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OCR for page 111
111
maintenance conditions and classes of roadways. This
study shall not include construction and maintenance
signs.
To accomplish the objectives, the following tasks shall
be conducted:
Task 1. Evaluate the literature and other informational
sources pertaining to retroreflectivity of traffic signs. The
various types of sign inventory systems in use and current
maintenance practices shall be investigated.
Task 2. Review the references noted below and sum-
marize information pertinent to establishing the feasibility
of retrorellectivity standards.
Task 3. Use, where appropriate, the latest results and
findings from the following research projects:
(a) NCHRP Project 5-10, "A Mobile System for
Measuring Retroreflectance of Traffic Signs."
(b) FHWA Contract No. DTFH61-87-R-00008,
"Minimum Visibility Requirements for Traffic Control
Devices."
(c) FHWA Contract No. DTFH61-88-R-00060,
"Service Life of Retroreflective Traffic Signs."
Task 4 Develop a data collection plan to include, as
a minimum, the following:
(a) Identify the study areas and the sign and roadway
categories to be sampled.
(b) Select the locations for sampling. These should
be diverse not only by region, but also by governmental
level (e.g., federal, state, city, county) and maintenance
policy. The sample size should be sufficient to allow sta-
tistically valid estimates of the retroreflective conditions
and the distribution of signs by class of roadways.
(c) Prepare a detailed data collection plan.
Task 5. Submit an interim report to include the results
of Tasks 1 to 4 and meet with NCHRP Project Panel for
approval of the data collection plan.
Task 6. Collect existing data on in-service sign retro-
reflectivity, replacement costs (e.g., labor and material),
and other information utilized by sign management pro-
grams.
Task 7. Analyze the data:
(a) For different categories of signs, develop rela-
tionships that indicate how various retroreflectivity stan-
dards would affect, nationally and at state and local levels:
(i) the number of signs to be replaced, (ii) the replacement
costs, and (iii) any other economic or management con-
siderations.
(b) Describe the modeling techniques used and seg-
regate data so they can be applied readily to any juris-
diction's sign replacement and maintenance programs.
Task 8. Develop economic-based implementation
strategies for alternative sign-retroreflectivity standards
across different categories of signs, roadways, and juris-
dictions.
Task 9. Recommend several options for system-wide
implementation that:
(a) Provide guidelines for phasing in the implemen-
tation of retroreflectivity standards.
(b) Indicate the expected economic consequences of
adoption of these standards.
Task 10. Prepare the final report.
Research should be initiated in early 1989.
AREA 6: SNOW AND ICE CONTROL
Project 6-1 FY ,63
Development of Economical and Effective
Chemical Deicing Agents to Minimize In-
jury to Highway Structures and Vehicles
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
IIT Research Institute
D. B. Boles
February 15, 1963
September 30, 1964
$40,000
Research was directed to the development of chemical
agents that are not only economical and effective when
used as deicing agents but also have minimal harmful
effects on metals and concrete. Consideration was given
to the relationship of laboratory tests to field conditions.
The project report has been published as: NCHRP
Report 19, "Economical and Effective Deicing Agents
for Use on Highway Structures."
Project 6-2 FY ,63
Nonchemical Methods for Preventing or Re-
moving Snow and lee Accumulations on
Highway Structures
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Roy Jorgensen and Associates
R. E. Jorgensen
R. D. Johnson
Feburary 15, 1963
February 29, 1964
$25,000
This study was primarily one of searching the literature
and appraising the current status of knowledge of the
subject. In addition to a literature survey, contacts were
made with highway departments and other agencies that
have been confronted with the problem. Designs for struc-
ture heating systems as used in the U.S. and other coun-
tries have been evaluated, as have other nonchemical
methods. The researchers have included in their studies
the effectiveness of nonchemical methods and economic
losses due to structure deterioration.
The project report has been published as: NCHRP
Report 4, "Non-Chemical Methods of Snow and Ice Con-
trol on Highway Structures."
OCR for page 112
112
Project 6-3 FY ,63
Development and Evaluation of Protective
Coatings to Prevent Deterioration of Con-
crete Structures by Deicing Agents
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Battelle Memorial Institute
M. J. Snyder
March 1, 1963
February 28, 1965
$58,557
Investigations on this project were oriented toward
developing new and evaluating existing materials to be
applied to concrete surfaces to inhibit concrete deterio-
rations from deicing agents. Consideration was given to
fresh as well as hardened concrete.
The project report has been published as: NCHRP
Report 16, "Protective Coatings to Prevent Deterioration
of Concrete by Deicing Chemicals."
Project 6-4 FY '63
Evaluation and Development of Methods for
Reducing Corrosion and Reinforcing
Steel
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Battelle Memorial Institute
A. B. Tripler, Jr.
March 1, 1963
April 30, 1965
$39,330
Research investigations for this project related to an
appraisal of existing methods for inhibiting corrosion of
reinforcing steel in concrete. Consideration was given to
such methods as (1) coatings on reinforcing bars, (2)
inhibitors in concrete mixtures, (3) inhibitors in deicing
chemicals, and (4) cathodic protection.
The project report has been published as: NCHRP
Report 23, "Methods for Reducing Corrosion of Rein-
forcing Steel."
Project 6-5 FY '63
Study of Physical Factors Influencing Resist-
ance of Concrete to Deicing Agents
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
University of Illinois
Prof. C. E. Kesler
March 1, 1963
August 31, 1965
$72,500
This research concerned the relationships between the
physical characteristics of concrete and the susceptibility
of concrete to damage from freezing and thawing in the
presence of free moisture and deicing agents. Studies were
made of the effects of varying concrete production meth-
ods on potentially durable concrete. Variations in the
surface porosity, strength, and air-void system produced
by differing finishing techniques were evaluated for typ
ical air-entrained concretes. Large- and small-scale spec-
imens were cast, and effects of period and time of
finishing, environmental conditions, and additions of
water during finishing were evaluated using surface scal-
ing tests, surface tensile strength tests, and microscopical
determination of surface air-void parameters.
This project has been completed, and the report has
been published as: NCHRP Report 27, "Physical Factors
Influencing Resistance of Concrete to Deicing Agents."
Project 6-6 FY '63
To Evaluate Existing Methods and/or Develop
Improved Methods for the Measurement
of Certain Properties of Concrete
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
The Ohio State University
Prof. R. W. Bletzacker
March 1, 1963
February 28, 1966
$69,393
In order to insure that finished concrete will conform
to those specifications selected to produce adequate re-
sistance to deicing agents, this study was initiated to eval-
uate and/or develop methods for securing pertinent
quality control information at the earliest desirable or
feasible age in order that any necessary corrective mea-
sures can be applied to the work in progress. Specifically,
the study concerned the factors of (1) air content and
uniformity of distribution, (2) cement content and uni-
formity of distribution, (3) water content and uniformity
of distribution, and (4) thickness of cover over reinforce-
ment.
The project report was not published in the regular
NCHRP report series; however, microfiche of the report
may be purchased (see final page of this section for or-
dering information).
Project 6-7 FY '63
Estimation of
Structures
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Disintegration in Concrete
Geotechnics
Floyd O. Slate
March 1, 1963
August 31, 1964
$8,547
This study involved the development of instruments
and methodist for field use to detect and determine the
extent of disintegration of structural concrete. The
methodist should be able to delineate area and depth
within an accuracy of approximately 10 percent.
The contract was terminated with no project report.
Research was resumed under Project 6-7A.
OCR for page 113
Project 6-7A FY '63
Estimation of
Structures
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Disintegration in Concrete
IIT Research Institute
Dr. W. J. McGonnagle
February 1, 1965
July 31, 1966
$44,614
This research study involved the development of in-
struments and methodist for field use to detect and de-
termine the extent of disintegration of structural concrete.
The methodist should be able to delineate area and depth
within an accuracy of approximately 10 percent.
The project report was not published in the regular
NCHRP report series; however, microfiche of the report
may be purchased (see final page of this section for or-
dering information).
Project 6-8 FY '63
Evaluation of Methods of Replacement of De-
teriorated Concrete in Structures
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Bertram D. Tallamy Associates
Dr. B. D. Tallamy
February 15, 1963
February 29, 1964
$25,000
This study was directed toward a search of available
literature and a canvass of agencies that have been known
to employ methods of repair of structural concrete. The
researchers attempted an evaluation of the economics and
adequacy of the various methods to accomplish the job.
Recommendations were made of areas requiring further
study.
The project report has been published as: NCHRP
Report 1, "Evaluation of Methods of Replacement of
Deteriorated Concrete in Structures."
Project 6-9 FY '64
Potential Accelerating Effects of Chemical
Deicing Damage by Traffic and Other En-
vironmental-Induced Stresses in Con-
crete Bridge Decks
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
University of Illinois
Prof. Clyde E. Kesler
January 1, 1965
June 15, 1968
$200,000
The objectives of this research were to establish by
laboratory studies the relationships between performance
and displacement in bridge-deck slabs. Air-entrained rein-
forced concrete deck slabs with restraints similar to those
experienced by slabs on structural steel and reinforced
concrete beam-type bridges were investigated, and tests
were conducted on replicas of actual bridge-deck slabs.
Loading and environmental conditions in these tests sim-
ulated those encountered in the field.
The final report has been published as: NCHRP Report
101, "Effect of Stress on Freeze-Thaw Durability of Con-
crete Bridge Decks."
Project 6-10 FY '68 and FY '69
Develop Improved Snow Removal and Ice
Control Techniques at Interchanges
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Bertram D. Tallamy Associates
L. G. Byrd
September 1, 1967
September 30, 1970
$95,000
The purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate
the specific problems associated with snow removal and
ice control operations at interchanges and to recommend
methods for alleviating the problems. The investigation
has been completed, and both physical and operational
factors that influence winter maintenance operations at
interchanges have been listed in the project report. Design
considerations and operational procedures aimed at al-
leviating the problem have been described in a manual
submitted as part of the final report.
The project report has been published as: NCHRP
Report 127, "Snow Removal and Ice Control Techniques
at Interchanges."
Project 6-11 FY '71
Economic Evaluation of the Effects of Ice and
Frost on Bridge Decks
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Midwest Research Institute
Robert R. Blackburn
Sept. 1, 1970 Sept. 12, 1972
Nov. 30, 1971 Sept. 11, 1974
$50,000 $50,000
Ice or frost on bridge decks while the approach pave-
ments remain ice- or frost-free is a known safety hazard.
Although little hard evidence has been presented to in-
dicate the extent of the problem, maintenance practice
and research on various preventive or remedial techniques
often assumes it to be significant. This project was un-
dertaken to fill a need to quantify the problem as a basis
for rational decisions concerning the economics of design
and maintenance practices.
Phase I of the project consisted of a literature search,
a survey of selected State highway departments, the for-
mulation of a cost-benefit methodology, a preliminary
model parametric analysis, the collection of cost data on
preventive and remedial techniques in current use, the
development of a subsidiary net cost model, the formu-
lation and evaluation of a bridge classification model, and
Representative terms from entire chapter:
nchrp report
