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OCR for page 114
114
the computation of illustrative examples of the cost-ben-
efit methodology.
The application of the methodology developed in Phase
I to sample cases identified data that were lacking. Fur-
thermore, the resulting models were found not to be in
a convenient form for ready implementation. Phase II of
the project was designed to overcome the deficiencies.
The continued research was directed at evaluating and
implementing the methodology developed so that it could
be used more readily by a highway administrator to de-
termine the added design or extra maintenance cost jus-
tified to prevent or remedy ice or frost on bridge decks.
The cost-benefit methodology developed consists of a cost
model and a benefit model. A bridge characterization
model was also developed for predicting the annual num-
ber of ice and snow accidents to be expected on a bridge,
given various characteristics of the bridge. The use of the
methodology and bridge model appears promising; how-
ever, anyone wishing to apply the process will need to
develop a more precise accident data base with regard to
bridge and road surface conditions (frost, localized ice,
etc.) for the particular area of interest beyond that now
being collected. The data base can be generated using
data collection procedures developed in the study.
Research has been completed, and the final report has
been published as: NCHRP Report 182, "Economic Eval-
uation of Ice and Frost on Bridge Decks."
AREA 7: TRAFFIC PLANNING
Project 7-1 FY '64 and FY '65
The Influence of Land Use on Urban Travel
Patterns
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Louis E. Keefer
Louis E. Keefer
David K. Witheford
Feb. 1, 1964
Jan. 31, 1966
$62,674
Apr. 1, 1966
Sept. 30, 1967
$66,894
This project sought to determine the criteria or values
concerning travel patterns created by major traffic gen-
erators. Such information is useful in forecasting the effect
of various land uses on street networks and in providing
a better basis for facility design, as well as for the control
of various land uses. The nature of relationship between
travel patterns and influencing factors (i.e., travel time,
traffic generator characteristics such as location, size, type
and intensity of land use, modes of travel, and other
pertinent variables) were evaluated.
A report on the initial research has been published as:
NCHRP Report 24, "Urban Travel Patterns for Airports,
Shopping Centers, and Industrial Plants."
A report on the continuing phase of the research has
been published as: NCHRP Report 62, "Urban Travel
Patterns for Hospitals, Universities, Office Buildings, and
Capitols." This report presents trip characteristics for four
specific uses of land. The travel information on hospitals
has been derived from the study of data for 77 hospitals
located in 16 different metropolitan areas. The findings
for college and university travel were developed from 38
institutions located in 16 metropolitan areas. Travel pat-
terns for six State capitol complexes are presented. The
trip characteristics for 20 office buildings located in 9
cities comprise the fourth type of land use studied and
reported in the continuation research phase.
Project 7-2 FY '64 and FY '65
Traffic Attraction of Rural Outdoor Recrea
tional Areas
Research Agency: IIT Research Institute
Principal Invest.: Andrew Ungar
Effective Date: Feb. 1, 1964 May 1, 1965
Completion Date: Mar. 15, 1965 May 31, 1966
Funds: $24,652 $24,844
This research was concerned with determining the
traffic attraction and generation of rural outdoor recre-
ational areas, such as those created in many places by
the creation of artifical lakes. Knowledge of the traffic
patterns generated by such recreational areas would en-
able rational planning of highway access and parking
facilities.
The final report evaluates the attractiveness character-
istics and location of 18 Indiana state parks and compares
the results to a similar study of reservoir recreational
areas in Kansas. A predictive model suitable for appli-
cation to the planning of new recreational areas is de-
scribed utilizing trip distribution, a socio-economic
activity index of the contributing area, and an estimate
of the attractiveness based on the facilities to be provided.
The project report has been published as: NCHRP
Report 44, "Traffic Attraction of Rural Outdoor Rec-
reational Areas."
Project 7-3 FY '64 and FY '65
Weighing Vehicles in Motion
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
The Franklin Institute
R. Cyde Herrick
Feburary 1, 1964
August 31, 1967
$73,391
The purpose of this research was to develop new or
improved methodology for weighing vehicles in motion
with review and study of existing or new equipment. The
ultimate aim was to obtain load magnitudes automatically
in a way similar to obtaining traffic volumes by traffic
counters.
OCR for page 115
115
Franklin Institute's approach to this problem served to
complement the studies performed by others rather than
to duplicate existing research. The data processing system
in block form only was developed on the project. It was
planned that no full-scale or field testing would be per-
formed under this contract. Study was primarily given to
methods that will allow static weights of the axle to be
calculated from a limited number of dynamic load ob-
servations.
The methods for estimating the static axle weight from
sampled force studied include averaging, dynamic models,
the interlacing polynomials, and regression analysis. A
preliminary system for the detection and the analysis of
weighing vehicles in motion was synthesized.
The project report has been published as: NCHRP
Report 71, "Analytical Study of Weighing Methods for
Highway Vehicles in Motion."
Project 7-4 FY '64, FY '65, and FY '67
Factors and Trends in Trip Lengths
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Alan M. Voorhees & Associates
Alan M. Voorhees
Salvatore Bellomo
Feb. 1, 1964 Oct. 23, 1967
Oct. 31, 1966 Jan. 10, 1969
$89,250 $61,730
This research involved the establishment of the char-
acteristics of trends in trip lengths. Knowledge of such
trends is needed to determine future urban travel de-
mands. It was expected that characteristics of trip lengths
will be influenced by factors such as trip purpose, level
of service, size and spatial characteristics of urban areas,
socioeconomic characteristics, and trip-generating activ-
ity location.
The results of the first two years of this research have
been published as: NCHRP Report 48, "Factors and
Trends in Trip Length." This report provides empirical
and theoretical analyses from data collected from several
transportation studies. Trip length guidelines have been
developed to provide transportation planners with tests
of reasonableness for travel forecasts.
The project was continued to enable the study of trip
length in subareas within metropolitan areas. The objec-
tives of the second phase were to establish various rela-
tionships to assist planners in minimizing trip length on
a subarea basis and to provide guidelines for checking
metropolitan trip length forecasts.
The final report provides results of hypotheses for-
mulated and tested to state the relationship over time
between trip length and influencing factors. Simulation
studies are reported of home-based work-trip analyses for
certain hypothetical urban forms and transportation sys-
tems.
The results of the continuation phase of the project
have been published as: NCHRP Report 89, "Factors,
Trends, and Guidelines Related to Trip Length."
Project 7-5 FY '64 and FY '65
Predicted Traffic Usage of a Major Highway
Facility Versus Actual Usage
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Yale University,
Bureau of Highway Traffic
M. J. Huber
H. B. Boutwell
Feburary 1, 1964
November 30, 1966
$99,675
This project involved the development of better meth-
ods for forecasting and assignment of traffic. Various
methods in current use were investigated. Methods were
developed to determine the effects a new facility has on
the traffic pattern of existing facilities. A major emphasis
of the research was to determine the accuracy of the
predicted use as compared to the actual use of highway
facility.
The project report describes various electronic com-
puter traffic assignment methods with test results com-
pared to actual survey data obtained along the
Connecticut River, Pittsburgh Area Transportation Study
data and network assignments were obtained to study
several forecasts made in the late 1940s. A computer
program was assembled to assign traffic to a network
using four different capacity restraint methods. An anal-
ysis of statistical inferences from different network load-
ings was conducted.
The project report has been published as: NCHRP
Report 58, "Comparative Analysis of Traffic Assignment
Techniques with Actual Highway Use."
Project 7-6 FY ,66
Multiple Use of Lands Within Highway Rights-
of-Way
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Barton-Aschman Associates
Harvey R. Joyner
February 1, 1966
February 28, 1967
$24,220
Controlled-access highways in urban and rural areas
include land which was necessarily acquired to provide
space for the present and future safe design and operation
of the facility but which is not now used. This project
assembled information that illustrates what has been and
what might be accomplished with these plots of land in
the interest of both the highway user and the adjacent
community.
OCR for page 116
116
The project report has been published as: NCHRP
Report 53, "Multiple Use of Lands Within Highway
Rights-of-Way."
Project 7-7 FY '66
Motorists' Needs and Services on Interstate
Highways
Research Agency: Airborne Instruments Laboratory
Principal Invest.: Martin A. Warskow
Effective Date: January 1, 1966
Completion Date: December 31, 1967
Funds: $99,267
This project was concerned with the needs and desires
of motorists traveling on the Interstate Highway System,
how these needs and desires are being satisfied, and what
additional service provisions should be made. Legal and
financial implications for providing various services were
studied.
The project report has been published as: NCHRP
Report 64, "Motorists' Needs and Services on Interstate
Highways."
Project 7-8 FY '66
User Cost and Related Consequences of Al-
ternative Levels of Highway Service
Research Agency: Stanford Research Institute
Principal Invest.: David A. Curry
Effective Date: September 1, 1970
Completion Date: April 15, 1972
Funds: $99,070
The objectives of this project were to evaluate data
related to user costs on various highway facilities under
different levels of service, volumes, and other conditions,
and to develop a methodology that will relate these var-
iables to user costs. Through the means of sensitivity
analyses, highway design and situation variables were
identified that have major impact on output variables that
can be of use to highway decision-makers.
Motor vehicle running cost data were compiled and
updated for use in calculating relative road user costs at
different levels of highway service and as affected by
details of geometric design and traffic performance. By
use of Appendix A of the Highway Capacity Manual,
relationships were derived for peak-hour volume per lane
in conjunction with AADT per lane pair. Queuing was
analyzed based on the shock-wave method for uninter-
rupted flow and the deterministic method for interrupted
flow. A methodology for estimating vehicle emissions was
developed based on a "typical" vehicle configuration.
The research has been completed, and the project report
has been published as: NCHRP Report 133, "Procedures
for Estimating Highway User Costs, Air Pollution, and
Noise Effects."
Project 7-9 FY '73
Development of Models for Predicting Week-
end Recreational Traffic
Research Agency: Midwest Research Institute
Principal Invest.: Walter R. Benson
Effective Date: September 1, 1972
Completion Date: May 15, 1974
Funds: $74,983
The objective of this research was to develop techniques
for the prediction of weekend recreational traffic capable
of responding to changes in recreation demand, recreation
supply, and transportation supply.
The principal development was a computer program
RTPM (Recreational Traffic Prediction Model). RTPM
operates in conjunction with the Urban Planning Battery
in a three-stage process as follows:
1. Urban Planning Battery programs are employed to
create a highway network representing the primary roads
in an area selected for study and to determine travel times
between all zones in the network.
2. RTPM generates a trip file consisting of all origin-
destination weekend recreational travel for which either
the origin or the destination point is within the area
selected.
3. These trips, within a user-specified time-of-weekend
period, are loaded onto the highway network by Urban
Planning Battery programs to provide estimates of traffic
on any one or more individual highway segments.
The project report was not published in the NCHRP
report series; however, microfiche of the report may be
purchased (see final page of this section for ordering
information).
Project 7-10 FY '74 and FY '75
Peak-Period Traffic Congestion
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Remak-Rosenbloom
Sandra Rosenbloom
Roberta Remak
April 1, 1974
March 31, 1975
$49,624
The objectives of this project were to (1) conduct a
state-of-the-art survey to identify methods currently used
or envisioned to alleviate the problem, (2) evaluate meth-
ods to ameliorate peak-period traffic congestion and to
combine promising mutually supportive approaches into
packages, and (3) develop research problem statements
in the areas of institutional, energy, and social impacts
associated with potentially effective congestion reduction
packages.
Techniques to ameliorate peak-period traffic congestion
were classified as social, socioeconomic, sociotechnical,
and technical. They have been summarized in a state-of
OCR for page 117
117
the-art report. Experience with each technique has been
described under the following categories: concepts, costs,
time frame, funding source, political feasibility, and im-
pact.
Mutually supportive techniques and incompatible tech-
niques were identified. As a result, eight recommended
packages of techniques to ameliorate peak-period traffic
congestion were developed. These packages carry the fol-
lowing titles: (1) Work Hour Changes, (2) Pricing Tech-
niques, (3) Restricting Access, (4) Changing Land Uses,
(5) Prearranged Ride Sharing, (6) Communications Sub-
stitutes for Travel, (7) Traffic Engineering Techniques,
and (8) Transit Treatments.
To highlight existing deficiencies and knowledge, ten
problem statements were developed.
Two reports describe the findings from this project.
Volume 1, entitled "Peak-Period Traffic Congestion: State
of the Art and Recommended Research," is available
either on loan from the NCHRP or in microfiche (see
final page of this section for ordering information). Vol-
ume 2, entitled "Peak-Period Traffic Congestion-Op-
tions for Current Programs," has been published as:
NCHRP Report 169, "Peak-Period Traffic Congestion-
Options for Current Programs."
Research was continued under NCHRP Project 7-
10~2~.
Project 7-10(2) FY '75
The Institutional Aspects of implementing
Congestion-Reducing Techniques
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Remak-Rosenbloom
Roberta Remak
Sandra Rosenbloom
April 1, 1975
November 30, 1978
$74,703
The general objective of Project 7-10~2) was to develop
strategies for assuring that congestion-reduction packages
are considered rationally within today's institutional
framework.
The research found that institutional problems can best
be anticipated by recognizing that they derive from three
sources. Some are inherent in the individual techniques
selected. Others result from needs to coordinate activities
of several essentially independent institutions. Still others
derive from the character of the community in which the
program is being carried out.
The congestion-reducing techniques recommended in
NCHRP Project 7-10 were grouped according to common
institutional problems they presented and strategies that
could be used to overcome them. These groups were: (1)
traffic engineering techniques; (2) transit improvement
techniques; (3) techniques for restricting automobile use;
(4) techniques for changing land use; and (5) techniques
. . . . .
ret yang on employer ~n~t~at~ve.
The research has been completed, and the project report
has been published as: NCHRP Report 205, "Imple-
menting Packages of Congestion-Reducing Techniques
Strategies for Dealing with Institutional Problems of Co-
operative Programs." The report discusses the major
problems for each group and recommends strategies to
overcome opposition and enlist cooperation. Guidance is
given, where appropriate, for federal, state, and local lev-
els of government.
Joint implementation, requiring agency coordination,
was found to generate institutional problems independent
of the particular techniques involved in the congestion-
reduction program. The research leads to the conclusion
that metropolitan planning organizations (MPO) must
integrate local and areawide transportation needs, resolve
conflicts in plans of individual agencies, and at the same
time ensure that federal and state program requirements
are met. Strategies are recommended to assist an MPO
or other central authority to effect necessary coordination.
The important institutional factors determined by the
character of the community are the unofficial power struc-
ture, special-interest organizations, and community atti-
tudes. Because these factors will be unique in each
community, only broad strategies were recommended.
Project 7-11 FY '81
Low-Cost TSM Projects Simplified Proce-
dure for Evaluation and Setting Priorities
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Multiplications, Inc.
J. H. Batchelder, H. S. Levinson,
M. Golenberg
April 6, 1981
November 30, 1983
$199,988
The general objective of this research was to improve
the capability of transportation agencies to estimate
quickly the impacts of, and to determine priorities for,
proposed low-cost transportation actions so that pro-
gramming decisions can be made on better information.
The research conducted under this project has defined
a rational, structured framework for planning and pro-
gramming TSM actions. TSM is treated as a means of
solving near-term, identifiable problems or well-defined
policy objectives through the implementation of low-cost,
workable and publicly acceptable projects. The key fea-
tures of the process are:
A consistent assessment of problems and understand-
ing their causes.
. The establishment of realistic objectives for TSM
actions designed to solve the problems.
. The setting of fiscal and other guidelines for design
and development of actions.
· The identification of potential actions that are ap-
propriate and feasible in the problem setting.
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118
The systematic design of an implementable project
that combines or "packages" actions as necessary to
meet the objectives established for problem solution.
On the basis of the research results, a three part user's
manual was developed to assist practitioners. Part I of
the manual describes a structured and responsive frame-
work recommended for planning and programming TSM
actions. Part II of the manual is a Reference Handbook
designed to support transportation agencies in planning,
evaluation, and programming of low-cost transportation
actions. Part III of the manual contains example appli-
cations that illustrate use of: (1) the TSM planning frame-
work, and (2) the reference handbook material to support
the planning and programming of TSM solutions.
The manual has been published as: NCHRP Report
263, "Procedures for Evaluating Low-Cost TSM Proj-
ects User's Manual." The project research report, how-
ever, has not been published but a limited number of
copies are available at a cost of $6.00 each or microfiche
may be purchased (see final page of this section for or-
dering information).
Additional efforts to facilitate the wider application of
NCHRP Report 263 are explained in the 7-llA project
description.
Project 7-11A FY '81
Low-Cost TSM Projects Simplified Proce-
dures for Evaluation, Phase t!
Research Agency: Texas A&M University Research
Foundation
John M. Mason, Jr.
March 4, 1985
August 3, 1986
$150,000
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Transportation agencies have been implementing low-
cost TSM actions in order to obtain maximum benefits
from the transportation dollar. To assist in implemen-
tation, NCHRP Report 263, "Simplified Procedures for
Evaluating Low-Cost TSM Projects User's Manual,"
provides a procedure to identify appropriate TSM actions
and to identify techniques to estimate their various im-
pacts. Furthermore, the manual provides guidance on
combining TSM actions to provide cost-effective pack-
ages. Inasmuch as NCHRP Report 263 represents a com-
prehensive compilation of the best available technology
for planning and implementing TSM actions, it is highly
desirable to increase its use by practitioners. FHWA has
programmed funds for the development of arterial plan-
ning workshop materials, based on NCHRP Report 263
and other reports, for the National Highway Institute to
sponsor workshops throughout FHWA regions. These
workshops served to introduce the manual only to a lim-
ited audience from most agencies. For the critical masses
within agencies to gain use of the manual, a need exists
to develop materials that will introduce Report 263 in a
day, or less, to practitioners in small and medium-sized
agencies. Additionally, self-training materials are needed
to supplement the introduction to serve those requiring
hands-on experience with the manual. Furthermore, in
support of TSM action implementation, audiovisual ma-
terials need to be developed to increase awareness of TSM
action effectiveness among appointed and elected deci-
sion-makers.
The first objective of this project was to disseminate
and promote the use of material in NCHRP Report 263
primarily to technical staffs of states, MPOs, and local
governments by developing modular audiovisual (A/V)
and computer disks to illustrate use of the Report. The
second objective was to describe for decision-making TSM
actions and their benefits as alternatives to major capital
improvements by developing 35-mm slide presentations.
Progress to December 31, 1985 included development
of the following products to meet the needs of the two
objectives. For objective 1, the products are:
1. The Programmed Learning Text intended to present
in a simplified manner the detailed technical guidelines
for the implementation of TSM.
2. Computer-aided instruction modules:
I. Tutorial
II. TSM Screening Aids
III. Impact Estimation and Analysis Aids
IV. Accident Reduction Factors
V. Cost Indices
3. Audio-visual, slide-tape show developed in six mod-
ules to cover the content of Report 263.
For objective 2, two 35-mm slide presentations have
been developed: (1) for medium to large urban areas and
(2) for urban areas under 250,000 population. Both are
accompanied by written scripts and audio tapes. The proj-
ect report has been published as NCHRP Report 283,
"Training Aid for Applying NCHRP Report 263, Sim-
plified Procedures for Evaluating Low-Cost TSM Proj-
ects."
Project 7-12 FY '89
Microcomputer Evaluation of Highway
User Benefit
Research Agency:
In developmental stage
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date: (24 months)
Completion Date:
Funds: $200,000
The objective of this study is to develop a comprehen-
sive, user-friendly, portable microcomputer program ca-
pable of using new and updatable support data and the
best practical procedures for conducting highway user
benefit-cost analysis and related noise and air pollution
emission analyses.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
principal invest
