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OCR for page 246
B
New Experimental Techniques
Important experimental methods or techniques have come into being
in the last decade or, if discovered earlier, have been extensively
developed and utilized in recent times. In the main their descriptions
have been interwoven with the discussion given in the text and in the
following three appendixes.
In Table B. 1 we present the utilizations of various new experimental
techniques to the individual subdiscipline areas of condensed-matter
physics. Most represent new horizons in higher frequencies, magnetic
fields, or pressures, while others provide new ways of probing or
analyzing surface structures. Undoubtedly, the advances that were
achieved in condensed-matter physics in the past decade have been
intimately tied to the development and extensive utilization in varying
degrees of the techniques given in the table. For example, all the new
discoveries in the superfluid properties of liquid 3He are a direct result
of the existence of the dilution refrigerator (Chapter 81. The observa-
tion of the quantized and fractionally quantized Hall effect was made
possible by the development of high magnetic fields (Appendix E).
Numerous examples of the utilization of the various surface-science
probes (e.g., the scanning tunneling microscope, atom/surface scatter-
ing, low-energy electron diffraction) are to be found in Chapter 7,
without which our understanding of the nature and structure of the
surface would be considerably less sophisticated. The reader is re-
ferred to individual chapters and appendixes for detailed descriptions
of these techniques and their applications.
246
OCR for page 247
247
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
electron diffraction
