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OCR for page 399
Index
A
Activity-based costing, 168- 169
Antitrust law, 29-30
early computer industry, 230-231
semiconductor industry, 278-279
Apparel industry
current performance, 330
economies of scale/scope, 329
fashion trend effects, 341, 343, 354-355
firm size related to economic performance,
348-349, 350-352, 353
firm size trends, 332, 342-343, 353-356,
359-360
flexible production methods, 342-344, 353
future prospects, 330, 336, 352-356, 359
360
globalization effects, 335-336, 358-359
historical economic performance, 329-336
import products, 335, 342, 346, 349
information management/technology, 335,
343, 344, 352-353
interfirm relations, 353
international specialization, 354
jobbers, 333-334, 356-357
labor unions, 358
lean retailing, 343, 344, 348-350, 352, 355,
359-360
market share distribution, 330, 332, 335,
342
399
need for intermediation, 357-358, 360
obstacles to restructuring, 356-357
product line productivity, 345, 349-350,
351 -352
productivity factors, 345, 346-349
productivity growth, 329, 345-346, 349-350
products, 330
progressive bundle system production, 337-
342
rapid replenishment, 343-345, 352-353,
354-356
retail sales, 341-343, 344-345, 354-355
short-cycle products, 343
structure, 3, 332-334, 350-351
technological innovation, 334-335
trade policy, 335-336, 349, 359
workforce characteristics, 330-332, 334,
336, 354
ATM machines, 188- 190
Automotive industry, 94
powder metallurgy, 105, 106, 107, 110
steel purchases, 82-83
B
Banks/banking. See Financial services; Retail
banking
Bar coding, 142
electronic scanning, 159
OCR for page 400
400
Basic research
biotechnology, 380, 395
chemicals industry, 69-72
hard disk drive industry, 314-317
pharmaceutical industry, 369-371
powder metallurgy industry, 118-119
semiconductor industry, 273-275
steel industry, 89-90, 92
Bayh-Dole Patent and Trademark Amendments
Act of 1980, 8, 389, 391
Biotechnology
basic research, 380, 395
capital supply in development of, 389-390 31
intellectual property protection, 390-391
knowledge base for development of, 388
389, 395
national systems of innovation in, 378-379,
387, 388-396
origins and development, 384-387, 388
pharmaceutical industry implementation,
382-386, 392-393
pharmaceutical industry performance and,
365
policy environment, 364
as process technology, 379-381
R&D spending, 67
regulatory environment in development of,
392
research collaborations, 384, 387
research implementation, 392-395
research strategies in drug R&D, 377-378,
379-380
unique features of research environment,
380-382
Brazil, 78
C
Capital supply
determinants of, 20
in development ofbiotechnology, 389-390
in development of chemicals industry, 30-
31,61
industry comparisons, 40-43
semiconductor industry investment, 265-
266, 275-277
steel industry investment, 81, 86-87
Center for Magnetic Recording Research, 316
Chemicals industry, 2
basic research, 69-72
chemical engineering activities, 54-55
INDEX
computer applications, 58-59, 69
development of comparative advantage, 24-
26
development spending, 66
economies of scale/scope, 52, 53
educational system in development of, 33-
35, 55
environmental regulation, 31-32
future prospects, 58-59, 70-71
globalization, 60
industry structure, 35-39, 46-51, 55-58
institutional factors in development of, 30
international distribution of market, 47-49,
51,65
labor factors in historical development of,
32-33
legal system in historical development of,
29-30
macroeconomic factors in development of,
27-29
market functioning, 36-39, 40-41
metallocene catalyst research, 66-67
patent and licensing activities, 29-30, 49,
66-67
R&D spending, 20
R&D trends, 51, 61-69
recent restructuring, 59-61
research benefits to other industries, 22
scope of activities/products, 22-23, 46, 49,
65-66
significance of, for competitiveness studies,
20-23
sociopolitical factors in development of, 26
27
sources of competitive advantage, 17, 39
40,71
specialized engineering firms, 45-46, 55-59,
71
technology transfer, 45, 51, 55-56
unit production costs, 69-70
U.S. successes, 22
See also Petrochemical industry; Polymer
science
Co-invention, 4, 9
applications software, 221
computing industry trends, 226
definition, 219
as source of computer innovation, 222, 223-
224
systemic coordination for, 219
OCR for page 401
INDEX
Collaborations
biotechnology research, 384, 389-390
chemicals industry, 70
grocery retailing innovation, 160
hard disk drive industry, 299, 314
international manufacturing, 299
international R&D, 7, 9, 68, 93-94, 99, 270-
271
intranational R&D, 7, 70, 270-273
patenting and licensing issues, 11-12
powder metallurgy industry, 107
semiconductor industry, 247-248, 267-273,
282
steel industry, 93-94, 99
university-industry, 7, 8, 70
Communist movement, 32
Competition, historical developments
apparel industry, 329-330
biotechnology research, 393-394
hard disk drive industry, 288-292
personal computer market, 290
pharmaceutical industry, 363, 365-372
Competitive performance
apparel industry prospects, 354
banking industry consolidation, 184
biotechnology research/implementation,
395-396
challenges in retail banking, 180- 181
chemicals industry, 39-40, 45-46, 59-60, 71
in computer industry, 217, 235-236
computer industry prospects, 239-242
computer industry trends, 236
data for analysis of, 13- 14
development of chemicals industry, 53
future prospects, 14
in global economy, 14, 111- 112, 131
globalization of manufacturing, 301, 307-
309
grocery retailing, 156, 157- 159
hard disk drive industry, 287-288, 293, 297,
299-301, 307-309, 325-326
innovation and, 14, 39-30
national embeddedness, 288
networked computing, 237-238
organizational computing, 227-231
personal computing, 233-235
pharmaceutical industry, 363, 364, 365
policy factors, 5-6, 12, 15
powder metallurgy industry, 106
1980s to present, 1, 3-7, 13, 59-60, 245-248,
282
401
semiconductor industry, historical
development, 245-248
semiconductor industry, Japanese, 250-253
semiconductor industry, manufacturing
process-related, 256-263
semiconductor industry, sources of
advantage, 247-248, 266-267, 275-281,
282, 283-284
steel industry, 96-97
steel industry advantages, 96-97
steel industry innovation and, 99- 101
steel industry prior to restructuring, 76
steel industry R&D allocations and, 75
steel industry trends, 78
strategic restructuring as source of, 6-7
theoretical models of economic
performance, 19-20
trucking industry, 135- 136
U.S. advantages, 14-15, 241-242
Computer industry
applications software market, 221, 224-225,
240
areas of technical progress, 224-225, 240
241
benefits of restructuring, 6
captive disk drive manufacturers, 299-301
co-invention, 4, 9, 219, 221-222, 223-224,
226
commercialization activities, 217, 218, 221
223, 239-240, 241
competitive environment, 217-218, 233-234
computer services market, 221-222
current restructuring, 215
determinants of competitive performance,
217
economies of scale, 234
future prospects, 216-217, 218, 237-242
general purpose technologies, 224
government R&D, 230
historical/technical development, 215, 218
221, 227, 228-231
IBM history, 227-231, 242, 288-289, 293,
294, 295-296
innovation processes in, 4, 219, 222, 235
international competition, 231, 236
interorganizational, 237
intersectoral relationships, 4-5
invention of new applications, 222, 224
market structure, 216-217, 221-222
networking technology, 218, 226-227, 236
239
OCR for page 402
402
on-line banking programs, 191-194
organizational data processing, 226, 227
231, 236-237
peripherals, 220-221, 290-291. See also
Hard disk drive industry
personal computing, 226, 232-235, 290-292
platform compatibility, 227-228, 241
rate of technical progress, 224
sources of competitive advantage, 235-236,
241-242
sources of innovation, 9, 222-224, 226
structure of industry, 3, 221-222, 225-226,
228-229, 236, 241
technical computing, 226, 232
trucking industry innovation, 140-141, 143
types of market demand, 226-227, 231-232
university R&D, 229-230
vertical integration/disintegration, 225, 226,
234, 235, 238, 241
See also Hard disk drive industry;
Semiconductor industry
Consultants, grocery retailing, 160- 161
Consumer behavior
grocery retailing, 156, 160, 161, 165, 169,
170-172, 175, 176
retail banking, 187- 190
store loyalty, 169
Customer-prompted innovation
co-invention in computer industry, 219
efficient customer response system, 156
157, 165-169
grocery retailing, 156, 160
steel industry, 97
trucking industry, 125-126
Customer relations
powder metallurgy industry, 106-107
retail banking, 197, 198, 201-202
trucking industry, 125-126
D
Data collection and management
on innovation, 4, 10
for policy-making, 10- 11, 13- 14
Demand conditions, 111-112, 160
apparel industry, 343
computing industry, 226-227
pharmaceuticals industry, 364
Desktop computing, 4-5
Diamond of national advantage, 111-112
Disintermediation, 134
INDEX
EEconomic performance
apparel industry, 329-330, 348-349, 350-
352
determinants of, 18, 19-20, 329
endogenous growth theory, 19
grocery retailing, 157, 161-165, 172-174
neoclassical model, 19
powder metallurgy industry, 106
profit margin as measure of, 162-163
R&D spending and, 100-101
in retail banking, 203-207
social capability model, 19
steel industry, 76, 84-87
technology flows in, 19-20
trends, 1-2
trucking industry, 146, 149- 150
See also Competitive performance;
Productivity
Economies of scale/scope
apparel industry, 329
biotechnology research, 385-386
chemicals industry, 52, 53
computing industry, 234
retail banking, 183
Efficient customer response, 156-157, 165-169,
172-174, 176
Electronic data interchange
in apparel industry, 344
grocery retailing applications, 159
trucking industry applications, 139-140,
148-149
Electronic point of sale data, 343, 344
England
apparel industry, 353
biotechnology research, 383, 386, 388-389,
393
drug price regulation, 376-377
educational system in chemicals industry
development, 33, 34
historical development of chemicals
industry, 24-26
institutional factors in chemicals industry
development, 30
labor factors in chemicals industry
development, 32
macroeconomic factors in chemicals
industry development, 27-28, 29
patent system, 30
pharmaceutical industry, 366, 372, 373,
375-376
OCR for page 403
INDEX
share of chemicals industry market, 47, 48,
49
sociopolitical factors in chemicals industry
development, 26-27
structure of chemicals industry, 35-36
Entry of new competitors, 3
biotechnology industry, 378-379, 384, 388
development of chemicals industry, 56-58
effects on industry performance, 6
networked computing industry, 236-237
patent regulation and, 281
pharmaceuticals industry, 364, 375
powder metallurgy industry, 106- 107, 109
semiconductor industry, 268, 276
Environmental regulation
historical development of chemicals
industry, 31-32
as source of innovation, 98
steel industry, 98
trucking industry, 137
Europe
Financial services
biotechnology research, 386-387, 388-389,
390, 391, 392
chemicals industry, 22, 64
computing industry, 231, 236, 239
disk drive industry, 289, 291, 294, 295, 320
hard disk drive research, 311, 314
pharmaceutical industry, 366, 372, 373-374,
375
semiconductor industry, 270-271, 282
steel industry R&D, 99
U.S. collaborations, 7
See also specific country
F
effects of strategic restructuring, 6
historical development of chemicals
industry, 30-31
See also Retail banking
Food and Drug Administration, 375
Foreign investment in U.S.
benefits for U.S. industry, 12
grocery retailing, 175-176
in patenting and licensing, 9
powder metallurgy industry, 110
R&D, 9, 67
semiconductor R&D, 270
steel industry, 98
See also International collaboration
403
France
biotechnology research, 386, 387, 389
pharmaceutical industry, 373-374
Funding
basic research in semiconductor industry,
273-275
chemicals industry R&D, 20
foreign R&D spending in U.S., 9, 67
government support of semiconductor
industry, 247-248, 271-273, 274
pharmaceutical R&D, 368-371, 372-374
R&D public policy issues, 11- 12
R&D trends, 8
steel industry R&D, 99
university patenting and licensing revenues,
8
U.S. offshore R&D spending, 9, 67, 270
G
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 29
Germany
biotechnology research, 383, 386, 387, 389,
393
chemicals industry R&D, 68
educational system in chemicals industry
development, 33, 34
environmental regulation, 32
historical development of chemicals
industry, 24-26, 51-52
institutional factors in chemicals industry
development, 30-31
labor factors in chemicals industry
development, 32
macroeconomic factors in chemicals
industry development, 27-29
patent system, 30
pharmaceutical industry, 366, 372,
373-374
share of chemicals industry market, 47, 48,
49
sociopolitical factors in chemicals industry
development, 26-27
structure of chemicals industry, 35-36, 38
Global positioning system, 141-142
Globalization, 131
apparel industry, 335-336
apparel industry prospects, 358-359
chemicals industry R&D, 67-68
chemicals industry structure, 60
driving forces, 68
OCR for page 404
404
hard disk drive industry, 287-288, 301-309,
325
management of geographically dispersed
companies, 320-324, 325
trucking indushry, 124, 131- 133
Government initiatives
apparel industry intermediation, 358
banking regulation, 181 - 183
biotechnology regulation/support, 378-379,
391-392
chemicals industry R&D funding, 20
early computer industry, 230
hard disk drive industry support, 314-315,
326
intellectual property issues, 11-12
pharmaceutical R&D, 368-371, 372-374
powder metallurgy research, 119
R&D spending, 8, 11
semiconductor ant/trust law, 278-279
semiconductor indushry support, 247-248,
271-273, 274, 283
semiconductor trade policy, 277-278
steel industry R&D, 99
See also Policy making
Grocery retailing
category management, 169, 173-174
compeUtion-driven innovation, 157- 159
competitive environment, 156, 157-159, 174 Inflation, 1
consumer behavior, 156, 160, 161, 165,
170-172, 175, 176
consumer food expenditures, 161
discount mass merchandisers/supercenters,
158-159, 165
efficient customer response, 156-157, 165
169, 172-174, 176
factors influencing innovation, 156-160
future prospects, 175-176
labor issues, 159-160, 163, 176
obstacles to research, 155
performance outcomes of innovahon,172- 174
process innovation, 165-166, 174-175
productivity measures, 162-165, 176
service innovation, 169-172, 175
sources of innovation, 160-161, 175
store design, 163, 170-172, 175
technology areas, 156, 159-160
H
Hard disk drive industry
areal density, 296-297
INDEX
assembly of drives, 298-299
captive manufacturers, 299-301
form factors, 293
future prospects, 310, 324-325
globalization, 287-288, 299, 301-309, 325
government support, 314-315, 326
home market performance, 288
industry shructure, 297-301
interfirm collaborations, 316-317
magneto-resistive heads, 295
management of geographically dispersed
companies, 320-324
market share distribution, 287, 289-290,
291-292
origins and development, 288-290
patenting and licensing in, 311
personal computing market and, 290-292
R&D Trends, 310-314
significance of, 287, 288, 301, 325
sources of competitive advantage, 287-288,
293, 297, 301, 325-326
High-technology industries, 4
Household income distribution, 1-2
I
impact on grocery retailing, 156, 157
inventory management and, 156
Information management/technology
apparel industry, 335, 343, 344, 345
banking technology, 185, 186-187
computer services market, 222
computerized data processing in
organizations, 226, 227-231
data fusion, 142-143
efficient customer response system in
grocery retailing, 168
In geographically dispersed companies,
320-324
imaging systems, 142
for managing innovation, 10
on-line banking, 194
rapid replenishment apparel markets, 352-
353
retail banking, 181, 197, 204-207
semiconductor manufacturing, 258-260
· · r. r A
S1gn1T1CanCe OT, ~
skill requirements, 5
trucking indushry, 124, 137, 139- 141, 142-
143, 145-146, 148-149
OCR for page 405
INDEX
Innovation
banking delivery system, 195-202
banking industry implementation, 202-203
banking products, 190-195
banking technology, 185-187
co-invention, 4, 9, 219
competition and, 30-39, 99-101
in computing, areas of, 224-225, 231-232
in computing, historical development, 218
221
in computing, processes of, 4, 219, 222
in computing, prospects for, 238-242
customer as source of. See Customer
prompted innovation
data collection, 4
dataon,4,10-11
definition, 4, 18, 124-125
deployment of, vs. creation of, 3-4, 9-10
duration of competitive advantage, 14
employee sources, 97
in geographically dispersed companies,
320-324
in grocery retailing, forces for, 157-160
in grocery retailing, measures of, 161-165
in grocery retailing, performance outcomes,
172-174
in grocery retailing, sources of, 160-161,
175
in grocery retailing processes, 165-169
in grocery retailing services, 169-172
in hard disk drive industry, 288-289, 293
295
intersectoral flows, 4-5
investments, 4
market structure and functioning in, 14
national styles of, 292-293
in networked computing, 237, 238
in personal computing, 235
in pharmaceutical industry, 367-368
polymer science, 51-54
in retail banking, 179, 180, 203-210
in semiconductor industry, 247, 282-283
steel industry competition and, 99-101
steel industry sources, 93-95, 97-99, 99
steel production, 83-84, 92
steel products, 82-83
structural trends, 9-10
systems integration activities in, 207-210
in trucking industry, 131, 138-139, 147-149,
150-151
See also Research and development
405
Interfirm relations
apparel industry, 353, 356-358
biotechnology research, 384
chemicals industry, 70
hard disk drive basic research, 316-317, 318
R&D collaboration, 7, 70, 270-273
size of firms and, 107, 120-121
as source of competitive advantage, 297
technology flows, 4-5
International collaborations, 7, 9, 68, 93-94, 99,
270-271, 299
Internet
package tracking, 143
trucking industry innovation, 134, 140
Intersectoral relationships, 5
Inventory management
apparel market demands, 343
in grocery retailing, 156, 157, 158, 165-166,
169
progressive bundle system in apparel
manufacture, 337-338
rapid replenishment apparel markets, 343-
344, 352-353, 354-356, 359-360
trucking industry trends, 133- 134
See also Just in time inventory
See also Logistics
ISO 9000, 134- 135
Italy, pharmaceutical industry, 374
J
Japan
auto industry, 83
biotechnology research, 383, 386, 387, 388,
389, 390, 392, 393-394
chemicals industry development, 27, 28, 29,
31, 32-33
chemicals industry market share, 47, 48-49,
65
chemicals industry R&D spending, 64
chemicals industry structure, 37, 38-39, 46
47
competitive environment, 393-394
computing industry, 231, 236
disk drive industry, 289, 291, 297-301, 302
306, 307-309, 325
disk drive industry innovations, 294, 295
297
disk drive research, 311, 312-314, 317-318,
324-325
OCR for page 406
406
environment for innovation, 292-293
future prospects, 14
industrial organization, 297
industry structure as source of competitive
advantage, 297, 301
pharmaceutical industry, 372, 374, 376
powder metallurgy industry, 115
semiconductor industry, 246, 247, 250-256,
264, 266, 267, 271, 276, 282
semiconductor manufacturing
collaborations, 270-271
steel industry, 79, 80, 81, 82, 94, 98
Just in time inventory
apparel industry, 343-350
grocery retailing, 157, 165- 166
powder metallurgy industry, 106
principles of, 344
trucking industry, 125-126, 133-134
L
Labor market
apparel industry employment, 330-332, 336,
354
chemicals industry, 32-33
grocery retailing, 159, 163, 176
innovation in retail banking, 199-200, 201 Market share
powder metallurgy industry, 116-117
steel industry R&D personnel, 88-89
Labor productivity
apparel industry, 334, 349
semiconductor industry, 260-262
steel industry, 79-80
trends, 1
trucking industry, 136- 137
Land grant college system, 33-34
Lean retailing, 157, 165-166, 343, 344, 348
350, 352, 355, 359-360
Logistics
applications, 128-129
definition, 128
global economy, 132
providers, 129-130
technology for, 129
Long-term growth
basic research in semiconductor industry,
273-275
chemicals industry, 39, 40, 70
economic modeling, 19-20
policy factors, 5-6, 11
steel industry research, 89-90, 92
INDEX
M
Macroeconomic policy
in development of chemicals industry, 27-29
significance of, 5-6
Magnetics research, 314- 316
Management
computing industry structures, 225, 229
of geographically dispersed companies,
320-324
in grocery retailing innovation, 168
historical development of chemicals
industry, 31
human resources, 97
logistics industry, 128- 130
requirements of information technology, 5
semiconductor manufacturing, 256-263,
266-267
steel industry, 84
trucking industry, 133- 135
Manufacturing processes, 13
geographically distant from R&D center,
320-324
globalization, 299, 301
hard disk drive assembly, 299-309
See also Apparel industry; Semiconductor
industry
apparel industry, 330, 332, 335, 342
apparel industry prospects, 356-357
hard disk drive industry, 287, 289-290, 291-
292
home market advantage, 288
personal computers, 290
pharmaceutical industry, 372
Market structure and functioning
apparel industry, 339-343
applications software, 221, 224-225
chemicals industry, 36-39, 61
computer services, 221-222
computing industry, 216-217, 228-229, 242
computing industry demand, 226-227, 231-
232
computing industry prospects, 238-239, 241
determinants of competitive performance,
111-112
for economic growth, 18
grocery retailing, 161, 162- 163
industry comparisons, 40-43
powder metallurgy, 105, 107, 109-110, 112
semiconductor industry, 245, 248-255, 263-
265, 266, 278
OCR for page 407
INDEX
trucking industry, 124
U.S. advantages, 14
Mature industries, 4
Medical research, 374
Mergers and acquisitions, banking industry,
182-185
Metallocene catalysts, 66-67
M.I.T. Commission, 1, 2, 13
Multi-Fiber Agreement, 335-336
N
National Cooperative Research Act, 279
National Institute of Standards and Technology,
315
National Science Foundation, 10- 11
National Storage Industry Consortium, 316-317
Natural resources, 39
Navigation systems, 141-142
Nonmanufacturing industries
competitive environment, 3
R&D investments, 10- 11
technology flows, 4
North American Free Trade Agreement, 132,
335, 349, 359
o
Oil shocks, 59
p
Patenting and licensing
benefits of regulation, 281
biotechnology industry, 390-391
chemicals industry, 29-30, 49, 65, 66-67
hard disk drive industry, 311
pharmaceuticals industry, 364, 374-377
policy issues, 11-12
powder metallurgy industry, 118
semiconductor industry, 279-281
university activities, 8
U.S. patents to foreign inventors, 9
Path dependency, 356
Petrochemical industry, 26, 29, 34, 46-47, 55,
56,60
Pharmaceutical industry
competitive environment, 363, 393-394
drug pricing, 376-377
entry of new competitors, 364, 375
407
evolution of research methods, 368-372
historical development, 363, 365-368, 372
intellectual property protection, 364, 374
market share distribution, 49, 372
policy environment, 363-364, 375-376
public sector support, 368-371, 372-374,
378-379
R&D spending/trends, 65-66, 67
source of competitive advantage, 363, 364,
365
structure, 3, 392-393
See also Biotechnology
Pilot manufacturing, 322-323
Policy making
benefits of competition and, 12
biotechnology industry development, 378-
379, 388-396
chemicals industry development, 26-27, 39
computer industry development, 230-231
data collection for, 10- 11, 13- 14
issues in innovation process, 10
labor market issues, 12- 13
long-term competitive performance, 5-6, 11
patenting and licensing issues, 11-12
pharmaceuticals industry regulation, 363-
364, 365, 375-377
public R&D spending, 11- 12
significance of, in economic performance,
19,20
in support of semiconductor industry, 277-
281
technology issues, 12
U.S. successes, 12, 14-15
See also Government initiatives;
Macroeconomic policy; Tax policy;
Trade policy
Polyethylene chemistry, 66-67
Polymer science, 46
historical development, 51-54
international distribution of market, 49
metallocene catalyst research, 66-67
Powder metallurgy industry
auto industry market, 107, 110
capacity/production, 114-115
customer relations, 106-107
demand conditions, 111-112
economic performance, 106
environmental impacts, 104
factor conditions, 111
financial health, 115-116
future prospects, 119
historical development, 103, 104-106
OCR for page 408
408
Prices
interfirm relations, 107, 120-121
international comparison, 110
labor costs, 116
market share distribution, 109- 110, 112- 113
patenting activity, 118
productivity, 117
products and processes, 103, 104, 105, 106,
110-111
raw materials market, 116
R&D efforts, 118-119
R&D goals, 110
R&D structure, 9, 103-104
structure, 3, 105, 108-110
structure of, 103
supplier relations, 107, 112, 119
types of firms, 108
U.S. performance, 110, 111-112
apparel, 341-342
drug, 376-377
grocery retailing, 158
semiconductor industry, 248-249
trucking industry, 135- 136
Private sector R&D spending
chemicals industry, 20
trends, 2, 8
Product transfer teams, 322-323
Productivity
apparel industry, 329, 334, 345-350
grocery retailing, 162- 165, 176
powder metallurgy industry, 117
semiconductor industry, 260-262
steel industry, 78, 79-80, 81-82
trucking industry, 136- 137
Q
QS 9000, 134-135
Quality
semiconductor industry performance, 255-
256, 258
steel industry performance, 82-83
trucking industry standards, 134- 135
R
Research and development
biotechnology, historical development, 384-
387
INDEX
biotechnology, national influences in, 392
395
biotechnology methods, 377-378, 379-381
chemicals industry, historical development,
33-35
chemicals industry spending, 20
chemicals industry trends, 51, 61-70
data for analysis of, 10- 11
economic performance and, 100-101
environmental protection, 98
foreign spending in U.S., 9, 67, 270
future of steel industry, 95
geographically distant from manufacturing
facilities, 320-324
globalization trends, 67-68
hard disk drive industry, historical
development, 326
hard disk drive industry trends, 310-320,
324-325
implications of restructuring, 9-10
international collaborations, 7, 9, 99, 270-271
intranational collaborations, 7, 70, 270-273
long-term investment, 11
offshore spending, 9, 67, 270
pharmaceutical industry, public support for,
368-371, 372-374, 378-379
pharmaceutical industry historical
development, 365-368
pharmaceutical industry methods, 368-372
pharmaceutical industry trends, 364-365
powder metallurgyindustry, 103-104, 110,
118-119
private sector, 2
public policy issues, 10-12
semiconductor collaborations, 270-273
semiconductor industry, government
support for, 283
spending trends, 8
steel industry, government-supported, 99
steel industry, international collaborations,
99
steel industry allocations, 75-76, 87-88, 89
90
steel industry nonintegrated producers, 91
92
steel industry personnel, 88-89
steel industry structure, 90-91
structural trends, 9
See also Basic research
Retail banking
ATM machines, 188- 190
OCR for page 409
INDEX
branching, 188
competitive environment, 180- 181
consumer behavior, 187-190
future prospects, 209-210
human resources management, 198, 199-
200, 201
industry structure, 181, 182- 185
inefficiencies, 183-184
innovation process, 202-203
market characteristics, 180
measuring benefits of innovation, 203-207
mergers and acquisitions, 182- 185
organizational innovation, 195-202
PC banking, 186, 187, 190-195
performance factors, 179- 180
platform innovation, 186- 187
regulation, 181 - 183
revenue enhancement, 186
sources of innovation in, 179
systems integration function, 207-209
technological innovation, 185- 187
use of payment instruments, 188
Retail sales
apparel industry, 341-343, 344-345, 348-
349
disintermediation, 134
See also Grocery retailing; Retail banking
S
Safety, trucking industry, 137-138, 142
Salaries and wages
household income distribution, 1-2
trucking industry, 136- 137
Satellite systems
navigation/positioning systems, 141-142
trucking industry communications, 139
Second industrial revolution, 329
SEMATECH, 247-248, 256, 271-273, 279
Semiconductor Chip Protection Act, 280-281
Semiconductor industry
antitrust law, 278-279
application-specific integrated circuits, 263
applications, 245
basic research, 273-275
benefits of strategic restructuring, 6, 282
capital investment, 265-266, 275-277
collaborations, 267, 282
development facilities, 262
digital signal processors, 263-264
409
domestic collaboration, 271-273
DRAM market, 246-247, 250-251, 253-254,
264-265, 267, 277-278
electronically programmable memory chips,
278
fabless firms, 247, 268-269, 273, 281
future prospects, 275, 282-284
government support, 247-248, 271-273,
274, 283
innovation, 247
international collaborations, 270-271
intersectoral relationships, 4-5
introduction of new processing
technologies, 262-263
labor productivity, 260-262
logic products, 264, 265
manufacturing equipment industry, 252
253, 272
manufacturing process performance, 256
263, 266-267, 272
manufacturing process technologies, 264
market share distribution, 248-255, 263
265, 278
metal-oxide manufacturing, 264, 268
microcomponent market, 264-265
nontechnological sources of competitive
advantage, 275-281
origins and development, 249
patenting and licensing, 279-281
producer-designer collaborations, 268-269
product categories, 263, 264
product quality, 255-256
production, 245
sources of competitive advantage, 247-248,
266-267, 282, 283-284
specialized design firms, 265, 267, 268
structure, 3, 9, 247, 249, 263-264, 282
trade policy, 277-278
U.S. competitive performance, 245-248,
250-255, 282, 283-284
Singapore, 302, 307, 319-320, 324
Size of company
apparel industry firms, 332
apparel industry trends, 350-351, 353-356,
359-360, 360
interfirm relations and, 107, 120- 121
R&D efforts and, 103-104, 119, 120
Sloan Foundation, 2
South Korea, 253, 254, 266, 267, 276, 282, 291
hard disk drive research, 318-319
steel industry, 78, 81, 82
OCR for page 410
410
Standardization, 33, 150
computer design, 215, 234
computer platform compatibility, 227-228,
241
semiconductor manufacturing, 268
Statistical process control, 255, 258
Steel industry
basic research, 89-90
capacity/production, 77
capital productivity, 81
conditions prior to restructuring, 76
current operating environment, 75-76, 101
current R&D activities, 93
customer-prompted innovation, 97
determinants of competitive performance,
96-97
economic performance, 76, 84-87
environmental regulation, 98
foreign investment in U.S., 98
future prospects, 78, 95, 101
government-supported R&D, 99
human resources practices, 97
innovation-competitiveness linkage, 99-101
integrated firms, 77-78, 86-87, 90, 91-92
joint ventures, 93-94
labor productivity, 79-80
minimills, 77-78, 86-87, 97, 100-101
process innovation, 83-84, 92, 94, 97
product innovation, 82-83
productivity, 78
quality performance, 82-83
R&D allocations, 75-76, 87-88
R&D personnel, 88-89
R&D structure, 9, 90-91
restructuring, 75, 101
sales, 87
sources of innovation, 93-95, 97-99, 99
supplier innovations, 94
total factor productivity, 81-82
trade issues, 98
unions, 97
university research, 95
worker training, 97-98
Strategic management, 6
Structure of industries
apparel industry, 332-334, 350-352, 353-
356
apparel industry prospects, 356-358, 360
chemicals industry, 36-39, 46-51, 55-58
chemicals industry, historical development,
35-36
INDEX
chemicals industry restructuring, 59-61
computer industry, 3, 221-222, 225-226,
228-229, 231, 236, 241
diversity, 4
fragmented industries, 109
hard disk drive industry, 297-301
intersectoral relationships, 5
powder metallurgyindustry, 103, 108-110
retail banking, 181, 182-185
semiconductor industry, 247, 249, 282
as source of competitive advantage, 6-7,
297, 299-301
trucking industry, 127-128, 130
U.S.R&D system, 2
Structure of innovation process, 7-10
computer industry, 225-226
Supplier-producer relations, 94, 107, 112, 119,
297
apparel industry, 333-334, 358
Supply chain management, 130, 168
Switzerland
biotechnology research, 383, 392, 393
pharmaceutical industry, 366, 372
T
Taiwan, 253, 254, 267
Tax policy
development of chemicals industry, 28
R&D funding, 99
Technology transfer/diffusion
biotechnology, 388, 392
chemicals industry, 45, 51, 55-56, 70-71
data for analysis of, 10
intersectoral, 4-5
management of geographically dispersed
companies, 320-324
semiconductor manufacturing, 268, 280
steel industry joint ventures, 93-94
university activities, 8
worker preparedness, 12-13
Telecommunications technology
banking services, 190-195, 197-198
benefits for other industries, 5
prospects for competition, 239
trucking industry, 139-140
Total factor productivity
definition, 81
steel industry, 81-82
Total quality management, 255
Trade deficit, 1
OCR for page 411
INDEX
Trade policy
apparel products/services, 335-336, 349,
359
chemicals industry, 27, 28-29
computer industry, 230, 231
powder metallurgy products, 114
semiconductor market, 277-278
steel industry, 98
Trucking industry
activity-based costing, 168-169
areas of innovation, 146
barriers to innovation, 150
business practices, 133- 135
cabotage rules, 132
characteristics of innovation, 123, 125
compatibility standards, 150
competitive environment, 123-124
computer technology, 140-141, 142-143
containerization, 133
customer-industry relations, 125- 126
data management, 141 - 142, 145- 146
disintermediation, 134
economic performance, 146
effects of innovation, 146- 147
environmental concerns, 137
factors influencing innovation, 131, 138-
139, 147-149, 151
fleet management, 140-142
future prospects, 149- 151
globalization, 124, 131- 133
hub-and-spoke network, 135
information management, 124, 137
intermodalism, 133
labor issues, 136- 137
less-than-truckload carriers, 127-128
logistics activities in, 129-130, 132
market share, 124
navigation technology, 141 - 142
package express carriers, 128, 132
price competition, 135-136
quality standards, 134- 135
safety management, 137-138, 142
scope of innovation, 124- 125
sleeper teams, 143-144
sources of innovation, 125, 126
structure, 127-128, 130
success factors, 151
telecommunications technology, 139-140,
148-149
trailer design, 144-145
transportation services firms, 130
truckload carriers, 127
411
unions, 136
vehicle design, 138, 143-144
worker skills, 137, 150- 151
U
Unemployment, 1
Unions
in apparel industry, 358
in steel industry, 97
trucking industry, 136
Universities, 2
in evolution of computing industry, 229-230
foreign investment in, 9
hard disk drive research, 312-314, 315-317,
324
historical development of chemicals
industry, 33-35, 55
industry R&D collaborations, 7, 8
patenting and licensing, 8, 11-12, 391
pharmaceutical R&D, 364
public investment, 11-12
R&D spending, 7
semiconductor research, 274-275
steel industry R&D personnel, 88-89
steel industry research, 95
support for biotechnology development,
388-389, 394-395
technology transfer activities, 8
V
Vertical competition, 234
Vertical integration
computer industry, 225, 226, 234, 235, 238,
241
hard disk drive industry, 298-299, 301
W
Worker skills
apparel industry, 330
grocery retailing, 159- 160, 176
public policy issues, 12-13
requirements for information technology, 5
retail banking, 199
sources of innovation in steel industry, 97-
98
technology innovation outcomes, 206
trucking industry, 137, 150- 151
Representative terms from entire chapter:
steel industry
