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OCR for page 188
188
Project 12-35 FY'88
Recommended Specifications for the Design
of Foundations, Retaining Walls, and Sub-
structures
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
D'Appolonia
Dr. James L. Withiam
January 4, 1988
July 3, 1989
$100,000
The AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway
Bridges are used for the design of highway bridges by
many public~and private agencies in the United States
and abroad. Sections 4, 5, and 7 of Division I-Design,
provide guidance for the design of highway bridge foun-
dations, retaining walls, and substuctures.
It is imperative that these sections be based on the state
of the art of proven bridge foundation and retaining struc-
ture design practice. Advances in technology should be
reflected by revisions to the specifications. Although much
of Division I has been periodically updated, the revisions
to Sections 4, 5, and 7 of the specifications have been
minimal. Therefore, the specifications do not reflect cur-
rent practice and the content of these sections is incom-
plete.
Research is needed to develop recommendations for
reorganization and revision to Sections 4, 5, and 7 of the
AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges.
The objective of this project is to develop recommended
revisions to Sections 4, 5, and 7 of the AASHTO Standard
Specifications for Highway Bridges to reflect the current
practice and state of the art in geotechnical engineering
and substructure design.
The research proposed should address the design of
foundations for highway bridges including, but not limited
to, spread footings, piles, and drilled shafts, as well as
the design of conventional and alternate retaining struc-
tures. Revised specifications should also include subsur-
face investigation, performance predictions, performance
criteria including tolerable movements and allowable
stresses, and soil-structure interaction effects.
The research will include the following tasks:
Task 1. Review relevant current domestic and foreign
practice and research findings. This information shall be
assembled from the technical literature and the unpub-
lished experiences of bridge and geotechnical engineers,
consultants, and owners of highway structures.
Task 2. Analyze and evaluate the information ob-
tained in Task 1. On the basis of this evaluation, develop
a comprehensive outline for the recommended specifica-
tions. Discuss the significance of each topic in the pro-
posed outline.
Task 3. Present the findings of Tasks 1 and 2 in an
interim report to be submitted not later than 10 months
after initiation of the research. NCHRP approval of the
interim report will be required before commencing the
remaining tasks.
Task 4. Prepare recommended revisions to the spec-
prjaifications for highway bridge foundations, retaining
walls, and substructures in a format suitable for consid-
eration by the AASHTO Subcommittee on Bridges and
Structures. The recommended specifications shall be ac-
companied by a detailed commentary.
Task 5. Identify and comment on other sections of
the AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
that may be affected by the proposed revisions.
Task 6. Prepare a final report documenting all re-
search findings and containing the recommended speci-
fication revisions and commentary.
Through December 31, 1988, research on the project
is proceeding on schedule. The interim report was re-
viewed and approved in late 1988. Work on Tasks 4
through 6 is now underway.
AREA 13: EQUIPMENT
Project 13-1 FY '65
Equipment Rental Rates
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Ernst & Ernst
T. S. Dudick
February 1, 1965
January 31, 1966
$22,800
This research dealt with the development of uniform
methods and procedures for establishing construction
equipment rental rates. It included the establishment of
the purposes for which rental rates are used; the feasibility
of determining equipment rental rates by type, use, and
region; a formula for equitable rental rates; and recom-
mended procedures for obtaining and evaluating all in-
formation required for the various factors in the formula.
This research has been completed and the project report
has been published as: NCHRP Report 26, "Development
of Uniform Procedures for Establishing Construction
Equipment Rental Rates."
AREA 14: MAINTENANCE OF WAY
AND STRUCTURES
Project 14-1 FY,65
Upgrading of Unit Maintenance Cost Index
and Development of Interstate Mainte-
nance Requirements
Research Agency: Bertram D. Tallamy Associates
Principal Invest.: Dr. Bertram D. Tallamy
OCR for page 189
189
Elective Date: March 1, 1965
Completion Date: March 31, 1967
Funds: $205, 128
This research involved an intensive study into typical
maintenance operations on 28 Interstate test sections in
several States for the purpose of satisfying the urgent need
for a definitive system of determining maintenance re-
quirements on a quantitative basis with due consideration
being given to the requirements in terms of type, mag-
nitude, and frequency. This system is applicable to In-
terstate highways within individual States and to
comparable activities on the State highways. Attempts
have been made to develop means for relating utilization
of men, equipment, and material to production and main-
tenance operations and, further, to optimize efficiency in
maintenance operations. The standards which were de-
veloped have been tested on a sample of maintenance
operations on Interstate highways, and a unit mainte-
nance cost index suitable for periodic updating was de-
veloped.
Research has been completed, and the project report
has been published as: NCHRP Report 42, "Interstate
Highway Maintenance Requirements and Unit Mainte-
nance Expenditure Index."
Project 14-2 FY'71
Techniques for Reducing Roadway Occu-
pancy During Routine Maintenance Activ
. .
,. :les
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Byrd, Tallamy, MacDonald,
and Lewis
L. G. Byrd
October 1, 1970
March 31, 1973
$200,000
The objectives of this project were to identify and eval-
uate techniques that will significantly reduce the time of
occupancy of the highway travel way and shoulders by
maintenance forces for at least the following specific rou-
tine maintenance activities:
(a) Bridge deck repairing.
(b) Travel way patching.
(c) Crack and joint sealing.
(d) Mudjacking and subsealing.
Techniques for accomplishment of maintenance activ-
ities were intended to encompass the entire operation,
including the necessary manpower, equipment, and ma-
terials. However, development of new materials or equip-
ment was not considered to be within the scope of this
study.
Research has been completed, and the project report
has been published as: NCHRP Report 161, "Techniques
for Reducing Roadway Occupancy During Routine
Maintenance Activities."
Project 14 3 FY '73
Improved Pavement-Shoulder~loint Design
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Georgia Institute of Technology
Dr. R. D. Barksdale
September 15, 1972
March 15, 1976
$100,838
Although the construction and maintenance of com-
pletely watertight pavement/shoulder joints for the life
of the pavement is generally conceded to be impossible,
it is believed that an effort should be made to minimize
the passage of surface water through the joint. Therefore,
some water is likely to enter through the joint at some
time during the pavement life, and provisions should be
made for subsurface drainage and/or treating the pave-
ment layers to minimize the effects of the water. Con-
sequently, there is need to develop reasonably adequate
sealing systems for the joint and to identify suitable design
and construction techniques, including subsurface drain-
age, that will minimize the effects of the presence of some
water.
Project objectives were accomplished with the devel-
opment of a series of recommendations for pavement
shoulder joint design and construction, sealant specifi-
cations, shoulder design, and underdrainage facilities
intended to improve the performance of shoulders im-
mediately adjacent to pavements. Guidelines are offered
for a test program to evaluate several promising joint
design and sealant systems developed by the project.
Research has been completed, and the project report
has been published as: NCHRP Report 202, "Improved
Pavement-Shoulder Joint Design."
Project 14-4 FY '74
Reconditioning Heavy-Duty Freeways in
Urban Areas
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Texas A & M University Research
Foundation
Dr. William B. Ledbetter
Dr. Alvin H. Meyer
April 15, 1974
March 24, 1976
$99,665
The over-all objective of this project was development
of a new technology for reconstituting and/or replacing
all or part of the pavement structure on a heavily traveled
urban freeway so that the finished product has a design
service life equal to or greater than that of the original
pavement, including restoration of riding and nonskid
characteristics. The capabilities of producing substantial
lengths of new or reconstituted pavement during off-peak
hours, minimal interference with traffic during construc-
tion, and full reopening during the hours of maximum
traffic flow were required characteristics. The methods
OCR for page 190
190
and procedures were evaluated in terms of economic fea-
sibility for the rehabilitation of substantial segments of
urban expressways. Lowest first cost per unit of repair or
replacement is not a necessary limitation.
Research has been completed, and the project report
has been published as: NCHRP Report 196, "Recondi-
tioning Heavy-Duty Freeways in Urban Areas."
Project 14-5 FY,78
Maintenance Level-of-Service Guidelines
A computer program package, including a user's man-
ual for the computer program is available on a loan basis,
or may be purchased for $6.00, plus $1.00 for postage
and handling, by writing to the NCHRP, and supplying
an EBCDIC 9-track tape, or equivalent, with a density
of 1600 BPI.
The final report has been published as: NCHRP Report
223, "Maintenance Levels-of-Service Guidelines".
Research has been continued as Project 14-5~2~.
Project 14-5(2) FY'81
Maintenance Levels-of-Service Guidelines
Research Agency: Woodward-Clyde Consultants Inc.
P. .. . ' Research Agency: Woodward-Clyde Consultants
r~nc~pa' Invest.: Ram B. Ku~arn ~. .
~prlnczDal Invest.: Ram B. Kulkarn~
Affective Date: January I, 1Y75 Effective Date: September 15, 1981
Completion Date: Apr~130, 1980 Completion Date: August 31 1984
Funds: $204 200
' Funds: $107,950
To optimize the expenditure of maintenance resources,
there has been a need to develop a systematic and objective
method to establish maintenance levels of service guide-
lines for all maintenance elements of the highway (such
as pavement surface, shoulder, vegetation, signs, struc-
ture, drainage ditches). Such a method, based on decision
analysis theory, was successfully developed and demon-
strated in two states for pavement edge drop-off and veg-
etation control. Users of the method find it useful in the
following ways:
1. The method assists in determining a set of levels of
service that maximizes highway user benefits subject to
the constraints of available resources (dollars, personnel,
etc.~. This will assure the most efficient allocation of lim-
ited resources.
2. The method allows levels of service to be system-
atically adjusted for changes in available resources. The
method also allows differing levels of service to be estab-
lished for various road classifications.
3. The policy decisions to implement various levels of
service will be defensible because the rationale can be well
documented.
4. The method provides a mechanism for combining
erects of alternative levels of service on multiple consid-
erations (e.g., safety, user comfort, protection of invest-
ment, and aesthetics) in a logical and theoretically sound
manner. The procedures will allow the agency to establish
acceptable tradeoffs between different considerations
based on collective inputs from a group of people that
may include maintenance engineers, field supervisors, leg-
islators, and highway users.
5. The method allows the decision-maker to establish
explicit levels of service that clearly communicate to field
personnel when maintenance of different highway ele-
ments should be scheduled. The explicit levels of service
will also permit an objective evaluation of whether the
intended levels of service are, in fact, being achieved in
the field.
The primary objective of this study was to develop a
user's manual that can be used by transportation agencies
in establishing maintenance levels-of-service. The manual
is comprehensive, i.e., it describes all the steps involved
in implementing the methodology; it is self-sufficient, i.e.,
transportation agencies are able to use the methodology
without consultant assistance; and the manual is tested,
i.e. 3 state Departments of Transportation have imple-
mented the methodology for 11 to 57 maintenance con-
ditions. Experience with the software indicated that
maintenance conditions should be limited to 25 or less.
Consequently those maintenance conditions on which a
very small percentage of the budget is expended should
be excluded from the system.
The manual is published as NCHRP Report 273,
"Manual for the Selection of Optimal Maintenance Levels
of Service."
Project 14-6 FY'82
Evaluating Deferred Maintenance Strategies
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
ARE Inc.
Bertell C. Butler
Fred N. Finn
June 1, 1982
December 31, 1985
$325,000
The general objective of this study was to develop pro-
cedures, guidelines, and criteria for state highway agencies
to use in determining alternative maintenance strategies
(involving timing and practice) for highway facilities. The
results should have application by highway agencies to
(1) budget preparation and financial planning, (2) legis-
lative discussions and discussions with local governments,
(3) maintenance work program preparation and use in
maintenance management systems, and (4) work priori-
tization and assignment.
Research was completed. To the extent that the effec
OCR for page 191
191
tiveness of various maintenance treatments are known,
maintenance managers have a powerful tool to assess the
economic consequences of deferring pavement mainte-
nance. Research on the consequences of deferring bridge
maintenance was only partially successful. Use of the
results awaits further research and consensus on what are
the bridge-maintainable elements and the effectiveness of
various maintenance treatments.
The project report has been published as: NCHRP
Report 285, "Evaluating Alternative Maintenance Strat-
egies."
Project 14-7 FY'87
Interactive Microcomputer Network for tnno-
vative Maintenance Operations
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Inc.
Fred Reid
September 1, 1987
February 1, 1989
$75,000
Innovations in areas of materials, equipment, and meth-
ods are continuously being developed by maintenance
operations personnel. These innovations are rarely com-
municated beyond organizational boundaries. Today op-
erational-level personnel often are not aware that their
innovations could solve problems in other organizations
and they do not have a comfortable way for transferring
this information. Consequently, other operations person-
nel do not have access to knowledge that could increase
productivity. A data base identifying these innovations,
and shared within and between states, is needed that
would be available to the "man in the field."
The objective of this project is to develop a system
design for a cost-e~ective microcomputer-oriented net-
work to create and to access a dynamic data base of
innovations in highway maintenance operations. The
users are intended to be the operational-level maintenance
personnel in highway agencies for first and second level
supervisors.
Key characteristics of the system are that it be menu-
driven for data-base entry and retrieval and other asso-
ciated functions. It is to be networked using a modum or
other cost-effective communication link. As a starting
point it is planned that the menu be structured with
maintenance elements as described in NCHRP Report
273, "Maintenance Levels of Service Guidelines," and
that it include equipment as a major category.
Key deliverables of the project will be a report describ-
ing the system design and a plan for a prototype instal-
lation to evaluate the feasibility and practicality of the
system.
Research has been completed and the final draft report
is being reviewed.
Project 14-8 FY,87
Chip Seal Coats for High-Traffic-Volume
Asphalt Concrete Pavements
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Intermountain Research Founda-
tion, Inc. (University of New
Mexico)
Dr. T. S. Shuler
July 6, 1987
October 5, 1990
$240,000
Chip seal coats, usually applied to low-volume roads,
are used to extend pavement service life by reducing water
infiltration and improving skid resistance. The use of chip
seal coats on high-traffic-volume roads has had limited
application because of unknown cost electiveness, poten-
tial windshield damage, unsatisfactory results because of
lack of adherence to sound engineering principles, and
traffic disruption during construction. However, chip seal
coats may be suitable on roads with relatively high vol-
umes, in the vicinity of 20,000 vehicles per day on four-
lane roads, thereby postponing the need for overlays. Re-
search is needed to investigate the causes and provide
solutions to the problems that discourage the use of chip
seal coats on high-volume roads.
The objective of this research is to develop a workable
system for applying chip seal coats to high-traffic-volume
asphalt concrete pavements as a cost-effective alternative
to asphalt concrete overlays. For purposes of this project
high traffic volumes are those in excess of 7,500 vehicles
per day in one direction on a four-lane highway.
Research is in progress. Literature review has been
completed, and an annotated bibliography has been pre-
pared. Initial contacts with state highway personnel in-
dicate there is a considerable reluctance to permit use of
chip seal coats on major highways because of possible
legal consequences from windshield damage. On the other
hand, such treatments are used extensively in countries
other than the United States. It may be difficult to obtain
approval for the desired field test projects. Possibilities
for test projects in various localities are being investigated.
Equipment and operator personnel have been located to
construct all field test projects so that these variables can
be controlled. A questionnaire has been developed to poll
experienced personnel to (1) determine the extent of use
of chip seals on high volume pavements, (2) determine
materials, design methods, procedures, performance, etc.,
where chip seals are used, and (3) understand and quantify
the effects of various factors on chip seal performance.
Project 14-9 FY,89
Workshop on Research Needs in the Manage-
ment of Highway Maintenance
Research Agency: Transportation Research Board
Principal Invest.:
OCR for page 192
192
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
June 12, 1988
June 15, 1988
$42,000
In September 1987, the AASHTO Select (now Stand-
ing) Committee on Research (SCOR) directed the stab
of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program
(NCHRP) to convene a workshop for the purpose of
identifying high priority research needs in highway main-
tenance. Accordingly, a workshop on improving the man-
agement of highway maintenance was held on June 13-
15, 1988, at the Beckman Center, National Academies of
Sciences and Engineering, Irvine, California. The work-
shop participants, most representing government and pri-
vate organizations, developed 15 high priority highway
maintenance research problem statements. The problem
statements will be considered by SCOR for separate fund-
ing in subsequent NCHRP programs.
Project 14-10 FY'89
Improvements in Date Adjustment Technot-
ogy for Maintenance Management Sys-
tems
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
In developmental stage
(12 months)
$100,000
Accurate and timely data acquisition and reporting are
key components to an efficient maintenance management
system. These systems can provide quality information
that is essential to field managers for allocating limited
resources, improving crew performance, and developing
cost-e~ective methods for highway, bridge, and equip-
ment maintenance. Presently, the methods for entering
data into maintenance management systems are laborious,
requiring, in many cases, the field manager to record work
accomplishments using field books or a variety of forms.
The information must be checked for obvious errors and
entered into a computer by a time keeper or computer
technician. "One-time, quick and easy" data acquisition,
entry, and verification systems will permit direct input
into maintenance management system computer files.
This will reduce work loads and improve and encourage
the accurate entry of data.
Most maintenance management systems generate a va-
riety of reports that indicate such information as mea-
surements of productivity, cost of performing individual
activities, and expenditures for given periods. The field
manager must be able to extract this information from
the system in a timely fashion to correct particular prob-
lem areas or make elective maintenance decisions.
Therefore, more efficient and accurate mechanisms for
acquiring and transmitting field data need to be adopted
to assist the maintenance field manager in job performance
and thereby improve performance of the state highway
agency. Some potential improvements include, but are
not limited to, the use of portable or hand-held computers,
the ability to accept data from locational and navigational
systems, and the incorporation of automatic distance mea-
suring and recording devices or other direct data acqui-
sition systems such as voice recognition or bar coding
techniques.
The objective of this research is to identify and evaluate
the latest technological means to electively and efficiently
acquire, record, field-verify, transmit, and receive field-
related data for maintenance management systems. Em-
phasis shall be placed on addressing the informational
needs of first-level maintenance field managers. Examples
of field-related data include location information, work
needed and accomplished, resources needed and used,
equipment management information, and features inven-
tory updates. Accomplishment of the objective will re-
quire, as a minimum, the following tasks:
Task 1. Identify data gathering and transmission re-
quirements of current maintenance management systems.
Based on these requirements, develop criteria for evalu-
ating the feasibility of applicable technologies.
Task 2. Identify and evaluate available technologies
and devices that will meet the criteria developed in Task
1. Recommend ways in which existing maintenance man-
agement systems can be enhanced by these technologies
and devices. Consideration shall be given to modular, but
integrated, components to provide for incremental im-
provements and flexibility that may be necessary in meet-
ing the needs of existing management systems.
Task 3. Submit a final report that documents the
findings of this research and catalogues the technologies
and devices. The report shall recommend the more uni-
versally adaptable technological applications to the va-
riety of maintenance management systems now in place.
Guidance must be provided to assist state highway agen-
cies in the implementation of these applications and first-
level maintenance field managers in their use.
Project 14-11 FY'89
Effective Motivation of Highway Maintenance
Personnel
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
In developmental stage
(27 months)
$200,000
The objective of this research is to develop a training
program, with associated materials, for highway main-
tenance managers and supervisors at all levels which will
enable them to effectively motivate themselves and their
subordinates. The goal of this program is to provide man-
agers and supervisors with the skills necessary to assess
Representative terms from entire chapter:
maintenance management
