Index
A
Abortion. 71, 72, 85, 221, 222, 223
Academic achievement, 15, 70, 241
adolescents' transition to adulthood, 81, 82, 86-89 (passim), 91, 93, 96, 99
defined, 86
reproductive history, 67
school quality, 81, 82, 117, 119
socioeconomic factors, 67
see also Educational attainment;
Literacy;
Mathematics achievement/numeracy
Adolescents, 15, 70-71, 156, 186, 191
academic achievement, 81, 82, 86-89 (passim), 91, 93, 96, 99
cognitive factors, 81, 82, 86, 99
cultural factors, 81, 91, 97-98
gender factors, 80-81, 84-85, 86, 87-99
Kenya, 82, 84, 87-88, 90, 92, 95, 99
knowledge factors, 84, 90, 91-92, 96, 97, 98
teen pregnancy, 81, 85, 209-210, 221-222, 233, 295
dropouts, 10, 83, 85, 105, 130, 185
transition to adulthood. 80-104
defined, 81
see also Secondary education
Africa, 2, 5, 9, 12, 37, 181, 184
adolescents' transition to adulthood, 81-82, 85, 87
family planning programs, 32-33, 36
spousal factors, 14
unintended pregnancies. 223
see also Sub-Saharan Africa;
specific countries
Age factors
childbearing age. 83, 84, 121, 199, 209-210
economic models,
school quality, 116
South Africa, 149, 152-153, 154-156, 160, 163. 166, 168, 169, 170, 172, 191-192, 194, 195, 198, 199, 200
marriage, age at, 2, 5, 25, 84, 270
employment influences, 41
mass education, 31
post-secondary education, 30
unintended pregnancies, 220-221, 224, 226, 228-235, 238, 242
see also Adolescents
Agricultural populations, see Rural populations
Anthropological research, 49, 50, 52, 55, 57-75, 188, 209, 210, 268
Apprenticeships, 9, 50, 51, 53, 58
South Asia, 17, 40-41, 44, 270-284
see also specific countries
Attitudes, 1, 37, 42, 130, 131
female autonomy, 10. 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269
parental, toward education, 6, 11-13, 15, 29, 111, 112, 114, 115, 127-128, 185, 188, 210
school quality and motivation, 109, 111, 114
traditional forms of contraception, 10-11, 71
''wanted" vs unwanted births, 16, 224
see also Emotional factors;
Individualism
B
Bangladesh, 3, 4, 26, 34-36, 39-43 (passim)
see also Individual-level data;
Reproductive behavior;
Sexual behavior
Bias, see Measurement error
Birth control, see Abortion; Contraception; Family planning
Bolivia, 3
Botswana, 5, 9, 184, 185-187, 188, 197
family planning programs, 32-33, 142, 187
Brazil, 68-71, 75, 105, 127-128
Breastfeeding, 4, 35-36, 38, 267
Bureaucracy, 8, 9, 14, 25-26, 59, 115, 229, 299
systematic school gender policy, 17
C
see also specific countries
Chad, 184
Child mortality, see Infant mortality
Class size, 117
Cognitive factors, 4-6, 7-11, 15-16, 34-37, 40, 60, 139, 174, 181
adolescents' transition to adulthood, 81, 82, 86, 99
autonomous process, education as, 49-50, 52, 66
ideational, 38-39
health care services use, 30-31, 56
personal autonomy, and, 26, 27
school quality and, economic models, 106-137
social context, 52, 53, 59, 60-75
see also Decision making;
Knowledge factors;
Literacy;
Problem solving
College education, see Post-secondary education
Community-level factors, see Local factors
Conjugal factors, see Marriage and marital status; Spousal factors
Consumption patterns, economic models, 42, 110, 112, 121, 123, 166 , 182, 191, 197, 205, 255-260
Contextual factors, see Cognitive factors; Employment factors; Political/ ideological factors; Social factors
Contraception, 57, 71-74, 157-158
abortion, 71, 72, 85, 221, 222(n.6), 223
adolescents' transition to adulthood, 84, 92
educational attainment and, 10-11, 28, 57
individual-level data, 25
mass media role, 71-74
modern forms, 1, 2, 5, 10-11, 71-74, 267
primary education and, 28
traditional forms, 10-11, 71
postpartum abstinence, 4, 11, 55, 267
Costs and cost-effectiveness, 56, 186
child-rearing, 29-30, 36, 39, 41, 42, 55, 56, 58, 59, 166, 182, 251, 293, 295
utility maximization models, 110-113, 136-137, 183, 219, 255-260
family planning programs, 33, 217
interventions, 131
mass education, 12
opportunity costs, 14, 39, 41-43, 68, 84, 119(n.15), 210, 262
parental decisions and, 12, 13
school quality, factor in economic models of, 107, 108, 109, 112, 113, 114, 119, 121-123, 126, 128-129
secondary education, 29-30, 42
unintended pregnancies, 218, 246, 262
Cross-country/cultural studies, 2
apprenticeships, 9
contraception, traditional forms, 10-11
decision-making skills and schooling, 36
infant mortality, 4(n.3)(n.3)
methodological drawbacks, 23-25, 66
schooling and rationality, 36
social aspects of education, 52
unintended pregnancies, 216, 222-233, 237, 239-265
Cultural factors, 6-7, 26-28, 37-38, 44-45, 181, 185, 271
adolescents' transition to adulthood, 81, 91, 97-98
anthropological studies, 49, 50, 52, 55, 57-75, 188, 209, 210, 268
contraception, traditional forms, 10-11, 71
postpartum abstinence, 4, 11, 55, 267
educational attainment, general, 26, 28, 45, 181
education in context of, 6, 44-45, 53, 55, 57-58, 91-92, 97
gender roles, general, 91-93, 271-272
knowledge in traditional cultures, 6, 49, 91-92, 97
see also Cross-country/cultural studies;
Local factors;
Modernity/development;
Social factors
Curriculum, 15, 35, 61, 63, 83, 89-93 (passim), 106, 107, 124, 127
hidden vs overt, 41
learning vs teaching, 53-54
see also Textbooks
D
Death rates, see Infant mortality
Decision making, 26, 36, 53, 139, 184
female autonomy, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269
marriage,
egalitarian marriages, 57-58
family factors, 16-17, 84, 274, 275, 277(n.14)
spousal choice, 106, 107, 124, 128, 268-285
utility maximization models, 110-113, 136-137, 183, 219, 255-260
see also Economic models;
Household studies;
Problem solving;
Reproductive goals;
Unwanted/ unintended pregnancies
Demographic and Health Surveys, 2-4, 14, 290, 299-300
Bangladesh, 34-37 (passim)
contraception, 11
literacy, 34-37
sub-Saharan Africa, 25, 32, 168, 185
unintended pregnancies, 216, 223-226, 234, 236-241, 256, 261, 263
Demographic factors, general, 7, 17, 30, 80, 172, 182, 184, 210, 216, 268, 275, 280, 278, 298-300
adolescents' transition to adulthood, 80-84, 98, 99
education, definition and measurement, 49-75 (passim)
policy factors, 132, 267, 295-296, 299-300
selection effects, 7, 12-13, 119, 139, 157, 200
South Africa, 138, 139-140, 148, 154, 157, 158-170, 172, 173-174, 189, 291
see also Age factors;
Educational attainment;
Family size;
Fertility transition;
Gender roles;
Household studies;
Marriage and marital status;
Race/ethnicity;
Rural populations;
Socioeconomic status;
Unwanted/ unintended pregnancies;
Urban populations
Demographic transition, 15, 55, 57, 138, 184, 216, 218, 247, 251, 293, 297
see also Fertility transition
DHS. see Demographic and Health Surveys
Diseases and disorders
reproductive morbidity, 9-10
see Infant mortality
Dominican Republic, 216, 222-233, 237, 239-251, 265-266
Dose-response theory, 3-4, 15, 16, 64-75
Dropouts, see School leavers
E
East Asia, mass education, 32
Economic factors, general, 14
country's level of development, 4(n.4), 25
family planning programs, 33
globalization, 38-39
see also Costs and cost-effectiveness;
Employment factors;
Socioeconomic status;
Wages and salaries
Economic models, 54-60
age factors in,
school quality, 116
South Africa, 149, 152-153, 154-156, 160, 163, 166, 168, 169, 170, 172, 191-192, 194, 195, 198, 199, 200
cognitive factors in, 106-137, 139
consumption patterns, 42, 110, 112, 121, 123, 166, 182, 191, 197, 205, 255-260
educational attainment, 106-117 (passim), 124, 128, 130, 136-137, 182-187
South Africa, 138-180 (passim), 187-212 (passim)
employment and, 109, 110, 113, 166-167, 183, 187-188
family factors. 108, 109, 182, 183, 185-187, 191, 197, 199-205, 209
income, 108, 109, 182, 183, 185-187, 191, 197, 199-205, 209
parental factors, 183, 110-115 (passim), 121, 183-184
school quality, 107, 108, 109, 115
family planning, 140, 142, 167, 173, 182, 185-187, 221
household surveys, use of, 16, 110, 120, 126, 138-180, 182-212
South Africa, 170-172, 177-181, 189, 191, 211
local factors, 181-187
school quality, 115, 121, 126, 130
South Africa, 16, 139, 142, 144, 145, 158, 160-163, 167-169, 172, 173, 174, 187-212 (passim)
opportunity costs, 14, 39, 41-43, 68, 84, 119(n.15), 210, 262
school quality, 105-132, 136-137
cost factors, 107, 108, 109, 112, 113, 114, 119, 121-123, 126, 128 -129
educational attainment, 106-117 (passim), 124, 128, 130, 136-137
employment and, 109, 110, 113, 166-167, 183, 187-188
family factors, 107, 108, 109, 115
knowledge factors, 106, 124-125, 126, 128, 130, 131
local factors, 115, 121, 126, 130
measurement error, 106, 114, 115-116, 118, 119, 120, 126, 130
parents, 110-115 (passim), 121
reproductive goals, 121, 123-126, 127-130, 139
socioeconomic status, 106-110 (passim), 123
theory, 121-126
socioeconomic status, 106-110 (passim), 123, 139, 163-165, 168, 169 , 170, 172, 182, 183, 185-187, 191, 197, 199-205, 209
unintended/excess fertility, 217-221, 233-265
utility maximization models, 110-113, 136-137, 183, 219, 255-260
Education, general
culture, education in context of, 6, 44-45, 53, 55, 57-58, 91-92, 97
definitional issues, 49-79, 84-86
knowledge and, 50-55 (passim), 60, 61, 66, 72, 73
model of education, 14-15, 26, 31, 35, 44
see also Mass education;
Mass media;
Post-secondary education;
Primary education;
School quality;
Secondary education;
Teachers
Educational attainment, general, 1-3, 7, 15, 16, 28-31, 57, 268
community norms, 37-38, 44-45, 91
cultural factors, 26, 28, 45, 181
economic models, 106-117 (passim), 124, 128, 130, 136-137, 182-187
South Africa, 138-180 (passim), 187-212 (passim)
employment, 39, 40-44 (passim), 109, 110, 113, 139, 184
South Africa, 157, 165, 166-167, 187-188, 197, 200, 205, 209
enrollment rates, 1, 32, 86, 89, 181, 184, 185, 186, 189-190, 211, 223, 229, 295
family factors, 13, 16, 29, 30, 42, 57, 68, 86, 126, 148, 174, 216 , 218, 234, 241, 275
gender differentials, 278-279, 281
school leavers, 181-212
school quality, 107, 108, 109, 115
see also "parents" infra
female autonomy and, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269
spousal, 26, 27, 30, 39, 44, 277-278
infant mortality, 3-4, 23, 27, 35-36, 55-56, 84
marriage and, 269-285
spousal choice, 106, 107, 124, 128
parents, 5, 109, 127-128, 189, 283
child mortality and, 3-4
South Africa, 144-148, 165, 173, 199
unintended pregnancies, 241-243, 250-251
research methodology, general, 75, 86, 99, 290, 293-294, 296, 302, 303
school quality, economic models, 106-117 (passim), 124, 128, 130, 136-137
South Africa, 139, 143-148, 157, 158, 167, 174, 187-212
South Asia, 266-285
spousal, 106, 124, 139, 159, 161-163, 165, 169, 173, 239, 269-285, 294
education differentials, 26, 27, 30, 39, 44, 277-278
reproductive goals and, 269, 273-276, 278-284
unintended pregnancies/births, 222, 226, 233, 234, 236-263 (passim)
primary, 227, 228, 241, 242-245, 250
secondary, 227, 228, 232, 240-245, 250, 265-266
see also Academic achievement;
Literacy;
Post-secondary education;
Primary education;
School leavers;
Secondary education
Egypt, 216, 222-233, 237, 239-251, 265-266
Emotional factors, 26, 81, 183
female autonomy, 10, 13, 26. 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269
unintended pregnancies, 222, 261-263
see also Attitudes
Employment factors, 10, 14, 16, 25, 27, 40-42, 43, 56, 165, 166
apprenticeships, 9, 50, 51, 53, 58
economic models, 109, 110, 113
educational attainment and, 39, 40-44 (passim), 109, 110, 113, 139, 184
South Africa, 157, 165, 166-167, 187-188, 197, 200, 205, 209
gender factors, 184
local factors, 166-167, 183, 187-188
post-secondary education, 30, 44
school quality, economic model of outcomes, 109, 110, 113
secondary education, 39, 41, 42, 44
see also Wages and salaries
Enrollment rates, 1, 32, 86, 89, 181, 184, 185, 186, 189-190, 211, 223, 229, 295
see also Mass education;
School leavers
Ethnicity, see Race/ethnicity
Ethnography, see Anthropological research
F
Family factors, 40, 59-60, 64-66, 86, 293, 298, 303
adolescents' transition to adulthood, 81, 84, 86, 87(n.3), 88, 158
economic models. 108, 109, 182, 183, 185-187, 191, 197, 199-205, 209
income, 108, 109, 182, 183, 185-187, 191, 197, 199-205, 209
parental factors, 110-115 (passim), 121, 183-184
school quality, 107, 108, 109, 115
educational attainment. 13, 16, 29, 30, 42, 57, 68, 86, 126, 148, 174, 216, 218, 234, 241, 275
gender differentials, 278-279, 281
school leavers, 181-212
school quality, 107, 108, 109, 115
family-life education, 5(n.5), 89, 90, 93, 94, 97, 124;
see also Family planning, formal programs
female teachers, 41
income, resources, and consumption, 139, 145, 165, 181-212 (passim), 218, 219, 275
economic models, 108, 109, 182, 183, 185-187, 191, 197, 199-205, 209
language, 65-66
marriage choices, 16-17, 84, 182, 183, 186, 274, 275, 277(n.14)(n.14)
South Africa, 139, 145, 148. 158, 159, 165, 166, 174, 181-212
South Asia, 274-284 (passim)
theory, behavioral, 182, 183, 186
traditional values, 55-57, 60, 65, 84
see also Fathers;
Household studies;
Parents and parental factors;
Spousal factors
Family planning
comprehension skills and, 14, 16
economic models, 140, 142, 167, 173, 182, 185-187, 221
egalitarian marriages, 58
female autonomy and, 40
fertility knowledge, 5, 124-125, 126, 128, 131, 240
formal programs, 26, 27, 31, 32-34, 35-36, 43, 129, 142, 187, 223, 234, 240, 265-266
individual welfare rationale, 217
South Africa, 140, 142, 167, 173
literacy and, 9
local factors, 35, 128, 142, 223
see also Contraception;
Reproductive goals
Family size, 2, 6, 25, 36, 57, 188, 222
excess fertility, 13, 16, 36, 84, 216-265
post-secondary education, 29
rural areas, 68
secondary education and, 29
South Africa, 161, 195, 198, 200
see also Reproductive goals
Fathers, 14, 186, 188, 209, 210
unintended pregnancies, reaction to, 222, 224, 238(n.19)
Fertility transition, 4, 5, 40, 55, 74, 275, 280, 297, 303
South Africa, 138, 142, 143, 173, 184
unwanted pregnancies/excess fertility, 249-251
Finland, 222
G
Gender roles, 3, 15, 39, 75, 91-93, 186, 191, 194
adolescent transition to adulthood, 80-81, 84-85, 86, 87-99
educational attainment differentials, 17, 270
spousal, 26, 27, 30, 39, 44, 277-278
employment, 184
female autonomy, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269
female teachers as role models, 41, 90
knowledge factors, 96
reproductive goals, 279-281
school policy/quality, 17, 83-84, 86, 87-99
son preference, 39
unintended pregnancies, 222, 224, 237-238, 239, 246-247
see Men;
Spousal factors
Geographic factors, see Local factors;
Rural populations;
Urban populations;
specific countries and world regions
Government role
abortion, illegal, 223
excessive fertility, 262
family planning programs, 26, 27, 32-34, 35-36, 43, 129, 142, 187, 223, 234, 240, 265-266
individual welfare rationale, 217
South Africa, 140, 142, 167, 173
mandatory education, 12;
see also Mass education
nature of/rationale for, 132, 183-185, 188, 209, 210, 216, 218, 293, 297
poor areas, funding, 87
schooling funding, 2, 32, 115, 126, 209
South Africa, 139-140, 142, 148, 151, 154, 157, 182, 209, 211, 291
see also Political/ideological factors
Guinea, 94
H
abortion, 71, 72, 85, 221, 222(n.6), 223
see also Family planning, formal programs
Health practices, 181
see also Contraception;
Family planning;
Reproductive behavior
Higher education, see Post-secondary education
Historical perspectives
Africa, 184
contraception, 71-74
individual-level data, 25
Latin America, 4
literacy, 7-8
mass education, 66-67
research trends, 1, 4, 6-7, 23, 55, 287-290, 298-300
Hong Kong, 40
Household studies, 16, 41, 138-180, 183
economic models. 16, 110, 120, 126, 138-180, 182-212
South Africa, 130, 131, 138-180, 181, 187-212, 276
Human Sciences Research Council, 140
Husbands, see Spousal factors
I
Ideational influences, 38-39
Income, see Poverty;
Socioeconomic status:
Wages and salaries
mass education, 32
spousal factors, 14, 270-273, 277
unintended pregnancies, 222
Individualism
female autonomy, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269
literacy and, 8
Individual-level data, 6, 10, 25, 30
cognitive benefits, economic model, 108, 109
contraception, 25
secondary education, 29
unintended pregnancies, 234
see also Behavioral factors;
Emotional factors
Infant mortality, 3-4, 23, 27, 35-36. 55-56, 84, 99
educational attainment and, 3-4, 23, 27, 35-36, 55-56, 84
South Africa, 190
unintended pregnancies, 222
International comparisons, see Cross-country/ cultural studies
International Conference on Population and Development, 2
J
K
adolescents' transition to adulthood, 82, 84, 87-88, 90, 92, 95,99
unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 216, 222-233, 237, 239-251, 265-266
Knowledge factors, 5-6, 7, 9, 181, 262, 284, 301
adolescents' transition to adulthood, 84, 90, 91-92, 96, 97, 98
concepts of education, 50-55 (passim), 60, 61, 66, 72, 73
costs of childrearing, 30
cultural norms vs.6. 49, 91-92, 97
fertility knowledge, 5, 124-125, 126, 128, 131, 240
gender factors, 96
model of education, 14-15, 26, 31, 35, 44
school quality, economic models, 106, 124-125, 126. 128, 130, 131
teacher, 90
travel time to school, 241, 244
see also Literacy
Korea, 30
L
Language factors, 59-60, 64-66
familial involvement, 65-66
formal education and acquisition, 59-65
see also Literacy
developed economies, 3
historical perspectives, 4
mass education, 32
secondary education, 28-29
see also specific countries
Legal issues
abortion, 223
mandatory education, 12;
see also Mass education
Literacy, 1, 3, 7-9, 15-16, 34-35, 43, 55, 60, 71, 75, 187
economic models, factor in, 106, 124, 128, 130
South Africa, 170-172, 177-181, 189, 191, 211
spousal factors, 270-271, 272, 277, 278, 279
Local factors, 8, 9, 13, 28, 51-52, 55, 65-67, 87, 105, 268(n.8), 293, 298, 301
economic models, 181-187
school quality, 115, 121, 126, 130
South Africa, 16, 139, 142, 144, 145, 158, 160-163, 167-169, 172, 173, 174, 187-212 (passim)
educational attainment and community norms, 37-38, 44-45, 91
employment, 166-167, 183, 187-188
family planning programs, 35, 128, 142, 223
mass education, 31-32
unintended pregnancies/excessive fertility, 223, 228, 234, 240, 241, 262
see also Family factors
M
Malawi, 94
Malaysia, 222-223
Mandatory education, see Mass education
Marriage and marital status, 14, 276, 283
age at, 2, 5, 25, 28, 30, 31, 39, 41, 82-84, 270
cultural factors, 185, 271-272
arranged marriages, 16-17
decision making,
egalitarian marriages, 57-58
family factors, 16-17, 84, 274, 275, 277(n.14)
spousal choice, 106, 107, 124, 128, 268-285
educational attainment, 269-285
spousal choice, 106, 107, 124, 128
employment factors, 31, 39, 159
engagement duration, 57
family factors, 16-17, 84, 182, 183, 186, 274, 275, 277(n.14)
husband's education, 17
marital egalitarianism, 57
school policies, 15
unintended pregnancies, 239
see also Fathers;
Spousal factors
Mass education, 1, 11-12, 25, 29, 31-32, 43, 55, 58, 182, 185, 188, 226-232
local factors, 31-32
see also Literacy
Mass media, 25, 34-35, 37, 42, 55, 56, 71-74, 262, 282
contraception, 71-74
radio, 34, 35, 84, 117, 118, 161, 164(n.13)(n.13)
television, 34-35, 58, 161, 164(n.13)(n.13), 239, 282
videotapes, 36
Mathematics achievement/numeracy, 34, 52, 106, 128, 130, 132, 170, 291
Measurement error
income as proxy for household resources, 139, 145, 164-165, 172
school quality, economic models, 106, 114, 115-116, 118, 119, 120, 126, 130
selection effects, 7, 12-13, 119, 139, 157, 200
unintended pregnancies, 234, 247, 262
Medical care, see Health care services
Media, see Mass media
economic assistance from, 14
high fertility demands of, 17
marriage, see Spousal factors
South Africa, 139
unintended pregnancies, reaction to, 222, 224
see also Fathers;
Spousal factors
Mentors, see Role models
Methodology, see Measurement error;
Models and modelling;
Theory
see also specific countries
Models and modelling, 27
computer, 298
literacy, 8
see also Economic models;
Theory
Modernity/development, 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 31, 37, 38, 50, 55, 57, 58 , 182, 183, 288-290
adolescents' transition to adulthood, 81
contraception. 1, 2, 5, 10-11, 71-74, 267
defined, 10
female autonomy, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269
marriage and fertility, 276, 283
see also Fertility transition
Morbidity and mortality, see Diseases and disorders;
Infant mortality
Morocco, 224
N
National Family Health Survey (India), 270, 272, 273, 277
Nepal, 34
Numeracy, see Mathematics achievement/ numeracy
P
secondary education, 29
Parents and parental factors, 6, 59-60, 64-66, 187, 188
attitudes toward education. 6, 11-13, 15, 29, 111, 112, 114, 115, 127-128, 185, 188, 210
economic models, 183, 110-115 (passim), 121, 183-184
educational choices made for children, 11-14, 15
educational attainment of, 5, 109, 127-128, 189, 283
child mortality and, 3-4
South Africa, 144-148, 165, 173, 199
unintended pregnancies, 241-243, 250-251
egalitarian marriages, 57-58
mass education and, 11-12
rural areas, 58-60
school quality and economic outcomes, 110-115 (passim), 121
secondary education of children, 29
single parents, 188, 189, 198, 209, 210
unintended pregnancies, 241-243
see also Family factors;
Fathers;
Reproductive goals
Philippines, 216, 222-233, 237, 239-251, 265-266
Political/ideological factors, 14, 38-39, 40, 66-75, 185
gender differences in schooling, 87(n.3)
modernity/development, 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 31, 37, 38, 50, 55, 57, 58 , 182, 183, 288-290
adolescents' transition to adulthood, 81
contraception, 1, 2, 5, 10-11, 71-74
defined, 10
marriage and fertility, 276, 283
parental connections, 115
research agenda1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 288-289, 290, 294-296, 302
South Africa, apartheid, 138, 139-140, 148, 154, 157, 189, 291
see also Bureaucracy;
Mass education
Post-secondary education, 14, 29-30, 44, 71, 188
family size and, 29
unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 242-243, 250
Poverty
low fertility rates and, 3
marriage and reproductive goals, 279-281
post-secondary education, 30
South Africa, 144, 187-191, 210
Primary education, 28, 33-35, 43, 60-71, 127
adolescents' transition to adulthood, 82
contraception and, 28
South Africa, 151
unintended pregnancy/excessive fertility, 227, 228, 241, 244, 242-245, 250
see also Literacy;
Mass education
Problem solving, 15, 36, 52-53, 56, 66, 177-180
morbidity management, 9-10
socialized-actor theory, 6
unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 219, 255-257
Project for Living Standards Development (South Africa), 140-174 (passim)
Q
Quality of schools, see School quality
R
Race/ethnicity, 75
South Africa, 138-174 (passim), 187, 189, 190-198, 204, 205, 207, 210
apartheid, 138, 139-140, 148, 154, 157, 189, 291
Radio, 34, 35, 84, 117, 118, 161, 164(n.13)(n.13)
Reading skills, see Literacy
Regional factors
Brazil, 68
South Africa, 170, 182-184, 187, 189-212 (passim)
see also Rural populations;
Urban populations;
specific world regions
Reproductive behavior, general. 3, 25-26
morbidity management, 9-10
replacement behavior, 4(n.3)(n.3)
school quality, factor in economic model of, 121
socialized actor, 6
spacing of births, 35, 221, 222, 236, 239, 247, 251, 256, 267
timing of births, 10, 11, 29, 81, 83, 224, 247, 256, 261, 293, 298
utility maximization model, 219, 255-260
see also Contraception;
Family planning;
Family size;
Sexual behavior
Reproductive goals, 4, 25, 54, 291
mass education, 31
school quality, factor in economic models of, 121, 123-126, 127-130, 139
spousal education/preferences and, 269, 273-276, 278-284
see also Unwanted/unintended pregnancies
Research methodology, 54, 140, 276, 288, 289, 290, 295-296, 298-303
anthropological, 49, 50, 52, 55, 57-75, 188, 209, 210, 268
cross-cultural studies, drawbacks, 23-25, 66
educational attainment, general, 75, 86, 99, 290, 293-294, 296, 302 , 303
endogeneity, 86, 115, 119, 124, 126, 157-159, 288, 290, 291, 293, 298, 299, 301, 302
excess fertility, 237, 240, 248
historical trends. 1, 4, 6-7, 23, 55, 287-290, 298-300
policy and, 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 288-289, 290, 294-296, 302
school quality assessment, 86, 88, 106, 110, 113-120, 126, 129, 130 -131
survey response coding/interpretation, 11
unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 233-237, 240
use of computers, 302
see Household studies;
Measurement error;
Models and modelling;
Theory
Role models, 9, 30, 38, 41, 44
see also Apprenticeships
Rural populations, 30, 32, 57, 58-60, 67-71, 115, 153, 156, 186, 191, 210
parental factors, 58-60
unintended pregnancies, 240
S
Salaries, see Wages and salaries
School leavers, 70, 85-86, 130, 199-207, 229-231
academic expulsion, 109
pregnant students, 10, 70-71, 83-86, 105, 130, 185, 194, 196, 199, 293
unintended pregnancies, 216-217, 222, 226, 228-229
rural areas, 68
School quality, 81, 85, 86-99, 185
academic achievement, 81, 82, 117, 119
economic models. 105-132, 136-137
cost factors, 107, 108, 109, 112, 113, 114, 119, 121-123, 126, 128 -129
educational attainment, 106-117 (passim), 124, 128, 130, 136-137
employment and, 109, 110, 113, 166-167, 183, 187-188
family factors, 107, 108, 109, 115
knowledge factors, 106, 124-125, 126, 128, 130, 131
local factors, 115, 121, 126, 130
measurement error, 106, 114, 115-116, 118, 119, 120, 126, 130
parents, 110-115 (passim), 121
reproductive goals, 121, 123-126, 127-130, 139
socioeconomic status, 106-110 (passim), 123
theory, 121-126
gender roles, 17, 83-84, 86, 87-99
parents. 110-115 (passim), 121
research methodology, 86, 88, 106, 110, 113-120, 126, 129, 130-131
social actors, 80-99
see also Curriculum;
Teachers
Secondary education, 9, 14, 28-29, 44, 70, 71, 127, 185, 186
Latin America, 28-29
literacy and, 35
Middle East, 5
social factors, 37-38, 40, 186
South Africa, 189-190, 199-201, 206-209
unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 227, 228, 232, 240-245, 250, 265-266
see also Adolescents
Selection effects, 7, 12-13, 139, 157, 200
Sexual behavior
education on, 5(n.5)(n.5), 84, 89, 90, 93, 94, 97, 124;
see also Family planning, formal programs
harassment of girls, 84-85, 89
intercourse frequency, 268
postpartum abstinence, 4, 11, 55, 267
start of, 268
see also Reproductive behavior
Singapore, 40
Social factors, 5, 6-7, 11-14, 16-17, 26, 37-38, 43, 182, 187, 188 -189, 198, 293
cognitive factors and, 52, 53, 59, 60-75
female autonomy, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269
literacy and social context, 9, 59, 60-66
role models, 9, 30, 38, 41, 44, 90
school quality, 80-99
secondary education, 37-38, 40, 186
unintended pregnancies, 222
see also Cultural factors;
Demographic factors;
Family factors;
Local factors;
Mass education:
Political/ideological factors
Socialized-actor theory, 6-7, 14-15, 49-57, 66, 67
Socioeconomic status, 3, 27, 29, 44-45, 268, 295, 297, 303
cognitive skills and, 106-109 (passim)
economic models, 106-110 (passim), 123, 139, 163-165, 168, 169, 170, 172, 182, 183, 185-187, 191, 197, 199-205, 209
family income, resources, and consumption, 139, 145, 165, 181-212 (passim), 218, 219, 275
economic models, 108, 109, 182, 183, 185-187, 191, 197, 199-205,209
female autonomy, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40
income as proxy for household resources, 139, 145, 164-165, 172
literacy and, 9
per capita income, 4(n.4), 25, 191, 194
post-secondary education, 30
school quality and, economic models, 106-110 (passim), 123
social class influences, 13, 26, 27
South Africa, 139, 145, 163-165, 168, 169, 170, 172
unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 216, 218, 219, 221, 239-240, 242-243
see also Consumption patterns, economic models;
Employment factors;
Poverty;
Wages and salaries
South Africa, 15-16, 130, 138-215, 291
apartheid, 138, 139-140, 148, 154, 157, 189, 291
demographic factors, general, 138, 139-140, 148, 154, 157, 158-170, 172, 173-174, 189, 291
family factors, 139, 145, 148, 158, 159, 165, 166, 174, 181-212
post-secondary education, 154, 200, 207
secondary education, 189-190, 199-201, 206-209
socioeconomic status, 139, 145, 163-165, 168, 169, 170, 172
South Asia
arranged marriages, 17
employment, 40-41
marriage and education attainment, 270-284
secondary education and employment, 44
spousal factors, 14, 270-273, 277
see also specific countries
cognitive skills and choice, 106, 107, 124
educational attainment, 106, 124, 139, 159, 161-163, 165, 169, 173 , 239, 269-285, 294
education differentials, 26, 27, 30, 39, 44, 277-278
reproductive goals and, 269, 273-276, 278-284
literacy, 270-271, 272, 277, 278, 279
marriage market, spousal choice, 106, 107, 124, 128, 268-285
South Africa, 139, 159, 161-165, 169, 173
unintended pregnancies, 238(n.19), 239, 246-247
see also Fathers
Sub-Saharan Africa, 3-4, 24-25, 184
secondary education, 29
unintended pregnancies, 223, 251
see also specific countries
T
Tanzania, 40
Teachers, 41, 52, 61-64, 84, 90-92, 99
attitudes of, 15, 86, 94-97, 99
curriculum and, 53-54
economic models, factor in, 117, 119
salaries, 117
South Africa, 148
student interaction, gender factors, 88
Television, 34-35, 58, 161, 164(n.13), 239, 282
Tertiary education, see Post-secondary education
Textbooks, 37, 83, 89, 93, 117, 119, 128, 129
Theory, 3-4, 7-9, 10, 288-290, 296-297, 303
anthropological, 49, 50, 52, 55, 57-71
autonomous process, education as, 49-50, 51, 66, 67
classification of theories, 23-24, 49-50
dose-response theory, 3-4, 15, 16, 64-75
education-fertility paradigm, 1-2, 4, 21
family behavior, 182, 183, 186
school quality, economic theory, 121-126
socialized actor, 6-7, 14-15, 49-57, 66, 67
unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 219
see also Economic models;
Models and modelling
Togo, 94
U
University education, see Post-secondary education
Unwanted/unintended pregnancies, 13, 16, 36, 84, 216-265
age factors, 220-221, 224, 226, 228-235, 238, 242
consumption patterns and, 255-260
defined, 217, 222, 223-224, 233-234
economic models, 217-221, 233-265
educational attainment, 222, 226, 233, 234, 236-263 (passim)
primary, 227, 228, 241, 244, 242-245, 250
secondary, 227, 228, 232, 240-245, 250, 265-266
emotional factors. 222, 261-263
family planning, as factor in model, 216, 218, 223, 234, 240
fertility transition and, 249-251
gender roles, 222, 224, 237-238, 239, 246-247
Kenya, 216, 222-233, 237, 239-251, 265-266
local factors, 223, 228, 234, 240, 241, 262
marriage, 239
spousal factors, 238(n.19), 239, 246-247
measurement error, 234, 247, 262
parents, 241-243
rural areas, 240
spacing of births and, 247, 251, 256
timing of births and, 224, 247, 256, 261
urban populations, 14, 270-273, 277
Urban populations, 30, 32, 38, 44, 57, 70-71, 75, 142, 153, 156, 170
unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 239, 240, 241, 244-245
Utility maximization models, 110-113, 136-137, 183, 219, 255-260
W
Wages and salaries, 183
educational attainment, 157, 158
literacy vs,16
South Africa, 157, 160-165, 169, 172, 197
World Fertility Surveys, 25, 290
Z
Zambia, 34