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OCR for page 491
Table A.4.6-5
Summarized Life Cycle Costs (LCC)
. _
MTBF tHr) Failures/ Availability Downtime Procurement Ten~year Total
year Hourslyear cost ($) Operating CosVyear
Cost
Linear 806.8 10.9 99.5°/O 43.7$3.7M $4.5M $445,673
Ring 1 ,335,942 10.9 99.9°/O .04__ $3.9M $4.1 M $413,652
~ Parallel ~3.3~1C ~21.7 ~99.9°>, ~1.55*10~ $/.1M ~$7.4M ~ $73,,504
The conclusions are:
· The fault tolerant ring has the lowest lO-year cost: $200,000 more to procure but $400,000
less including lO-year operating costs.
The linear and ring systems suffer about Me same number of failures per year, but the ring is
down less than one hour per year due to its redundancy. In reality, the ring and the parapet
system operate many years between unavailability failures of more Man a few seconds
(resulting from switching to parapet circuits).
The parallel system is $2.4M more expensive to operate Man Me linear system. If geography
does not permit a cost-effec~ve ring, a parallel system is much more expensive. To justify
Me redundancy and lower downtime, operations benefits should be $54,920~our (=$2.4M /
43.7 fur).
A.4.7 References and Standards
References
I. Reliability Evaluation of Engineering Systems: Concepts and Techniques, Roy Billinton
and Ronald N. Allan, Plenum, 1992.
2. System Reliability Evaluation & Prediction in Engineering, AJ~ Pages and Michel
Gondran, Springer Veriag, 1986.
3. "A System Approach to Reliabilitr and L`ife-Cycle Cost," Mars Bodsberg and Per Hokstad,
[EKE Transactions on Reliability, Vo} 44, No.2, June 1995, pp 170-~86.
L:\NCHRP\Phase2.rprY NCHRP3-51 · Phase2Fi - Report A4-53
OCR for page 492
4. "Predicting Me Reliability of Electronic Equipment," Proceedings of IEEE, Vol. 82, #7,
July, 1994, pp 992-1004. (Excellent references included.)
5.
Reliability Prediction of Electronic Equipment, ~-HKBK 217F, U.S. Government
Plindng Office, Dec., 1991.
6. Reliability Prediction Procedure of Electronic Equipment, Bellcore TR-TSY-000332, Issue
2, July, 1988.
7. llh;'s "Traffic Signal InstaBabon and Maintenance Manual," Prentice Had, 1989.
8. "Management of Traffic Signal Maintenance," NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice ]14,
Peter S. Parsonson,(12/84~.
9. "Genetic AIgor~ms in Optimization of System Reliability," Laura Patnton and lames
Campbell, IEEE Transactions on Reliability, Vo] 44, No.2, June 1995, pp 172-178.
10. Value Engineering in the Construction Industry, 3rd edition, Alphonse I. DeR'Isola, Van
Nostrand Reinhold, 1982.
Technical Requirements and Specifications Related to Maintainability (pa ~ of 6)
Be//core Specifications and Technical Requirements
Specification Number Title
FR-NWT-000484 Documentation, Training and Supplier Support Generic
Requirements
SR-STS-001 665
SR-TSU-002338
SR-TSY-000963
TA-NWT-000820
Network Monitoring and Analysis: Generic Requirement
Network Surveillance and Control Functions Supporting
Robust Networks and Operations
Network Switching Element Outage Performance
Monitoring Procedure
Network Maintenance: Transport Surveillance Generic
Digital Transmission Surveillance
L;\.NCHRP`Phase2.rp ~NCHRP3-S1 · Phase2FmalRepoIt A4-54
OCR for page 493
Technical Requirements and Specifications Related to Maintainability (pa 2 of 6}
gel/core Specifications and Technical Requirements
Specification Number
TA-Nvvr-ooo821
TA-STS-001054
TA-TSY-000841
TR-ISA-000325
TR-Nvvr-ooo473
TR-NWT-000474
TR-NWT-000475
TR-NWT-000476
TR-Nvvr-ooo478
TR-NVVr-000801
TR-NWT-000818
TR-NWT-000822
Title
Network Maintenance: Additional Transport and
Transport-Based Surveillance
Computer Self-Maintenance Support: Generic
Requirements
Customer Owned Premise Wiring Acceptance Test:
Requirements
J
Equipment Information Required from Suppliers for
Operations Systems
Network Maintenance: Generic Requirements
Network Maintenance: Network Elements
Network Maintenance: Transport Surveillance
Network Maintenance: Access and Testing
Measurements and Data Generation: Generic
Requirements
Generic Operations Interfaces using Open System
Institute (OSI) Tools
Generic Test Architecture
Network Maintenance: Accessing and Testing, Switched
Circuits, POTS, Loops and Public Packet Switched
Networks; Generic Requirements
~mCHR~Phasc:.'p~\ NCHRP3-51 · Phase2F~nalReport A4-55
OCR for page 494
Technical Requirements and Specifications Related to Maintainability (pg 3 of 6)
Be//core Specifications and Technica/ Requirements
Specification Number Title
TR-NWT-000823 Network Maintenance: Access and Testing, ISDN;
Generic Requirements
TR-NWT-000833 Network Maintenance: Network Element and Transport
Surveillance Messages
TR-NWT-000834
TR-NWT-000840
TR-NWT-001 1 48
TR-NWT-001 213
TR-NTW-001 323
TR-NTW-001 359
TR-NWT-001 465
TR-OPT-000330
TR-OPT-000839
TR-TSY-1 91
TR-TSY-000454
TR-TSY-000473
L.\NC}~Phast2Jpt\
Network Maintenance: Access and Testing Messages
Supplier Support, Generic Requirements
Maintenance Requirements to Assure System Availability
Objectives for the Maintenance User Interface of
Switching Systems and Transport Systems
Supplier Data, Comprehensive; Generic Requirements
Supplier Data Basic; Generic Requirements
Automatic Board-to-Board Testing: Generic Requirements
Circuit Access Point Data: Generic Requirements
Supplier Provided Training: Generic Requirements
Alarm Indication Signals: Requirements and Objectives
Supplier Documentation for Network Elements
Network Maintenance
NCHRP 3-51 · Phase 2 Fmal Report
A4-56
OCR for page 495
Technical Requirements and Specifications Related to Maintainability (pg 4 of 6)
Be/Icore Specifications and Technics/ Requirements
Specification Number
TR-TSY-000474
TR-TSY-000509
TR-TSY-00051 6
Title
Network Maintenance: Network Element
Maintenance: Generic Requirements
Network Management: Generic Requirements for
Switching Systems
TR-TSY-000519 Documentation: Generic Requirements for Switching
Systems
TR-TSY-000820
TR-TSY-000821
32-1972
62.36-1 991
62.41 -1991
62.45-1992
62.47-1992
132.9-1972
Generic Digital Transmission System Surveillance
Network Maintenance: Additional Transport Based
Surveillance; Generic Requirements
Test Procedures for Neutral Grounding Devices
Test Methods for Surge Protectors Used in Low-voltage
Data Communications and Signaling Circuits
Recommended Practice on Surge Voltages in Low
Voltage AC Power Circuits
Guide on Surge Testing for Equipment Connected to Low
Voltage Power Circuits
Guide on Electrostatic Discharge
Graphic Symbols for Electrical Wiring and Layout
Diagrams Used in Architecture and Building Construction
~:~NC~P~ase:~p ~NCHRP3-51 · Phase2F~nalReport A4-57
OCR for page 496
Technical Requirements and Specifications Related to Maintainability (pa 5 of 6}
Belicore Specifications and Technical Requirements
Specification Number Title
142-1991 Recommended practice for Grounding of Industrial and
Commercial Power Systems
200-1975 Standard Reference Designations for Electrical and
Electronic Parts and Equipment
241-1 990
31 5-1 975
446-1 987
488.1/2-1 987
991 -1 986
660-1 986
1003.3-1991
1 003.8-1 993
1 008.1987
1016-1987
Recommended Practice for Electrical Power Systems in
Commercial Buildings
Standard Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic
Diagrams
Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby
Power Systems
Standard Digital Interface for Programmable
Instrumentation
Standard for Logic Circuit Diagrams
Standard for Semiconductor Memory Test Pattern
Test Methods for Measuring Conformance to POSIX (IEEE
Standard Portable Operation System)
Information Technology - Telecommunications and
Information Exchange Between Systems
Standard for Software Unit Testing
Recommended Practice for Software Design Description
L:`NCHRP`Phasc2.rpts NCH~3-51 · PER - ~A4-58
OCR for page 497
J
Technical Requirements and Specifications Related to Maintainability (pa 6 of 6)
Bellcore Specifications and Technical Requirements
Specification Number
1063-1987
1074-1991
1100-1992
1149.1 -1990
1156.1-1993
1219-1992
1224-1993
1326-1993
l
1328-1993
1802.3-1991
2003.1 -1992
L:\NCHRP\Phasc2. ret\
Title
Standard for Software User Documentation
Standard for Developing Software Life Cycle Process
Recommended Practice for Powering and Grounding
Sensitive Electronic Equipment
Standard Test Access Port and Boundary Scan
Architecture
IEEE Standard for Microcomputer Environment
Specifications for Computer Modules
Standard for Software Maintenance
Open Systems Interconnection
Test Methods for Measuring Conformance to Open
Systems Interconnections; Abstract Data Manipulation
Application Program Interface
Test Methods for Measuring Conformance to Open
Systems Interconnection; Abstract Data Manipulation
Language Interface
Conformance Test Methodology for CSMA/CD
(ETHERNET)
Test Methods for Measuring Conformance to POSIX
NCHRP3-51 · Phase2FmalReport
A4-59
OCR for page 498
Representative terms from entire chapter:
technical requirements
