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OCR for page 223
Index
A
Accelerating gradients, 130
Accelerators. 4-6, 98-131; see also Col-
lider(s)
advanced, research in, 190 192
applications of. 166 170
circular, 99- 100. 21 S
construction of, 177
current U.S. facilities, 113
defined, 24, 213
electron, 115
experimentation at, 87-91
facilities and detectors for experiments
not using, 152-156
fixed-target, see Fixed-target accelera-
tors
historical background, 172- 176
introduction to, 98-104
laboratories, 183, 197
linear, 99, 100
maximum energy achievable by, 105
in medicine, 169
need for advanced research on, 131
need for higher-energy, 91-95
operation of, 98-101
pace and planning in construction and
use of, 17~179
plasma physics and. 170
223
progress in, 104, 195
proton, 111-113
recommendations for new facilities in
the United States, 7-8, 197-198
recommendations for research and de-
velopment, 8-9, 198
research on advanced concepts for,
129-131
shutting down, 178- 179
superconducting magnets in, 103-104
two-beam, 130
use of, for physics, 178
variety of, 104
world's high-energy, 11~120, 203-206
ACO ring, 168
ADONE ring, 168
AEC (Atomic Energy Commission), 174,
183-184
AGS, see Alternating Gradient Synchro-
tron
Aladdin ring, 168
Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS),
7,42, 110, 111
defined. 213
American Physical Society (APS), 184
Division of Particles and Fields (DPF),
184, 193
Antielectrons. 22
OCR for page 224
224 INDEX
.
Antimatter, 161
defined, 213
Antimuons. 34
Antiparticles. 30-31
defined. 213
symbolized, 51
Antiproton-proton colliders, 111
Antiprotons, 30, 31
defined. 213
APS (American Physical Society), 184
Associated Universities. Incorporated
(AU1), 173
Associated Universities for Research in
Astronomy (AURA), 175 C
Astronomy neutrino. 161
Astrophysics, 12, 158- 160
defined. 213
Asymptotic freedom. 73
defined. 213
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). 174.
183-184
Atomic model. 21
Atomic nucleus. see Nucleus
Atomic physics. 164- 165
Atoms, 1-2. 12. 20
defined. 213
size of. 23
AU1 (Associated Universities, Incorpo-
rated). 173
AURA (Associated Universities for Re-
search in Astronomy). 175
B
B meson, 55. 104- 106
Baryon number of universe, net, 79
Baryons, 70
defined, 213-214
Basic forces, four, 25-26
Beam, defined, 214
Beauty, see Bottom entries
Beijing Electron Positron Collider
(BEPC), 112, 116, 168, 176, 208
defined, 214
BESSY ring, 168
Beta decay, defined, 214
Bevatron, defined, 214
Big-bang cosmology, 3, 158
Bosons
Higgs, see Higgs bosons
intermediate, 27, 67, 217
weak, 66
Bottom, defined, 214
Bottom quarks, 22, 29
discovery of, 55-56
Broken symmetry, defined, 214
Brookhavenfacilities, 113
Bubble chambers. 4345, 147, 149
defined, 214
Calorimeters, 139- 140, 143- 1 44
defined. 214
electromagnetic, 139
hadron. 139
Calorimetric detection. 143-144; see also
Calorimeters
Center-of-mass energy, 101
Central processor unit (CPU) time. 150-
151
Cerenkov counter, defined. 214
Cerenkov radiation. 137
particle identification using, 143
CERN, see European Center for Nuclear
Research
CESR, see Cornell Electron Storage Ring
Charge. electric. 71
fractional, 164-165, 166
Charged-particle tracking chambers. 141-
142
Charm, defined, 214
Charmed quarks, 5, 22. 29. 50-51
Charmonium, 51-53, 214
Chemical elements, 21
Circular accelerators, 99-100
defined, 215
Circular colliders, ultrahigh-energy, 131
Close-in detectors, 14~ 141
Collider(s), 5, 1 1-12, IS- 16; see als`' Ac-
celerators
circular, ultra-high-energy, 131
defined, 215
detectors, 132-133; see also Detectors
electron-positron, 5
linear, see Linear collider(s)
luminosity, 102
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INDEX 225
need for advanced research on, 131
particle, see Particle colliders
proton-antiproton, 108, 113-114
proton-proton, see Proton-proton col-
liders
Relativistic Nuclear (RNC), 163
research on advanced concepts for,
129-131
storage ring, see Storage rings
Superconducting Super, see Supercon-
ducting Super Collider
Collision diagrams, 31-33
Collisions of particles, 31
Color, 70
defined, 215
Computers and data reduction, 149-1S2
Condensed-matter theoretical physics,
165-166
Conservation laws, 35-36
defined, 215
Constants, numerical, unexplained, 196
Continuous symmetry, 39
Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR), 7,
S5,112, 116, 168, 206
defined, 214
Cornell facilities, 1 13
Cosmic rays, 9
defined, 215
experiments using, 153-155
Cosmic-ray physics, 16~161
Cosmology, IS8-160
big bang, 3, 158
defined, 215
inflationary, 160
CP violation in K-meson decay, 80
defined, 215
CPU (central processor unit) time, 150-
ISI
Cross section, 102
total, 106
Cryogenics, defined, 215
Crystal-lattice formulation, 75
D
Dark matter, 159
Data reduction and computers, 149-153
DCI ring, 168
Delta family of hadrons, 49
Department of Energy (DOE), 174, 184
High Energy Physics Advisory Panel
of (HEPAP), 123,183, 184, 185,
193
DESY, see Deutsches Elektronen Syn-
chrotron Laboratory
Detectors, 132-156
advanced, research in, 190, 192
close-in, 140-141
. for collider experiments, 139-144
defined, 218
fixed-target, 133,144-149
neutrino, 133, 138, 145-147
requirements for, 135, 137, 139
vertex, 14~141
Deuterium, 42
defined, 215
Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron Labo-
ratory (DESY), 1 16, 175-176
defined, 215
Discontinuous symmetry, 39
Disintegration, spontaneous, of
particles, 35
Doctorates in physics, 181-182, 209,211
DOE, see Department of Energy
DORIS,55, 112, 176, 206
defined, 215
Down, defined, 215
Down quark, 29
Drift chambers, 43
defined, 215
multiwire, 141-142
E
ECFA (European Committee on Future
Accelerators), 185
Education, graduate, 181-182
Electric charge, 71
fractional, 164 165, 166
Electrical force, 18
Electrical resistance, zero, 103
Electricity, 65
Electromagnetic calorimeter, 139
Electromagnetic force, 3, 25-26, 27
defined, 215-216
Electromagnetic wave, 27
Electromagnetism, 13, 18, 6S
Electron accelerators, l 15
fixed-target, 205
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226 INDEX
.
Electron identification, 143
Electron neutrino, 28
Electron volts (eV), 24, 99
defined, 216
GeV, see GeV
MeV. see MeV
TeV, see TeV
Electron-neutrino mass, 163
Electron-positron colliders, 5, 88, 94,
112, 206
circular, 115- 116
linear, 118-120
Electron-proton colliders, 111, 120
Electrons, 2, 12, 19, 20
defined, 216
magnetic properties of, 164
size of, 23
Electroweak force, 11, 76
defined, 216
Electroweak symmetry scheme, 69
Elementary particles
charged, particle detectors for, 42-43
collisions of, 31
decays of, 47
defined, 19, 216
force-carrying family of, 27
hadron family of, 29-30
high energy and, 23-25
kinds of, 19-22
known families of, 2~31
lepton family of, 27-28
mass of, 82
primary beams of, 43, 45
problem of mass of, 83-86
quark family of, 28-29
range of mass of, 84
secondary beams of, 43, 45
size of, 23
spontaneous disintegration of, 35
Elementary-particle physics
accelerators for, see Accelerators
age distribution of senior experimental-
ists and theorists in, 191
astrophysics and, 158-160
community of physicists in, 7
conclusions and recommendations in,
194 200
cosmology and, 158-160
defined, 1, 12, 216
experimental methods in, 40
experiments in, 7, 47
federal government and, 182- 185
fundamental ideas of, 18-19
funding for research in, 209, 212
future of, 6, 1~17, 189-193
guidelines for United States, 187
historical background, 172-176
instruments and detectors for, 132-156
interactions with other areas of physics
and technology, 157-171
international cooperation and competi-
tion in, 185-189
laboratory management in, 192-193
nature of experimentation in, 179-181
overview of, 196
physicists and graduate students in.
209, 210, 211
purpose of research in, 157
recommendations for international
cooperation in, 10, 199-200
recommendations for nonaccelerator
physics experiments in, 9-10
recommendations for theoretical re-
search in, 9, 198-199
revolution in, 2-3
scientific manpower in, 189-190
standard model of, 34, 81-83, 220
statistical information on research in
United States, 209-212
support and stimulation of new tech-
nology in, 171
tools of. 4-6. 15- 16
Elements
basic. 20-21
chemical, 21
Energy
center-of-mass. 101
Department of, see Department of En-
ergy
equivalent, 105
high. elementary particles and. 23-25
kinetic. 23-24
maximum achievable by accelerators.
105
measurement of. calorimetric detection
and. 143-144
usable, 102
Energy Research and Development
Agency (ERDA). 174
Equivalent energy, 105
ERDA (Energy Research and Develop-
ment Agency). 174
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INDEX 227
European Center for Nuclear Research
(CERN), 175, 185, 186-187
defined, 214
proton-proton and proton-antiproton
colliders at, 113-114
European Committee on Future Acceler-
ators (ECFA). 185
eV. see Electron volts
Evolution of universe, 3
Executive summary. 1-10
Extended families, 76-77
F
Federal government and elementary-par-
ticle physics, 182- 185
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
(FNAL) (Fermilab). 174
facilities, 113
Tagged Photon Spectrometer. 147. 14X
Feynman diagrams. 33. 35
Fixed-target accelerators. 41 - 2
electron. 205
experiments at. 4~41
proton. 88. 204
world's high-energy. 110
Fixed-target detectors, 133, 144-149
Fixed-target experiments. 5
detectors in, 133, 144-149
large or complex, 147
small or simple, 144-147
Flavor, defined, 216
Fly's Eye detector, IS3
FNAL. see Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory
Force unification, 26
Force-carrying particles. 27
Forces
four basic. 25-26
fundamental, unification of. 86
Funding for elementary-particle physics
research, 209, 212
Gamma rays. defined, 216
Gauge invariance. 85
Gauge symmetry. 85
Gauge theories. 3. 39. 72. 77
defined. 216
Generation. defined. 216
GeV (billion electron volts). 24
defined, 216
Global symmetry, 38
Glueball states. 88, 89
Gluon-gluon collisions, 91
Gluons, 3, 27, 30, 72
defined, 216
quarks interacting with, 72
Government, federal, and elementary-
particle physics, 182- 185
Graduate education, 181 - 182
Graduate students, 189
Grand unified theories (GUT). 82. 159-
160
defined. 216
Gravitation, 13, 92
Gravitational force, 3, 25-26. 97
defined, 216
Gravitons, 14, 27
defined, 217
Gravity, quantum, 97
GUT, see Grand unified theories
H
Hadron-hadron storable ring colliders, 20S
Hadrons, 2, 22, 64, 194
calorimeter, 139
defined, 217
family of elementary particles, 29-30
interactions of, 59, 87
jets of, 62-64
quark model of, see Quark model
secondary, 139
Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 24
HEPAP (High Energy Physics Advisory
Panel of the Department of Ener-
gy), 1~', 183, 184, 185. 193
HERA. 111. 188, 208
defined, 217
HESYRL ring, 168
Hips bosons, 91-92
light, 89, 91
Higgs field, 166
Higgs mass problem, 93
Higgs mechanism, defined, 217
Higgs particles, 67, 85-86, 121
defined, 217
High Energy Physics Advisory Panel of
the Department of Energy (HE-
PAP), 123, 183, 184, 185, 193
OCR for page 228
228 INDEX
High-energy physics, 2, 23. 217; see cl.<
Elementary-particle physics
Hydrogen atom, 40, 164
1
.
ICFA (International Committee on Fu-
ture Accelerators). 188
IHEP, 110
defined, 217
Inflationary cosmology. 160
Injectors, 102
Interaction strengths. 77-78
Intermediate bosons. 27. 67
defined. 217
international Committee on Future Ac-
celerators (1CFA). 188
intersecting Storage Rings (ISR). 114.
205
invariance
concept of. 37-38
defined, 217
gauge. 85
ionization. 43
ionization trails. 137
ISR ( Intersecting Storage Rings ). 114.
205
J panicle, 22, 30, 50-51
defined, 217, 219
Jet(s)
defined. 217
of hadrons, 62-64
K
K mesonts) (kaons)
decay, CP violation in, 80, 215
defined. 217
family of hadrons, 49
positive, 30
Kaons, see K meson(s)
KKK laboratory, 176
KKK ring. 110, 168
defined. 217
Kinetic energy, 23-24
Kurchatov ring. 168
L
LAMPF accelerator, 162
defined, 217
Large-group experiments, 179- 181
Laser spectroscopy. 164
LEP project, 45, 89, 112. 11~117. 187-
188, 208
defined, 217
Lepton-proton scattering experiments.
59-62
Leptons. 2-4, 12. 22
composite, 86
connection between quarks and, 76
conservation, principles of. 107
defined. 217
family of elementary particles, 27-28
history of discovery of, 14
multiple generations of, 162
number conservation. law of. 36
taut see Tau leptons
Lifetime. defined. 217
Linac, defined, 217
Linear accelerators. 99. 100
defined, 217-218
Linear collider(s), 16
present technology and concepts. 128-
129
research and development for, 128-129
Stanford (SLC), 45
Local symmetry. 38-39
Luminosity, 102
defined, 218
high, 108
M
Magnetic force, 18
Magnetic monopoles, 4, 83, 1S2, 154-155.
159-160, 166
defined, 218
Magnetism, 65
Magnets
defined, 218
superconducting, 103-104, 122- 124
Mark 1 detector, 134- 136
Mass
defined. 218
missing. 159
Matter, dark, 159
Max ring. 168
OCR for page 229
INDEX 229
Mesons. 70
.B. 55. 104-106
defined. 218
family of hadrons. 49
MeV (million electron volts). ~4
defined, 218
Microwave background radiation. 158
Missing mass, 159
Molecules. ~0
defined. 218
electrically polarized. 71
size of. 23
Momentum distributions. quark. 61-62
Monopoles, magnetic. sale Magnetic
monopoles
Multiwire drift chambers. 141-149
Nluonium. 164
Muons, 22. 34. 107
defined, 218
magnetic properties of. 164
neutrino. 28
N
~'-100 ring. 168
National Science Foundation (NSF). 174.
184
Neutral current event. 68
Neutrino production, 9
Neutrinos. 27
astronomy. 161
defined. 218
detectors. 133, 138. 145-147
electron. 28
instability of. 153
kinds of. 158-159
mass of. 85. 152-lS3
muon. ~8
production, 9
solar. 155
taut 28. 55
Neutron sources. high-intensity. 169
Neutrons, 2, 22. 30
defined. 218
size of. 23
NSAC (Nuclear Science Advisory Com-
mittee). 184
NSF (locational Science Foundation). 174.
184
NSLS I ring. 168
NSLS 11 ring. 168
Nuclear Collider, Relativistic (RELIC), 163
Nuclear emulsion technique. 147. 149
Nuclear force. 13, 25-26
Nuclear physics. 161-163
Nuclear Science Advisory Committee
(NSAC). 184
Nucleons, defined, 218
Nucleus, ~0. 163
defined. 218
size of. 23
N lunerical constants. unexplained. 195
o
Office of Naval Research (ONR). 174
Omega family of hadrons. 49
Omega minus particle. 50
ON R ( Office of N aval Research ). 1 74
p
Parity symmetry. 16'
Particle colliders, 43, 45~6. 101-103; .sce
ells`' Colliders
under construction. 207-208
experiments at. 4~47
Particle detectors, 5. 41
for charged particles. 42~3
Particle physics, see Elementary-particle
physics
Particles, defined. 218
Pauli exclusion principle. 70
PEP.7. 112, 116,206
defined. 218
PETRA. I 12, 1 16. 206
defined, 218
Photoionization, 167
Photon Spectrometer, Fermilab Tagged.
147, 148
Photons, 65
defined. 219
Physics
atomic, 164-165
condensed-matter theoretical. 165-166
cosmic-ray, 160 161
doctorates in, 181-182, 209. 210
elementary-particle. see Elementary-
particle physics
nuclear, 161-163
plasma. accelerators and. 170
OCR for page 230
230 INDEX
recommendations for nonaccelerator
experiments in. 199
subfields of. 13
use of accelerators for. 178
P/~'sics in Persper title. I
Pions
defined. 219
family of hadrons, 49
positive, 30
Plasma physics, accelerators and. 17()
Positive kaons, 30
Positive pions, 30
Positronium. 51 -59, 164
Positrons. 2'
defined. 919
Primary particle beams. 43. 45
Proton accelerators. 111 - 113
fixed-target. 88. 204
Proton-antiprotoncolliders.108. 113-114
Proton decay. 9. 78. 79
searches for, 155- 156
Proton-proton colliders. 5. 108. 111. 113-
114
very-high-energy. 9S
Proton Synchrotron (PS). 110. 11
defined. 219
Protons. 2, 20, 30
defined. 219
size of, 23
PS see Proton Synchrotron
Psi particle, 22, 30, 50-51
defined, 217, 219
Q
QCD, see Quantum chromodynamics
QED, see Quantum electrodynamics
Quantum chromodynamics (QCD), 72-76,
87, 165-166, 219
Quantum electrodynamics (QED), 65.
219
Quantum field theory. 96 97
Quantum gravity. 97
Quantum mechanics, 4
defined, 219
Quarks, 2 - , 1 1, 12, 19, 20, 22. 28-29. 48,
194
bottom, 22, 29. 55-56
charmed, 5. 22, 29, 5~51
composite. 86
connection between leptons and, 76
defined. 219
down, '9
family of elementary particles. 28-29
free.4.29.70. 152. 164-165
gluons interacting with. 7~
history of discovery of. 14
individual. S9
interactions of. 59-64
models. 48-53
momentum distributions of. 61-69
multiple generations of. 163
number conservation. law of. 36
size of. 23
strange. 29
strong interaction among. 70-76
top. ". 99. 57. 221
up. '9. 222
Quark-antiquark collisions. 96
Quark-gluon plasma. 75. 109
Quark-lepton generations. 76
R
Radiation-therapy treatment. 169
Radioactive material. experiments using.
152-153
Reactors. experiments using. 159- 153
Relativistic, term. defined. 219
Relativistic Nuclear Collider (RNC). 163
Resistance. electrical. zero. 103
RNC (Relativistic N uclear Collider). 163
S
Scaling relation, 61
Scattering, defined, 219
Scientific manpower in particle physics.
189-190
Scintillation counters, 43
defined, 219
Screening, 73
Secondary particle beams, 43, 45
Sigma-star family of hadrons, 49
SIN, 162
SLAC, see Stanford Linear Accelerator
Center
SLC, see Stanford Linear Collider
Solar neutrinos, 15S
Solitons, 166
SOR ring, 168
OCR for page 231
INDEX 23 1
Space-time, description of, 97
SPEAR, 7, 53-54, 112, 116, 168, 206
defined, 219
Spontaneous disintegration of particles,
35
SppS, 111, 114, 205
defined, 220
SPS, see Super Proton Synchrotron
SRS ring, 168
SSC, see Superconducting Super Collider
Standard model of elementary-particle
physics, 3~, 81-83
defined, 220
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
(SLAC), 53, 110, 113, 118
defined, 219
Stanford Linear Collider (SLC), 7, 8, 45,
89, 112, 118-120, 187, 208
defined, 219
Storage rings, 101, 105
defined, 220
electron-positron, 206
hadron-hadron, 205
intersecting (ISR), 114, 205
Strange particles, defined, 220
Strange quark, 29
Strangeness, defined, 220
Strong force, 2, 13, 25-26, 30
defined, 220
Strong-interaction theory, 73
Summary, executive, 1-10
Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), 110,
112
defined, 220
SuperACO ring, 168
Superconducting magnets, 123-124
in accelerators, 103-104
Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), 6,
8, 17, 107, 111, 120-128, 171, 184,
188-189, 192, 196, 197-198
defined, 220
design studies for, 122-123
goals for, 121
preliminary designs and considerations,
124-127
Reference Designs Study, 124-127
schedule and cost, 127-128
schematic, 125
Superconductivity, 166
defined, 220
large-scale uses of, 17~171
Supersymmetric particles, 93
Supersymmetry, 97
defined, 220
SURF ring, 168
Symmetry
breaking of, 39
broken, defined, 214
considerations of, 36-39
continuous, 39
defined, 220-221
discontinuous, 39
gauge, 85
global, 38
local, 38-39
parity, 162
time-reversal, 80
Synchrotron radiation, 118, 139, 16~168
defined, 221
sources of, 167-168
T
Tagged Photon Spectrometer, Fermilab,
148, 149
Tantalus ring, 168
Targets, 40, 42
defined, 221
Tau leptons, 5, 22
defined, 221
discovery of, 53
Tau neutrino, 28, 55
Technicolor theory, 23, 107
defined, 221
TERAS ring, 168
TeV (trillion electron volts), 24
defined, 221
mass range, 6
Tevatron, 7, 8, 42, 89-91, 110, 111-113,
115, 124, 170, 187.208
defined, 221
schematic, 114
Time resolution, 149
Time-projection chambers (TPC), 140,
142
defined, 221
Time-reversal symmetry, 80
Top quark, 22, 29, 57
defined, 221
TPC, see Time-projection chambers
Tracking chambers, charged-particle,
141-143
Transition radiation, 139
OCR for page 232
232 INDEX
Triggers in detectors. 150
TRISTAN, 111, 116- 117. 168. 208
defined, 221
TRIUMF, 162
Two-beam accelerators, 130
U
.
UAI detector, 133, 136, 137
Unification
force, 26
of fundamental forces. 86
Unification point. 79
Unified theories, 76-80
defined, 221
grand, see Grand unified theories
Universe
evolution of, 3
net baryon number of. 79
Universities Research Association
(URA), 174
University-based research groups, 196-
197
UNK, 111, 208
defined, 222
Up quark, 29
defined, 222
Upsilon particles, 30. 55
defined, 222
triplet states of, 57
URA (Universities Research Associa-
tion), 174
UVSOR ring, 168
V
Vacuum fluctuations. ephemeral, 71-72
Vacuum polarization, 73
VEPP-2M ring, 168
VEPP-3 ring, 168
VEPP-4 ring, 112, 116, 168, 206
defined, 222
Vertex detectors, 140- 141
Volts, electron, see Electron volts
W
W particle, 3, 4, 5, 66, 222
Weak bosons, 66
Weak force, 3, 13, 22, 25-26, 106, 107
defined, 222
X
X rays, 2
defined, 222
Xi-star family of hadrons, 49
z
Z particle, 3, 4, 5. 66, 222
Z° factories, 89-90
Z° particle, 67, 106
Zero electrical resistance, 103
Representative terms from entire chapter:
elementary particles
