATES TODAY .. . . ...
Demographics of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical
Physics, 29
X1
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. .
X11 CONTENTS
Size of the Field, 29
Employment, 30
Distribution of Effort, 30
The Educational Role of Atomic, Molecular, and
Optical Physics, 30
Scientific Interfaces and Applications, 31
The Economic Impact of Atomic, Molecular, anti
Optical Physics, 33
The Health of the Field in the United States, 35
3 RECOMMENDATIONS........
Background The History of Support, 37
Comments, 38
A Plan of Action, 43
Recommendations, 45
Base Support, 45
Instrumentation, 46
Theory, 47
Access to Large Computers, 47
Special Facilities, 48
Accelerator-Based Atomic Physics, 48
Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics with
Synchrotron Radiation, 49
Relevance of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical
Research to the Funding Agencies, 50
Department of Defense, 50
Department of Energy, 51
National Science Foundation, 51
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 52
4 ATOMIC PHYSICS .
Elementary Atomic Physics, 53
Advances in Quantum Electrodynamics, 54
Magnetic Moment of the Electron and Positron, 55
Lamb Shift of Hydrogen, 57
Muonium and Positronium, 57
Muonic and Hadronic Atoms, 58
Time-Reversal Symmetry, 58
37
53
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CONTENTS Xiii
Neutral-Current Parity Violations in Atomic
Physics, 59
Foundations of Quantum Theory: Is Quantum
Mechanics Complete? 60
Studies of Time and Space, 61
Future Directions, 62
Atomic Structure, 63
Loosely Bound Atomic States, 63
Atoms in Strong Fields, 66
Double-Well Atomic Potentials, 67
Collective Atomic States, 67
Relativistic and Quantum Electrodynamic Effects in
Atoms, 68
Atomic Dynamics, 70
Structure of the Electron Continuum, 70
Dielectronic Recombination, 73
UltrasIow Collisions, 74
Collisions with Ry~berg Atoms, 75
Approximate Conservation Laws, 76
Toward the Complete Scattering Experiment, 77
Comparisons of Positron and Electron Scattering, 77
Accelerator-Based Atomic Physics, 78
Atomic Coherence and Out-of-Round Atoms, 79
Quantum Electrodynamics of Highly Charged
Systems, 79
Pair Production in Transient Superheavies, 80
Inner-Shell Molecular Orbitals and Molecular
Orbital X Rays, 81
Charge Transfer, 81
SIow-Recoi! Ton Production, 82
Tunable X Rays, 83
Atomic Physics Requiring Larger Facilities, 83
Accelerator-Based Atomic Physics, 83
Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics with
Synchrotron Radiation, 86
MOLECULAR PHYSICS.
The New Spectroscopy, 88
· 88
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Xiv CONTENTS
New Views of Electronic Structure, 89
Electronic-Structure Theory: Ab Initio
Calculations, 92
Hydrogen-Bonded Molecules, 92
Vibrational Structure of Polyatomic Molecules, 93
Molecular Photoionization and Electron-Molecule
Scattering, 94
Molecular Photoionization, 95
Molecular Autoionization Dynamics, 95
Shape Resonances in Molecular Fields, 96
Resonant Multiphoton Ionization, 97
Electron-Molecule Collisions, 98
Molecular Dynamics, 99
State-to-State Chemistry, 100
Radiative Collisions, 102
New Ways to Understand the Dynamics of
Chemical Reactions, 103
Variational Transition-State Theory, 104
Quasi-cIassical Trajectory Calculations, 105
Approximate Quantum-Scattering Calculations, 105
Resonances in a Simple Reaction Complex, 105
Bond Breaking and "Half-Collisions," 106
Reactions at Very Low Temperatures, 107
Some Novel Molecular Species, 107
Molecular Ions, 108
Van cler Waals Molecules, 109
6 OPTICAL PHYSICS
Lasers The Revolution Continues, ~10
Excimers and Excimer Lasers, Il3
Laser Spectroscopy, ~14
Ultraprecise Laser Spectroscopy, Il5
Ultrasensitive Spectroscopy, ~15
Doppler-Free laser Spectroscopy, ~16
Laser Cooling, Il7
Coherent Optical Transients, Il7
Ultranarrow Optical Transitions, Il9
Coherent Raman Spectroscopy, Il9
Il0
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CONTENTS XV
Quantum Optics and Coherence, 120
Photon Antibunching, 120
Optical Bistability, 121
Squeezed States, 122
RyUberg Atoms and Cavity Quantum
Electrodynamics, 123
Femtosecond Spectroscopy, 124
7 SCIENTIFIC INTERFACES.
Astrophysics, 126
Atomic Processes, 128
RyUberg Atoms, 128
Interstellar Molecules, 129
Astrophysical Chemistry, 130
Cosmology, 130
Space Physics, 131
Condensed-Matter Physics and Materials Science, 132
Light-Scattering Spectroscopy, 132
Clusters, 134
Ultranarrow Optical Transitions, 136
Spin-Polarized Quantum Fluids, 136
Surface Science, 138
Molecular-Beam Surface Scattering, 138
Metal Clusters, 139
Studying Surfaces with Laser Light, 141
The Role of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical
Data in Surface Science, 142
Plasma Physics, 143
Atmospheric Physics, 144
Nuclear Physics, 146
Optical Studies of the Nucleus, 146
Polarized Nuclear Sources, 149
Dynamics at the Atom-Nuclear Frontier, 149
126
8 APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND
OPTICAL PHYSICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Precision Measurement Techniques, 151
Fusion, 155
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XVI
CONTENTS
Magnetic Confinement, 157
Inertial Confinement, 158
National Security, 159
Fiber-Optics Communications, 162
Manufacturing with Lasers, 164
Materials Processing, 166
Laser-lnduced Surface Chemistry, 166
Ion Implantation, ~ 66
Data-Base Services, 167
Medical Physics, 169
Laser Surgery, 169
Magnetic-Resonance Whole-Body Imaging, 171
FURTHER READING
INDEX
175
177
