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OCR for page 472
rate and format of He codec. For example, a CODEC may provide a single video channel at a
dual DS-1 rate (3.088 Mbps), or 16 channels at DS-3 (44.736 Mbps). Currently, He
standardized test equipment to perform checks and diagnostics on dignitary compressed video is
available for Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG) 1 & 2. Test equipment for other
compression aIgonthms like Motion-Ioint Photographics Expert Group (IPEG) and Vector
Horace are not yet readily available. Service agreements for video compression equipment
should be provided for depot-level repair of He unit by the manufacturer.
Video test equipment should include:
· Signal generator with multi-burst and color bars
· Waveform monitor; and
· Portable signal generator.
Table A.4.5-1 provides current cost information and areas of applications for the TMDE
indicated.
A.4.6 Life Cycle Cost Estimating
AN
Life Cycle Cost (LCC) estimates deal with the total cost to procure/install, plus the cost to
Operate a system for some meaningful time period. The LCC concept is illustrated in Figure
A.4.6-~. Increasingly, private and public organizations are using this method to evaluate and
select from system implementation, operational, and maintenance alternatives. Although often
difficult to creditably quantify, organizations increasingly are including He operation benefits
(cost savings and value added) in the LCC of alternative implementations. The reason for using
LCC is that yearly operational costs can easily exceed 10-20% of initial system acquisition costs.
Alternatives that promote operational productivity and best achieve operational benefits
frequently are the most cost-effective, even if initial acquisition costs are greater. A
communication system serves He broader operational requirements of He ITS-related systems
Integrated which will have operational costs. Over related costs include facilities, vehicles, etc.
Our focus will be on Be direct communication system operating costs.
u~NC~Phasc:.rp~\ NCHRP 3-51 · Phase 2 Few Report A4-36
OCR for page 473
Table A4.~1 TOME Current Cost and Application (Page 10f 2)
Mast Equipment Nomenclature
General Purpose
Bench Test
Equipment
Survel71ance video
. Jest Equipment
Backbone Fber
Plant Installation
& Test
On-premises
fiber Plant
Inst~a~don &
Test
MAN & Feed Optical
Comn7unica~ons
_
Optical L`W
Communications
Mainframe Optical Time Domain Reflectometer
X
X
ortable Optical Time Domain Reflectometer
Optical Light Source (LASER) 850 nm
Optical Light Source (LASER) 1310 nm
ptical Light Source (LASER) 1550 nm
Optical Light Source (LASER) 7SO nm
Optical Light Source (LED) 1350 nm
Optical Light Source (LED) 1300 rim
X
X
X ~
Optical Light Source (LED) 1300/1550 nm
Optical Source, White Light
ptical Power Meter
Visual Fault Indicator
Return Loss Test Set
Fusion Splicers
Optical Spectrum Analyzer
Chromatic Dispersion Test Sets
Variable Optical Attenuator
O/E Converters
Portable Ethernet Transceiver/Tester
Bandwidth Test Set
SONET/SDH Maintenance Test Set
SONET/SDH Jitter Analyzer
SONET STS-1 Test Set
itter and Eye-Diagram Analyzer
ATMlBroadband ISDN Test Systems
ATM Protocol Analyzer
SS7 Signaling Test Set
FDDI Test Set
Twisted Pair Wire Test Set
WAN Protocol Analyzers
DS-1 ATM Hand Held Tester
DS-1 Hand Held Tester
DS-3 ATM Hand Held Tester
X
x
l
x 1
X
X
X
X
OC-3 ATM Single Mode Hand Held Tester
Digital Transmission Tester
Telecom/Datacom Analyzer
.
PDH/SDHIATM Modular Transmission Test
Sets
1
T1/Datacom Tester |
Bit Error Rate Tester (BERT)
Analog Multimeter X
Digital Multimeter X
Time Domain Reflectometer
Cable Testers I X I
1
Ground Resistance Testers I X
Insulation Resistance Testers
Analog Non-Storage Oscilloscope
Analog Storage Oscilloscope
Hand Held Digital Oscilloscope
Digital Storage Oscilloscope
FunctionlSweep Generators
Signal Generators (Radio Frequency) , ,-
Power Meter (Radio Frequency) ~v
Frequency Counters
Circuit Breaker Test Sets
Phase Angle Meters
Power Line Disturbance Analyzers
MODEM Test Set
EthernetlToken Ring LAN Analyzer
Signal - to - Noise (S/N)land Distortion
SINAD) Meter
TMD~.XLS
X
x
x ~1 1 ~I
OCR for page 474
Table A4.~1 TDME Current Cost and Application (Page 10f 2)
Backbone
Copper P/ant
Installation &
Jest
On-premises ~ MAN & Feld
Copper f~lant ~ W*eline
Instalhffon & Test Communications
.
Copper-based
LAN
Cornrnunications
AM/FM Radio
Senriws
Microwave Unk
Ins=Jlation &
Communica~ons
Sproad Spec~um Link
Installa~on &
Communica~ons
Personal Communica~dons
Ser~ices (CeIIular)
Test Equipment Cost
Range
fi'n Ss)
.
. _ X X X X
.
XX X
x x 1
x ~lz,6eo - z2,800
9,213-13,995
1 x x x x x ~
: . 1 X x x x
.
. X
X X X
r _ x Xx
1 - x x
i- 1 1 x
1 1
x ~x ~x L x |
1 x I i x
1 1 -
_
x
x
_
4,500- 15,995
690
1 1,255 - 1 380
1 1,690
690
695 - 995
795 - 995
1
995
345
795 - 4,159
745 - 9,425
13 450
33,990 - 27,285
36,000 - 48,000
1,795 - 8,470
35000- 53,000
29,000- 37,000
7,650- 25,000
48,500
> 50 ooo
.
1 1
1 1 , 17,250- 28,000
l
! 1 18,000- 24,599
3,800- 6,500
5,000 - 25,000
6,995- 10,000
4,075- 5,995
4599 - 6,995
7299- 10,000
1 x
1
> 70,000
6,950- 16,000
5,995-78,000
50- 125
89- 1,100
2,995 - 3,805
! x ~5,300 - 8,300
1 1 1 2,275 3,495
I 1 1 1,850-5,000
x 1
X 1 x 1 1 9,950 - 450
x 1 x ~1 1,995-1,695
x ! X 1 1 25,400 - 2,550
x 1 x 1 x 1 67,650- 1,ooo
X Xx X 2,400 3i,000
! ~11,475 - 20,150
x x 1 575 4 200
1 - 1 , x x X x x
~
6,500- 32,000
4,825 - 8,000
OCR for page 475
Table A.4.~1 TOME Current Cost and Application (Page 20f 2)
l
!
l On-premises
I General Purpose Backbone Fiber fiber Plant
I Bench Test Sunre'71ance Video Plant Installation Installation &
':TestEqu~pmentNomencl~re I Equ~pn~nt Jest Equipment & Test Jest _ __
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) X
Indicator
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
DigitallAnalog Cellular Test Set
Analog Cellular Test Set
.
Capacitance Meter and Glass Probe
.
Spectrum Analyzer X
Signature Analyzer | I
.
Prom Programmer |
Prom Programmer Control |
Radio Communications Test Sets I X
.
Digital Microwave Communications Test Sets
.
Digital Transmission/ Communications
Analyzer
Cable Locators/Fault Finders
.
Multipath Fade Simulator l
Colorimeters/Photometers I X
i X
NTSC Automatic Video Measurement Set l
Waveform MonitorslVectorscopes ~X
Hand Held Waveform Mon~torsNectorscopes .
.
X
NTSC Digital/Analog Test Pattern Generator
_ .
Hand Held Test Pattern Generator X
MAN & Field Optical
Communications
Optical LAN
Commun;w~ons
OCR for page 476
Table A.4.~1 TOME Current Cost and Application (Page 20f 2)
Beckbone I
Copper Plan2 Or~prem~ses MAN & Feld Copper-based lUcrowaw Link
Insta/ht;on & Copper Plant WireJ'ne L4N AM/FM Radio lnstalb~don &
Test Installation & Test Commm7~cabons ~ Co/~=n~nicabons Sen~s Con7municobons _
. l l ~
X X X
-
T T ~ ~
~X
. X
~X
X
Spr~d Spectrum iink
Installa~on &
Communications
Personal Communica~ons
Sennces {CellularJ
Test Equipment Cost
Range
~n $s,
X
500 - 350
X
1 0,000
4,800
100
21,000 - 39,800
1,100 - 8,100
350 - 3,000
1,180
20,000 - 13,000
X
X
X
==
X
x r x
~:
~1 ' 1 1 ~I
.
31,000 - 62,000
9,000 ~ 60,000
5,700 - 7,400
~1,840 - 1,450
| 20,930 - 16,500
1 1 1,095- 1,195
4,995
1,795 - 6,750
1,995 - 2,455
1 5,250 - 9,625
T 895 - 1,475
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
light source
A
LLJ
By
I
llJ
CJ1
J
11
Our LCC examples win focus on the cost benefits of modern communication systems and
equipment for rRs applications and, in particular, will focus tradeoffs on:
Fault tolerance design; and
High reliability equipment (approximately 50,000 hours MTBF).
We win employ We LCC methodologies presented in reference 10, Value Engineering in the
Construction Industry, 3rd edition, Alphonse I. DeD'Isola, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982. We
win simplify this matenal slightly for a more tractable presentation. In particular, we will not
include the dine value of money and win only present parameters that are significant influences.
To provide reasonably comprehensible discussion, our focus win be on a SONET fiber backbone
communication networks.
An important parameter of a system is its availability, or He percent of time Mat the system is
operational ("up"~. Availability is often stated as a percentage (%) of hours or minutes per year
that the system is up. Availability, MIBF and M1~, is related by:
Availability (%) = MTBF
MIBF+Ml-lK
Individuals use different assumptions for inclusion of downtime (for reasons over Man failures,
such as downtime for preventive maintenance, system (re~configurations, etc. Using these
definitions, MOOR is denoted as down (or unavailable) time and ~BF is denoted as up (or
available) time. Table A.4.6-! depicts the relationship between Availability (AV%), MIBF,
and MT~ (or equivalent availability [AV%], uptime, and downtime). The two columns
farthest right present He yearly available hours and unavailable hours for the AV% of column
one.
,.~NCHRPPhase2~p~\ NCHRP3-51 · Phase2Fn~Report A4~0
J
Table A.4.6~1
MTBF(hours) versus M1TR (hours) and Availability (AV °/0}
| AV % | MTTR 1 hr | 2 hr 1 4 hr| 8 hr| Yearly Ho firs | Yearly Hours
Available Unavailable
=8760 hr/yr)
900/09 hr 18 hr36 hr 72 hi 7884 876
99o/o99 hr 198 hr396 hr 992 hi 8672 88
99.9°/0999 hr 1,998 hr3,996 hr 7,992 hr 8751 9
99.98%4 999 hr 9 998 hr19 996 hr 39 992 hi 8758 ~~~
99.99°/09,999 hr 19,998 hr39,996 hr 79,992 hi 8759 1
As MTTR increases and availability increases toward a common industry goal of approximately
99.98%, the required MTBF to support the availability becomes significant. As presented in
Table A.4.3-3, the MTBFs of Table A.4.6-! are the subsystem MTBFs. Thus, the individual
component MTBFs must be appropriately higher to achieve the subsystem and total system goals.
To illustrate, consider the SONET backbone configurations presented in Figure A.4.6-2 Mat have
a linear geographic layout. This network architecture has Be following characteristics:
The SONET terminals are approximately 5 miles apart, as typical of many current Freeway
Management Systems.
A typical quoted industry MTBF for SONET equipment is approximately 45,000 hours. The
typical on-site M=R for this equipment is less Man 1 hour. We vv~11 assume ~at, on
average, an additional 3 hours maintenance is required for scheduling, travel, spare parts
access, etc., for a total average 4-hour MUIR. The manufacturer warranty is for 5 years, wig
one~ay overnight shipment of replacements from Be supplier. The warranty may be
extended beyond 5 years for I% of purchase price per year.
We will use a generally quoted industry figure of 4.5 fiber failures/year/IOOO miles of fiber
and average of 4.5-hour MOOR. This equates to an MTBF of approximately 1,946,667
hours/mile of fiber.
~:`NCHRP`Phase2.rp~\ NC~P3-51 · Phase2F~nalReport A4-41
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Although individual jurisdictional requirements maY vary. we win define the SONEI
, _, ,
backbone subsystem failure as any failure Mat prevents communication to any backbone
node.
SONET equipment is electronic equipment similar to signal controllers so we win allocate
preventive maintenance as Time Interval (~ of 90 days and Average Tune required of 4
hours.
Thus, following the procedures outlined In Tables A.4.3~4 and A.4.3-5, Me required manpower to
/
maintain this SONET subsystem is presented in Table A.4.6-2a and A.4.6-2b, which calculate
the following:
· MTBF, MTrR, and availability analysis for Me total system, calculated for bow 24-hour/7
day staffing and 40-hour/week staffing.
Maintenance staffing requirements are based on 24-hour/7-day staffing, with a shaking
Overhead of 5.377532, per Table A.4.3-2. at should be noted that Me overhead is only that
required to achieve Manhour/ 7-day availability of maintenance personnel.)
Life Cycle Cost Analysis assumes 8% spares, 5-year warranty, and I% per year of
procurement cost for years 6 Trough 10 as a warranty extension.
Refer back to Table A.4.6-2a for Me results, and to Table A.4.6-2b for Me spreadsheet
equations for the calculations.
Figure A.4.6-3 presents the same system except the geography of the equipment installations
permitted implementation of a fault tolerant SONET ring. Using Me same assumptions above,
Table A.4.3-3 calculates Me following:
MIFF, =1R, and availability analysis for Me total system, calculated for bow 24-hour/7
day staffing add 40-hour/week staffing.
/
1;WCHRP\Phasc~pt ~N~3-51 · P~e2F - Ream A4-43
Table A.4.6~2a
Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Analysis for Linear SONET Fiber System
MTBF. M7TR. and AVAII,,A~ll~f ANALYSIS
MTBF
hrJhilu"
Fadwe Rate
failurdhr
SONET T~al
F' - r- 5 mite ~nt
C~ of one
Tenr~ull~er S~PT~
45,000.0
389,335.4
40337.7
2 ~E-05
2.56848E-06
2.47907E-05
Co~ all (N)
SONETlF - r ~n~
Total System Av~bility
N~rTomb~ - r 5~ (N)
Tl (days)
TR thoure)
MT9F thours
MTTR thoure)
Yeuty P - vo~ M~nanos thoua)
Yo~y Respo~ Maint~ (houre)
Total Ma~ntonanco (hours)
M~nan" St - ~
24 hr par d8y, 7 days por w~k
MTTR
hrJrepair
4
4.5
4.051803:
Repair Rab
repa~r/hr
025
0~
0246811369
806.8
0.001239535
50.00
90.00
4.00
806.75
4.05
811.11
44.00
855.1 1
0.52 or 1 person about half ffn.
Ava - ;lity %
0.995002746
httyr down
43.78
Mai~tenance StaBirm Rowir~nts
Individual Ebn~nts Mair~bnance
Canpo"MTSF(lu)Failu~arHour~ar
SONET T~nal9009.7338.93
Fibor- 5 ~b 5 -77871.125.06
Tobl10.8644.00
Life C`reb Cost Analv~is (sss~no maintenance naff svailshb sround ~e dock)
SONET T~nals ( - ch) 50.00 S 25,000.00 each S1,250,000.00
5~1VtiloFibor Links 10.00 S 9.00 sm S 2,376,000.00
SD8r65 ,
SonotTerminald 8% of instdbd S 100,000.00
Total to P=c~
Yealy Operadog costs
~inbnanco P~l
Spu" Rophnishn~nt
(v~ 6~10)
S 3,726,000.00
Houre Rab (S~lu) Years Cost (S~
855.11 S 77.56 10 S 66,322.57 S663,225.69
1% 5 S 13,500.00 S67,500.00
Ten Y-r Oper~ Cost S730,725.69
Tolal Ten Year cost S4,456,725.69
costimi~ar
co~~r
YRSHRS04.E96
MTTR
hr/ropdr
40 hour work w~k only
~__ ~
12
12
12
Repair Rsto
repsirdnr
0.083333333
0.06m3~33
0.0833~333
Avaibbillty %
hrtyr down
128.39
0.985343585
S"5,672.57
S8,913.45
S1.69
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Maintenance staffing requirements based on 40-hour week staffing, who a staffing overhead
of 1.280355 as per Table A.4.3-2. at should be noted that Me overhead is only that required
to achieve 40-hour week availability of maintenance personnel.)
Life Cycle Cost Analysis that assumes 4% spares, 5-year warranty, and ~ % per year of
procurement cost for years 6 Trough 10 as an warranty extension. The 4% sparing is
adequate due to enhanced availability of fault tolerant system redundancy.
Refer back to Table A.4.6-3a for results, and to Table A.4.6-3b for calculations.
Figure A.4.6-4 presents the same system except that each link and SONET node is redundant. It
is assumed that a redundant SONET node costs 80% more while the redundant fiber link cost is
100% more. Using the same assumptions above, Table A.4.6-4 calculates Me following:
MTBF, MUIR, and availability analysis for Me total system, calculated for both 2~hour/7
day staffing and 40 hour week staffing.
Maintenance staffing requirements based on 40-hour week staffing, with a staffing overhead
of 1.280355 as per Table A.4.3-2. at should be noted that Me overhead is only Mat required
to achieve 40-hour week availability of maintenance personnel.)
Life Cycle Cost Analysis that assumes 4% spares, 5-year warranty, and 1% per year of
procurement cost for years 6 Trough 10 as a warranty extension. The 4% sparing is adequate
due to enhance availability of fault tolerant system due to redundancy.
Refer back to Table A.4.6~4a for results, arid to Table A.4.6-4b for calculations.
The results of the three systems are summarized in Table A.4.6-5. The linear system has 24
hourO~ay maintenance staffing while Me Ring and Parallel systems have normal 40-hour/week
staffing.
L:`NC~Phase2~p~` NCHRP3-51 · Phase2FinalReport A4-47
Table A.4.6~3a
Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Analysis for Fault Tolerant SONET Fiber Ring
MTBF, MTTR, and AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS
IrKlividual Sets
SONET Ter~aI
MTBF
hdhiure
FsiIure Rats
hii,mlhr
~ E-05
fiber- 5 mi ~ Ant
Composes of One
TerminsUF - r Sent
45,000.0
389,335.4
40337.7
~56848E-06
2.47907E-05
Con~ - (N) Sen" Ps~l
SONET/F'ber so'Fnan~
P~hl S~s ~ single Link
Total Sy~m
(f~ure of both p~Ihl ~ stnglo ItnlC)
N~r Tenr~rJFbor Sogments (N)
TI (d~s)
TR (l~ours)
MTBF (hows
MTTR (1~5)
ye~ ~ ~ ~ou=)
Y~ Respor~ Mdn~ (houre)
Tobl Main~ (hours)
Md~nu" St~
MTTR
hrlrepair
24 hr "r day. 7days por w~ic
Repair Rate
repairmr
45 025
4.~
0~
024~9
806.8
O.OO1=
1.355,942.0
7.37495E-07
50.00
90.00
4.00
1,355,942.00
4.05
811.11
44.10
85521
0.52 or 1 porson about half ~ne
4.05
024680369
2.025901642
0.493607379
Ava lability % .
o.ssssseso6
hrtyr down
0.01309
Maintonance Staging R-uir~
In~ Elon~n ~Mahtenanco
Ca~MTBF(hr,Faihre~youHo~ar
SONET Tem~nalsgoa9.738.93
F - r- 5 mDe s~rn76341.15.16
Total10.944.10
Maintu~anco HowsJ~ars b~d on OnJob hows
W~ Cvcb Cost Ansh~s (assume nainter~nco ~ava'labb 40 housh~k)
SONEr Temlin" ( - ch) 50.00 S 25,000.00 oach S 1,250,000.00
SMilo Fibor Unlo 11.00 S 9.00 sm s 2,613,600.00
SD~5
SonotTom~ls 4% of in~ed $ 50,000.00
Total to Proc~o
S3,913,600.00
Y - rly O - ndag costsHoum Rato (S/hr)Years Cost (S~
ldainbn~co P~onnel85521 S18.4710 S 15,792.96 S 157,929.61
Sp~s R~1% 5 S 13,000.00 S 65,000.00
Cost ~ S m.929.61
TotalTon Year cost S 4,136,529.61
co~r
cosU~ar
co* - r
YRSHRS04.E96
S413,652.96
S8,273.06
S1.57
40 hour wo k wook onl~r
MTTR
hr/ropair
12
Ropair Raze
repairJhr
o.os33i3333
12
0.083333333
0.083333333
12
O.OB3333333
_
~ _
O^rr"
. ~ W-WW ~
Availa~lity %
0.999995575
hityr down
0.0388
cy
l
1!
o ~
x) 1
~ ~- -
~it' 3 ~
Z
°' ~ <
<
<- I ~ ~
Table A.4.~4a
Life Cycte Cost Analysis for Paralle' ·ink Faull Tolerant
MTBf, MTrR, and AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS
24 hr per day, 7days per week
IndNdua S~
SONET T6minal
MTBF
hr~ailur6
45,~.0
Fdlura Rate
*Dure/hr
7 ~F.0S
Fber- 5 mite s~nt
Compo~te of Ono
Tambal/~ S - ment _ _
389,335.4
40337.7
2~5~8E~
47907E-05
Parallel Esch
SONETJFbar s~monts
Sarbs of Paraid Lhks
Total Systom
ffa~ of b~ p~d ~ ~ - )
Numbar T - minan/F - r Segman~ (~
Tl ( - s)
TR ~us)
MTBF ~outs
MITR ~)
Youly Pr~ Maintananca ~oS)
Y6a~ Ras p o ~ l U a int6 n an ca ~ o u m)
Total hlaintenance ~)
Ma~tenanco Sta~h~
M1TR
hrlrepair
.
4
R6pdr Rste
repairlhr
025
4.5
4.05
O-~r"~77
024R~R.
67,797.100.03
1.47498E.08
3,389,855,001.6
2.94998E-10
.
50.00
9.0.00
4.00
3,389,855,001.8
4.05
811.11
1 932.0.09
2013120
12.36 or 1 pomon about half time
4.05
02~69
2.025901"
0.4~07379
Availab~ty g
o.sassasss~
br/yr clown
0.0000052'
Maintonance Staffino R - uirements
Indi~ndual E~n ~Mahtonanoe
Con~aMTBFGhr)Faik,~parHou~a r
SoNETT~iais ~45019.4777.87
Fbor- 5 "o s~m389322510.12
~=~Total21.7287. -
lUaintonance Hows~yeam based on Or~ ~b houis
L~e Cvcb Cost Anah~sk (assun~ mahtanance s~mBsb~ 40 hou~ek)
SONET T~ (esch)50.00 S 25,000.00 each80% S2~0,000.00
5~ FberUnks10.00 S 9.00 Slft 100% S 4,752,000.00
SDares
SonetTa_496 of hstalbd S 90,000.00
Total to P ~S 7,092,000.00
Yaady Op~g cos~Houm Rate (S/h. Years Cost ~r)
llai~ Pasonad2013120 S 18.47 10 S 371,758.98 S 3,717,589.78
Sparos Re~1% 5 S 23,400.00 S 117,000.00
~ _ ~S 3,834,589.78
_ __ i~=
co~ar S 1,092,858.98
~ar S 21,853.18
co ~S 4.14
\
YRSHRS04.E96
~frTR
hdrepair
12
40 hour wol1c week only
Rapair Rate
mpa~hr
A083333333
12
0.063333337
o.os3am33
12
0.0833333S3
0.1~B~7
A~r %
_ _
o.sassessw
hr~yr down
A0000155
1
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