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OCR for page 398
A.3.2 Example ITS Communication System Design and Costs
This section win present representative rrs systems, develop communication system
architectures, topologies, and designs; select communication mediums; and develop cost
estunation models. These win be based on the general characteristics of advanced ITS-related
systems currently deployed to define realistic geographic areas, ITS-related device types and
numbers, and kink distances. Examples win be developed for urban, suburban, metropolitan, and
rural systems. Table A3.2-1 presents the generic characteristics of ITS systems for which these
examples will be developed. The most difficult and vanable ITS communication cost elements
to estimate are the civil and construction costs to install the interconnecting infrastructure These
costs have many variables that include:
- Local cons~uchon practices and labor costs;
· Terrain and soil charactenstics;
· Construction requirements: direct busy, jack-and-bore under concrete, conduit, etc;
· Intervening roads, bndges, buildings, etc.; and
· Suitable existing infrastructure: conduit, poles, tunnels, etc.
Thus, He examples should reasonably represent normal costs, but must be adjusted to account
for many vanable local factors.
As will be evident in He designs, CCI,V video is a significant factor in emerging lids
communication infrastructure design. CCTV cameras have an analog baDdw~d~ of more than 6
MHz, uncompressed digital bit rate of more Han 45 Mbps, and acceptable compressed fuB-
modon video bit rate of 3 to 6 Mbps employing modon JPEG or MPEG compression standards.
The cost of video encoders in late 1995 remains him ($5,000 - 10,000 per channel per end);
analog video switching is also expensive. The example designs have been developed u id
compressed digital video for the following reasons:
~:~NCHRP`Ph~2~prs NCHRP 3-51 · Phase 2 Final Report
A3-16
OCR for page 399
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Due to emerging digital video standards and supporting FCC activities, He cost of digital
compression components, equipment, and systems will decrease. Future designs will be Be
most cost-effective wad digital video;
· Digital video
,i'
s more cost-effectively switched in Me TOC;
Digital video can be transmitted over long distances win essentially no degradation;
Compressed digital video can be transmitted and switched using equipment which conforms
to open, weB established communication standards (e.g. TI, SONET, etch;
Digital video is easily addressed to multiple desdnabons, supporting Be integration goals of
ITS; and
· Eventually, video wall be cost-effec~vely digitized at Be CCTV camera
By employing equipment based on open standards, obsolescence of deployed equipment will be
minimized, since new equipment using rapidly advancing technology will generally adhere to
standards or provide for backward compatibility.
A.3.2.1 Urban tTS Systems
Urban systems installed in the central business district (CBD) and adjacent areas of major cities
must accommodate the following characteristics:
· The streets layouts are often in a and system;
· Freeways typically surround the CBD and extend to metropolitan freeways;
· The typical urban city block is 500-1000 feet by 500-1000 feet;
· Most CBD intersections are equipped win traffic lights; adjacent area intersections are more
sparsely equipped;
u`NCHRP\Phase:.rp~\ NCHRP 3-51 · Phase 2 Final Report A3-18
OCR for page 401
· Traffic controllers are implemented with microprocessors; they are equipped wig loops for
traffic actuation or, on command, Hey can operate on Time-of-Day (TOD) timing plans;
· Most of these existing traffic control systems (or signal systems) are supported by a
communication system for coordinated traffic control;
These urban areas are extensively concrete, so that new construction of wire and fiber cable
plants usually requires expensive jack and bore installations; and
· TOCs are operated by the city and typically are PC or workstation based.
Emerging urban US communications requirements vim include:
· Video surveillance, especially for sports and other special events in downtown arenas;
· The loops of intersection controllers wiB be used for measuring traffic flow and accumulating
statistics. Additional loops, or equivalent technology, will be added along arsenals to better
detect and measure traffic conditions;
· Coordination with other area ATMS systems, such as Freeway Management, over maffic
control systems, etc., Mat require communications;
· More advanced traffic management capabilities, such as adaptive traffic control (e.g.,
SCOOT, SCATS); requ~nng expanded communication capabilities;
· Communication interfaces to over ITS services such as ATIS, transit, and emergency
services; and
· Video fingerprinting, for vehicle tracking and specific identification of vehicles (such as
probe vehicle).
L:\NCHRP\Phase2.rpt\ NCHRP3-51 · Phase2F'nalReport A3-19
OCR for page 402
A.3.2.1.1 Example Urban System Design
A generic urban map is depicted in Figure A.3.2.~.~-1 and has We following characteristics:
· It covers a 3.5 mile by 3.5 mile area;
· The CBD is in the center and is 2.5 miles by 2.5 miles;
· Freeways cross Me CBD and extend out to suburbs and interstate highways; and
Blocks in the area are generally 600 by 600 feet, street center to street center with some larger
blocks generally in the outer area.
The ITS system to be installed wall have the following charactenshcs:
The area will be equipped wad 600 controllers, 60 CCTV cameras, and 20 VMS. The
equipment count per quadrant is as presented in Table A.3.2.~.~-~. 400 of the 600 existing
controller cabinets can be retrofitted and employed.
· An arrangement with the local telephone company allows fiber installation in existing conduit
except for the SE quadrant of Me CBD. Spread spectrum radio win be employed In this SE
quadrant to reduce commun~cabon infrastructure construction costs which would be $25-30
per foot in this quadrant for jack and bore construction.
· The city has employed T~me-of-Day (TOD) control with some loop-actuated control.
Creasing traffic and daily var~abons warrant more responsive traffic coordination.
· A new TOC will be located In Be northwest Dart of Be CBD. lost outside Be freeways.
, .,
· The system will be capable of emergency or backup operation from Be EMS TOC operated
by the state DOT. The state DOT is 3 to 4 miles norm of the urban TOC with nght-of-way
along tile freeway suitable for direct bury fiber installation along bow sides of the freeway.
L.\NCHRP\Phasc2.rpl\ NCHRP3-51 · Phase2FmalReport A3-20
OCR for page 403
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· Real-time traffic data must be provided to a regional ATIS system Mat is In development to
provide area-wide one-stop traffic information service to citizens. This system is located in
the state DOT.
The communication system design and topology is overIayed on We map (refer back to Figure
A.3.2.~.~-~) and consists of a SONET OC-3 backbone with 4 nodes located on the 4 corners of
the CBD. CCTV video is transmitted as analog from the field camera equipment cabinets to
these nodes, where it is digitized into dual DS-1 circuits. The camera control is on an ElA-232
at 9600 bps. The system is designed with analog video local links because current video encoder
technology cannot cost-effectively support the video encoder at He camera or camera equipment
cabinet. The cost trend, however, is down and the digitized compressed video signal is needed
for switching/transm~ssion to multiple sites and to maintain video quality for long distance
transmission to support emerging ITS goals of integrated video data sharing. The pertinent
features of the design are as follows:
· A SONET OC-3, fault tolerant, counter rotating ring fiber backbone is employed wad 4
mul~tiplexers, one in each quadrant, interfacing to lower-speed local loops extending to
individual field devices in each quadrant.
.
Analog video is employed from camera location to SONET node. Video dig~tizabon is
accomplished at each node onto 2 DS-1 circuits or 3.088 Mbps. Current video compression
technology is most cost effective in 16 video channel units at about $16,000 ($1000 per
channel) per end (compression unit at node; decompression unit at TOC, or over location).
Cost trends will decrease Me per channel cost and emerging new semiconductor products win
permit moving the video CODEC to Me camera location.
· Analog video transmitters and receivers are employed at field camera locations and at
SONET nodes, wig integrated EL\-232, 9600 bps, full duplex, transceivers for camera
control that multiplex Me one way video and 2-way data on a single SMFO channel. Figure
A.3.2.~.~-2 is a block diagram of the video and data local links.
· The VMS signs and traffic controllers are equipped win SMFO links win 9600 bps, ELA-
232 circuits employing drop-and-insert transceivers supporting fault tolerant counter rotating
L;`NCHRP`Phase2.~prx ~ NCHRP 3-51 · Phase 2 Fmal Report
A3-23
OCR for page 406
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
direct bury
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ring operation. Each ring is designed with a node transceiver and up to 10 field devices. This
architecture supports future upgrade to higher speeds on We existing cable plant.
· Redundant SMFO fiber cables win be installed along bow sides of Me nor~-sou~ freeway
between the City TOC and Me State FbIS TOC (approximately 4 miles). The path generally
permits direct bury tnstaBation approximately $2.50 per foot win 24 fiber cable. The State
~ install the cable and it is not included in Me cost.
The cost analysis for this design is presented in Table A.3.2.~.~-2. This communication
infrastructure costs approximately $6,845.00 per field node.
A.3.2.2 Suburban ITS Systems
Suburban systems are typically instaBed in proximity to major cities. Smaller cities have similar
characteristics, but wad a surrounding rural environment and fewer surrounding sister
jurisdictions and associated infrastructures. Suburban systems have the foRovv~ng
characteristics:
· Suburbs may be residential, commercial, manufacturing, business, or combinations.
· The street layouts are more random, with major thoroughfares for non-residential travel to
shopping areas, business districts, and freeways.
· Freeways typically are in proximity for access to over metropolitan areas
· A typical suburban block is approximately 1,000 feet by 1,000 feet, although there is
considerable vanability.
· Suburban intersections are equipped with traffic signals depending on need. Major
thoroughfares and freeway access routes are usually equipped. Residential areas are usually
not equipped.
~:\NCHRP~Phase:~p~\ NCHRP3-51 · Phase2FtnalReport A3-25
Table A.3.2.~2
Urban Costs with Spread Spectrum Radios in SE Quadrant
Unit price S/ft
~ 104
S 2.50
Fiber total
CBD Configuration
Shelf and 0~3 interface
DS-1 interfaces
ElA-232 Interfaces
.
. each multiplexer
Total CBD MuKiDlexers
TOO configuration
Shelf and OC-1 interface
DS-t interfaces
EIA-232 Interfaces
each multiplexer
Total CBD Multiplexers
local link fit er for data
CBD | 12 fiber SMFO Awe
|install
outer 112 fiber SMFO cable
install
l
local link fit ers for video
12 fitter SMFO cab e
install
Spread Sp. Drum radios in SE CBD quand~ ant
Radio win EIA-232
Install
local link ~ nxeh~ EIA232 .
field equips ent
conununicaion nodes
went
Analog video/data transceivers
video Encoders at nodes
video dens at TOO
Equipment ins~tation md test
Communication node insertion
com interfaces in con~dlercabinents
1
Co Tur~ication lo
Controller Costs
|Con~ller. cabinet and install
Coniroiier, refit eddying cabinet, ~ install
1
VMS costs
Sign & con~ller
Yideo Carr~as, equip'' ent cabinents
Communication Cost per field d ~nce
Non-Communication cosi Derfieid device
To~ Cost per ffeld device
UR~NXISA32112
S20 000.00
S800.00
S400.00
S20,000.00
S800.00
S400.00
Mile
a~q. Cir. Lena~
_ _
0.75
1 ~
Total Local link fiber costs
Miles
Avg. Unk distance
1
u~ cost
S 6,000.00
l
S 400.00 1
Total I
1
S 2,000.00
S 2,000 00
S 1.750~00
S 16,000.00
S 16 000.00 1
1
S120,000.00
S7,500.00
S100,000.00
l
1 1
Total I
S 65,894.40
IS 158,400.W
1
1
-20,000.00
S 24 Ooo.oo
1
1 S 6,000.00
I S50,000.00
l
S20,000.00
S48,000.00
S27,200.00
S95,200.00
S0.65
S2.50
S0.65
S2.50
ter cest
S 0.65
S 2.50
S 432,000.00
S 28 800.00
S 210 OOO.oo
S 64 000.00
S 64,000.00
S 50.00
S 50.00
St,SOO,OOO.OO
1~OO.OOO.OO
To~ Non~renunica~on
r ~
; Grand Total I
:T
,l
. S 6,845~49 1
; 4=~=
1 S11,624.90 1
Table A.3.2.3.~3a
Metropolitan Costs with Fiber in Conduit Backbone Infrastructure
IVIFO h condlit
12 for SlMlfO
TOC to Node 1
~2
TOC me Node 3
TOC ~ ~4
TOC ~ Node 5
TOC ~ Node
i~ii Contain th
Doe 6~ ~ _ -
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Table A.3.2.3.~3b
Meiropolitan Costs
Allernative with 10/~1 MHz Microwave Links to Nodes 1, 2, 3, and 4
UmP~ sm
s o.es
s o.es
S &46
S 0.78
Tobl
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TOC 2 - ~, di~ct by, 1SS1.15
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TOC 4 - No - , amdult 15Sa80
TOC 4 - Soullt d~ct h~Y 1SS1.15
TCIC S. r~ ~ ~ ~ ~S1 1S
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S2D,000.00
S80Q00
S400.00
_
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moo
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s1,1=W
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S16,0C0.00
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· Fatal accidents attributed to high speed, longer distances, and fatigue are statistically higher
per mile driven. Emergency detection and rapid response is a high priority requirement.
Very few rural ITS-related systems have been implemented, although studies, operational
demonstrations, and tests have been conducted.
Emerging rural ITS system features and communications requirements include:
· Rural TOC operations typically conducted by the nearest FMS TOC and are typically a
state DOT operation.
· FrMS freeways instrumented with loops in each lane, or equivalent technology, to measure
the volume and occupancy of traffic and to detect incidents. Although no significant
precedents have been established, loops are anticipated to be around entrances and exits and
placed perhaps even 3-5 miles, depending on traffic and congestion.
Motonst emergency alanns are anticipated to be communicated by cellular phone.
CVO vehicles will be equipped with p~vate/commercial communication and automatic
vehicle location (AVL) equipment to provide integrated interfaces to public interacting
agencies.
Coordination with over area AIMS systems, such as Freeway Management, over traffic
control systems, etc., Hat require communications.
· Communication interfaces to over ITS services such as ATIS, transit, etc.
· An ATIS requirement that will be available to He public via ~ternet, PC with modems,
public kiosks, etc.
L.~h=~\ NC~3-51 · Ph~e2F~Re~n A3~6
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A.3.2.4 ~ Example ITS Rura/ System
A map of a rural area wig typical llS characteristics is depicted in Figure A3.2.4.~-1 and has
the following charactenstics:
The area consists of a 300-me interstate freeway with state borders on each end.
The traffic on Me freeway consists of approximately 40% CVO traffic of which 60% is
through traffic. WIM and border inspection stations are located near the state borders as
shown on the map.
Three cities are bypassed by He freeway and are located as shown on He map. The center
city has been selected at He site of the rural TOC for the northern part of the state.
The area has significant tourist traffic, especially during He summer.
During the winter, ice, snow, and high winds can create travel problems at isolated
locations. Automated weaker stations are to be placed strategically along He route so
motorists can be alerted by kiosk terminals and VMS.
A Freeway Management System is to be instaDed to provide modem ATMS and ATIS
services to the area. Key capabilities are to collect weather data and provide it to motorists,
detection incidents, and manage emergency management.
The ITS rural FINS to be instaHed has the following charactenstics:
Except in the cities, the freeway has en~ances/ex~ts at approximately 5-mile intervals. Four
CCTV cameras are to be installed at all entrances/ex~ts and win be positioned to cover bow
freeway directions and entrances/ex~ts.
· Loops are to be placed in all lanes approximately 1/3-mule before and after each
entrance/ex~t to measure speed, volume, and counts. The state ugly use the count data for
statistical purposes instead of placing alternate counting devices.
~;\NCHRP~Phasez~p~\ NCHRP3-51 · Phase2F~nalReport A3-48
WIM devices win be employed in the communication network and will replace commercial
dial-up lines.
Five weaker stations wall be located as shown on He map.
The state DOT's legal department has recently ruled that He DOT may initiate a program to
trade "nght-of-way" for commun~cadon infrastructure access.
The field equipment count is presented in Table A.3.2.4.~-1 and includes composite data loads
as well as loads of various geographical areas. Referring back to Figure A3.2.4.~-l, we see He
backbone topology overlaid. Two alternative designs will be developed: one win microwave
and one web fiber backbone. The system design has He following charactenstics:
· The backbone communication links win employ redundant circuits down bow sides of the
freeway. SONET OC-3 drop/add circuits will be deployed with nodes at miles 30, 90,150,
210, 270. Nodes 3, 4, and 5 will be on one circuit and nodes ~ and 2 on He other circuit.
The repeaterIess distance for standard fiber transmitters and receivers over SMFO is
approximately 20 miles. Optional, higher-cost, transmitters wad greater transmit power
and receivers win better sensitivity will be employed to extend the repeateriess distance to
more than 60 miles. This win add an additional cost of approximately $5,300.
Each win be equipped with dual DS-1 interfaces for each CCTV camera.
The local links will employ drop and repeat SW;O fiber transceivers win a repeateriess
distance capability of ~ ~ miles. Spread radio spectrum were considered for the local links,
but were more expensive because the controllers are close to He fiber cable.
CCTV cameras will emclov dedicated fibers from a node to each camera. Analog video is
~ ~ ,
employed from camera to node on fiber win a full duplex, EL\-232, 9600 bps camera
control channel multiplexed on He same fiber. Redundancy will not be employed on these
circuits.
L;\NCHRP\Phase2.rprx NCHRP3-51 · Phase2F,rIalReport A3-49
Table A.3.2.4.~-1
Rural Field Count and Data Load Analysis
Count --b] m~ ~ ~
Total Composite
CClV Camera Video673.09E+06206,896,000
Control 9.60E+03643,200
controllers134960128,64
Vl\/IS10960096,00
weather stations4960038,400
Total 207,763,840
Node 1
CCTV Camera Video133.09E+0640,144,000
Control 9.60E+03124,800
controllers2696024,960
VMS2960019,200
weather station196009,600
Total 40,322,56
Node2
CClV Camera Video143.09E+0643,232,000
Control 9.60E+03134,400
controllers2896026,880
VMS2960019,200
weather station196009,600
Total 43,422,08
Node 3
CClV Camera Video143.09E+0643,232,000
Control 9.60E+03134,400
controllers2896026,880
VMS2960019,200
Total 43,412,480
Node4
CClV Camera Video143.09E+0643,232,000
Control 9.60E+03134,400
controllers2896026,880
VNIS2960019,200
weather station196009,600
Total 43,422,080
Node 5
CCTV Camera Video123.09E+0637,056,000
Control 9.60E+03115,200
controllers2496023,040
VMS2960019,200
weather station196009,600
Total 37,223,040
~_
Multiplexing Analysis
Total Load
Nodes 1 and 2
CCTV Camera
Controllers
-
Totals
83,376,000
368,640
83.744.640
Total Load
Nodes 3, 4, 5
CCTV Camera123,520,000
Controllers537,600
Totals124,057,600
RURAL.XI~S A32411
i.'.
\
The entire freeway system has right-of-way suitable for direct bury fiber installation. A 24-
fiber SMFO cable will be employed. This cable win provide fiber for the backbone and the
video and controller local links. Table A.3.2.4.~-2 presents an analysis of the fiber cable
count requirements.
The cost analysis for this design is presented in Table A.3.2.4.~-3. The communications
infrastructure win cost approximately $32,104 per field node. It should be noted that $27,!12 of
this is for fiber installation and is the dominant cost element. Rural EMS systems are excellent
candidates for public/pr~vate partnerships trading nght-of-way for fiber infrastructure. This is
due to Me low density of field devices along the freeway. It should be noted however, Mat Me
cost of this example system would be much more if the fiber cable plant could not be employed
for the local links with access at the required locations.
~:`NCHRP`Phasc2.rprx NCHRP3-51 · Phase2FinalReport A3-51
Table A.3.2.4.~-2
Rural Fiber Count Analysis
Weather station
. Controller/
Node Direction |VMS |Fibers(1) | Cameras Fibers |E ackbone(2) |] otal fibers required
1 east 1 14 4 7 7 1 2 ~13
west ~ 5 4 6 6 10
2 east 16 4 7 7 2 13
west 1 15 4 7 7 1 2 1 13
3 east 15 4 7 7 2 13
west 15 4 7 7 2 13
4 east 15 4 7 7 2 13
west 16 4 7 7 2 13
5 east 13 4 6 6 10
west ~14 4 ~6 6 ~2 ~12
(1 ) Assuming 10 drop and repeats per circuit with 2 fibers (full duplex) each
(2) 2 Fiber for full duplex counter rotating rings on each side of the freeway
R~AL.XLS A32412
Table A.3.2.4.~-3
Rural Costs
miles _
Bacmone SMFO in conduitquan6b _
24 fiber SMFO cable600 .
Direct bury fiber
total
_
SONET Muffipl.3xers_
Fleld Mulffplexers - Nodes 1,2,3, ~ c^
Shelf and OC 3 interface
DS 1 in~s
EIA-232 In~aces ~
great 3r repeaterless fiber Tx/Rx .
each mulff~exer
. T-_ .
Unit pnce sn
S1.04
S0.80
S1.84
Total
S20,000.00
S800.00
S400.00
S5,300.00
-
· Nodes 1 and 5 could be config ~red wi~ few 3r DS-1 inh3~aces
TOC Multiplexers -for Nodes 1 and 2
SW and OC-3 interface 1
DS 1 in~laces 54
EIA-232 Interfaces 7
~er repeater ess fiber T~Rx 1
each multiplexer
Tota Multi~exer 1
TOC MulI~exers - for Nodes 3, 4, and 5
Shetf and 0~3 interh~ce
DS 1 in~rracss i .
IA-232 In~s
.
~ repesterless fiber TxlRx
sach muffiDlexer
Total Muliipl~r .
Multplexi Totals .
ng
.F'ber EIA-232 SMFO Trar#ceivers
|At Coniinunication Nodes
7At con~ler cabinents
7instal1 spread spacb~m radios
V-30 Com' 1unica~don ~quiprnent
Analog videoldata transceivers
~ndeo Encodes at nodes
~ndeo damdem at TOC
Equipment ~ nstallaffon and test
Communicaffon node ir~talla~on
com. inte~s in con~ller cabinenis
Communicabon Inhasbu~
Con~ler Costs
ICon=Uer cabin" and ins~ll
Contrdler, re~ofit e~ng cabinet, & install
VMS cos~ I
7Sign & controller
deo Camera, equipment cabinet,
Communicabon Cost per field device
. Non~comm~caffon Cost per field device
Total cost per field device |
RURAIJO5 A32413
S20,000.00
S800.00
; S400.00
; S5,300.00
S20,000.00
S800.00
S400.00~
S5,300.00
S1 100.00
S1,100.00
S200.00
S1 750.00
S16,000.00
S16,000.00
unit cost
S7,500.00
S3,000.00
S120,000.00
S7,500.00
S100 000.00
Tot~ Non~ricabon
Grand Total
S 32 018.23
S 7,965.12
S39,983.35
