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A.0 Introduction
The Inteldigent Transportation Systems (US) goal is to increase He efficiency of the nation's
transportation infrastructure by:
Using sensors to measure Be ongoing operations and to collect historical statistics, including
the use of CCTV cameras for surveillance.
Installing signal systems and Freeway Management Systems (FMS)to control the flow of
traffic, including integration of multiple, local, regional, and national jurisdictional systems
into regional systems.
Integrating modes of travel including transit, air, and rail.
Developing the fleet management function for CVO, transit, etc.
· Fusing data into "one-stop" Advance Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) to provide
travelers with reliable, useful information for making travel decisions.
A key element in achieving these goals is Me communication of travel-related data from/to field
devices, to/from various public or private service providers, and to/from the public.
Communication subsystems for these functions often represent 50% of the total system cost, as
illustrated in Figure A.O-l, which details costs for several example signal systems.
. . . .
Transportation planners and managers need to understand communication systems and how to
cost-effectively integrate these into their operations and systems.
The communication industry is "high tech" and is experiencing rapid evolution that includes
digital television, significant new wireless products and services, and high capacity fiber
technologies. We will assume a digital communication network as this is Me modern trend that
industry is increasingly evolving toward. Digital networks are supported by the most cost-
effec~ve components, equipment, systems, and services and this trend will accelerate in the
future.
L:\NCHRP\Phase2.rph NCHRP 3-51 · Phase 2 final Report AO- 1
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This report is organized as follows:
Section A.0 Introduction
Section A. 1 Communication Mediums, Protocols, and Terminals
Section A.2 ITS Communication System Design
Section A.3- Example ITS Communication Designs and Costs
Section A.4 Communication System Support
Section A.5 Strategies and Tools
A.O.1 Extension of Communication Handbook
The "Communication Handbook for Traffic Control Systems" (1993) provides a wealth of
information on communication mediums. Since its publication, the Intelligent Vehicle Highway
Systems (IVHS) name has been changed to Intelligent Transportation Systems FITS) to more
accurately reflect the desired multimodal charter. This and many advances in communication
technologies have broadened the scope of ITS communication requirements, as wed as the array
of attractive solutions.
This document will extend and supplement the Handbook in several important areas:
i. Advancements in communication technology, products, and services.
2. Available standards to support ITS applications.
3. Example architectures for urban, suburban, metropolitan, and rural ITS communication
systems, along with system level design examples. (These win include data and procedures
for architecture, medium selection, operation and maintenance cost estimating, procurement
L:WC~2.~\ NCH~3-51 · P~2Fm~Re ~AO-3
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and installation cost estimating, reliability/ma~ntainability planning, and personnel skill
requirements to operate and maintain the systems.)
4. garners to procurement of modern communication systems by the ITS community.
5. Example generic data sheets for communication mediums that offer Me most promise for
ITS.
Topics adequately addressed in the 1993 Handbook will not be repeated here, unless essential for
clarity of discussion.
A.0.2 The National ITS Program Plan
The National ITS Program Plan, First Edition, March 1995, consists of four (4) documents:
Volume I, Goals of ITS
Volume Il. User Services
An Executive Summary
A Synopsis
ITS deployments and operations will unfold through federal, state, and local partnerships Mat
will encourage private company participation in developing and marketing ITS products and
services. The National Plan develops the framework to support this evolution. As such, Me
National Plan will:
Promote shared ITS goals,
Guide ITS investment decisions,
Encourage coordination,
· Maintain a forum on deployment, and
· Ensure Mat ITS is intermodal.
L:WC~~h~.~\ NCHRP 3-51 · Phase 2 Few Ream AO-4
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The National Plan currently identifies 7 User Service Bundles and 29 subordinate User Services,
as presented in Table A.0.2-~. Many systems have already been deployed (Table A.0.2-2 from
National Plan) that include ITS functionality. These will be integrated, perhaps after upgrading,
into future ITS deployments. The plan is actually a mulUphased process that builds upon itself.
It is based on participation and input by federal, state, and local government stakeholders plus
private stakeholders. It is based on currently defined requirements and visions; however, as it is
refined by experience, the National Plan will be modified and subsequent editions published.
Table A.0.2-1
ITS User Services and Bundles
Bundle | User Services
1. Travel and Transportation 1. En-route Driver Information
Management 2. Route Guidance
3. Traveler Services Information
4. Traffic Control
5. Incident Management
6. Emissions Testino and Mitication
2. Travel Demand Management 7. Demand Management and Operations
8. Pre-trip Travel Information
9. Ride Matching and Reservation
3. Public Transportation 10. Public Transportation Management
Operations 11. En-route Transit Information
12. Personalized Public Transit
13. Public TravelSecuritv
4. Electronic Payment 14. Electronic Payment Services (Tolls)
5. Commercial Vehicle 15. Commercial Vehicle Electronic Clearance
Operations 16. Automated Roadside Safety Inspection
17. On-board Safety Monitoring
18. Commercial Vehicle Administrative
Processes
19. Hazardous Materials Incident Response
20. Freight Mobility
6. Emergency Management 21. Emergency Notification and Personal
Security
22. Emergency Vehicle Management
7. Advanced Vehicle Control 23. Longitudinal Collision Avoidance
and Safety Systems 24. Lateral Collision Avoidance
25. Intersection Collision Avoidance
26. Vision Enhancement for Crash Avoidance
27. Safety Readiness (Electronic Signs)
28. Pre-crash Restraint Deployment
29. Automated Highway System
L:\NCHRP\Phasc2.rpt\ NCH"3-51 ~ Ph~2F - Rely AO-5
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Table A.0.2~2
Examples of Current ITS Deployments
System Us r Sconces) Status
Provided
..
Transportation Management
Los Angeles Automated · Traffic Control ~Islands of ATMS
Traffic Surveillance and . Incident deployment
Control Management · Limited deployment of video
. Seattle Freeway cameras
Management System · Manual monitoring
Phoenix Freeway . Primarily public sector
Management System influence
· Las Vegas Area Computer
Traffic SYstem
.
Travel Information Metro Traffic
. Shadow Traffic · Pre-trip Travel · Radio and 1V broadcasts in
Information most markets
In-Vehicle Route Guidance · En-route Driver · Limited deployment of route
· O I d s m o b i I e G u i d e s t a r I n f o r m a t i o n g u i d a n c e
· Route Guidance · Primarily private sector
PC-based Software ~ Traveler influence
· City Streets Information
Services
AVUAVI
· Various Transit Systems . Public ~ ' Limited AVL applications/
Various Commercial Vehicle Transportation scheduling software
Operators Management ~ Limited AVI deployment
· Various Emergency ~ Commercial Fleet · Public and private sector
Management Services Management influence
Emergency Vehicle
Mananement
_
Electronic Toll Collection
Illinois State Toll Highway ~ Electronic Payment · Limited/isolated deployment
Authority Services · Public and private sector
· Oklahoma PIKEPASS by
Electronic Clearance
· HELP, Inc. · Commercial · Limited/isolated deployment
. Advantage 1-75 (Operational Vehicle Electronic . Public and private sector
Test) Clearance influence
Collision Avoidance Systems
· VORAD/Greyhound Bus Lines · Longitudinal · Limitedtisolated deployment
Collision Avoidance . Primarily private sector
· Lateral Collision influence
Avoidance
No film schedules for deployment are presented; instead, 5-, 10-, and 20-year deployment
visions are presented:
1. 5 years: Era of Travel Information and Fleet Management (Figure A.0.2-~)
2. 10 years: Era of Transportation Management (Figure A.0.2-2)
3. 20 years and beyond: Evolution of transportation data collection, dissemination, and traffic
management. Evolution to the Automated Highway System (AHS).
L:\NCHRP\Phase2.rpt\ NCHRP 3-51 · Phase 2 Final Report AO-6
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
collision avoidance
