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personal and organizational needs, and to identify suitable
motivational tools that can enhance employee satisfaction,
work quality, efficiency, and other aspects of performance.
Accomplishment of this objective will require at least
the following tasks:
Task 1. Use an extensive literature search, interviews
with knowledgeable individuals, and other appropriate
survey techniques to identify, from a broad spectrum of
private and public organizations, those personal and or-
ganizational attributes and needs that are associated with
employee motivation. Emphasis should be placed on in-
formation relevant to a state highway agency environ-
ment.
Task 2. Based on the results from Task 1, develop a
practical method that can be used at all levels from the
first-level supervisor to the top maintenance manager to
recognize and assess those personal and organizational
attributes and needs that can affect employee behavior
and performance. This method should be applicable to
highway maintenance organizations at the state, city, or
county level.
Task 3. Identify and develop motivational tools that
can be used in a highway agency environment to address
personal and organizational needs and, thereby, produce
desirable changes. Document the conditions under which
the motivational tools should and should not be used,
and the expected end results. In addition, identify and
evaluate available training materials, visual aids and re-
source materials that illustrate the application of these
motivational tools.
Task 4. Develop a comprehensive training program to
instruct maintenance managers and supervisors in the use
of the method developed in Task 2, and the motivational
tools identified or developed in Task 3. In addition, de-
velop criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the train-
ing program on a short-term and long-term basis. At a
minimum, this task should produce visual aids, testing
materials, program evaluation criteria, an instructor's
handbook properly referenced with the visual aids, and
a handbook for maintenance managers and supervisors.
Task 5. Prepare an interim report documenting the
research completed in Tasks 1 through 4. Submit the
interim report for review by the NCHRP project panel.
Soon after distribution of the interim report, a meeting
between the research team and the NCHRP project panel
will be held for the purpose of providing panel members
with a "walk through" of the training program and the
opportunity to discuss the contents of the interim report.
NCHRP approval of the interim report will be required
before proceeding with Task 6.
Task 6. Conduct a pilot presentation of the training
program in a highway maintenance organization to be
selected by NCHRP. Using the short-term evaluation
criteria developed in Task 4, evaluate the pilot effort and
adjust the training program materials, as necessary, to
maximize their effectiveness.
Task 7. Prepare a final report documenting the re-
search, including the instructor's handbook, maintenance
manager's and supervisor's handbook, and testing ma-
terials. It should also include a discussion on the expected
benefits to an agency using the training program. Ten
reproducible copies of all visual aids will also be required.
AREA 15: GENERAL DESIGN
Project 15-1 FY '66
Guardrail Design
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory
Raymond R. McHenry
December 15, 1965
June 14, 1966
$ 19,723
Phase I of the project was directed toward the search
and evaluation of existing data on design and warrants,
a critical analysis of past and current research, and de-
fining additional needed research.
Research has been completed, and the project report
has been published as: NCHRP Report 36, "Highway
Guardrails A Review of Current Practice."
Project 15-1~2)
FY '66 and FY '70
Guardrail Performance and Design
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Southwest Research Institute
J. D. Michie
July 1, 1967
Aug. 31, 1970
$280,000
May 1, 1970
Dec. 31, 1971
$100,000
The objectives of the Phase I research were: (1) to
critically analyze existing data on guardrail performance
and identify additional needed research; (2) to conduct
additional full-scale performance tests; and (3) to evaluate
performance of various guardrail systems considering ve-
hicle response and damage as a measure of accident se-
verity and rail repair.
The Phase I findings have been published as NCHRP
Report 54, "Location, Selection, and Maintenance of
Highway Guardrails and Median Barriers," and NCHRP
Report 1 15, "Guardrail Performance and Design." A 10-
min sound film of the same title summarizes the Phase I
research and is available on a loan basis from the TRB
Audio-Visual Library for the cost of mailing and han-
dling.
The Phase II work consisted of four major tasks. The
first task was to prepare a revision to NCHRP Report
54 that incorporates pertinent findings from the Phase I
research and the findings from research conducted by
others. Task 2 of the Phase II work was the preparation
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of a document to delineate warrants, service requirements,
design criteria, and design procedures for all traffic barrier
systems. For this purpose, traffic barrier systems were
defined as including guardrail, median barrier, bridge rail,
and energy attenuation devices. Task 3 included the for-
mulation of new concepts for improved end treatments
for longitudinal traffic barriers with some work devoted
to improved transitions. Task 4 included the full-scale
crash test evaluation of those promising concepts pro-
duced under Task 3.
The results of Phase II Tasks 1 and 2 have been pub-
lished to NCHRP Report 118, "Location, Selection and
Maintenance of Highway Traffic Barriers." The results
of Phase II Tasks 3 and 4 have been published as NCHRP
Report 129, "Guardrail Crash Test Evaluation New
Concepts and End Designs."
For administrative reasons, additional related research
has been placed under Area 22, "Vehicle Barrier Sys-
tems." Details will be found under that heading.
Project 15-2 FY '66
Design to Control Erosion in Roadside Drain-
age Channels
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
University of Minnesota
Dr. Alvin G. Anderson
July 1, 1966
June 30, 1974
$97,300
The highway drainage engineer is required to provide
designs to control erosion in roadside drainage channels
over a wide range of conditions. Acceptable procedures
have been developed for the design of channels for con-
ditions where easily established grass cover will suffice
and for conditions where paved linings are required. The
objectives of this study were to establish criteria and ex-
tend existing procedures for conditions intermediate be-
tween these two. The major emphasis of the research was
placed on developing a procedure for the design of ar-
mored channels with investigations into the critical trac-
tive force of gravel and crushed stone.
Research has been completed, and the project report
covering development of design procedures for armored
channels has been published as: NCHRP Report 108,
"Tentative Design Proceduure for Riprap-Lined Chan-
nels."
During an extension of the project, a limited field-
evaluation of the tentative design procedure was under-
taken. The performance of four channels, designed and
built in accordance with the procedures, was observed.
Two of the four channels have been subjected to dis-
charges approaching the design discharge and appear to
be stable after the floods.
The agency's final report for this latter phase was not
published in the NCHRP report series; however, a copy
of the report, "Tentative Design Procedure for Riprap
Lined Channels," may be purchased for $4.00 (see final
page of this section for ordering information).
Project 15-3 FY,68
Rational Structural Analysis and Design of
Pipe Culverts
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Northwestern University
Dr. R. J. Krizek
Dr. R. A. Parmelee
October 1, 1967
December 31, 1968
$49,937
The objective of this study was to evaluate previous
research and current practice for the purpose of devel-
oping rational design methods for both rigid and flexible
pipe culverts.
Research has been completed, and a project report has
been received containing an extensive bibliography and
synthesis of current knowledge on the design and instal-
lation of pipe culverts. It is apparent that information is
not available at this time to develop a completely rational
structural design procedure, due largely to lack of a gen-
erally accepted definition of pipe failure. However, several
specific factors, such as installation practices, construction
techniques, soil type, and safety factor, can be given
greater consideration in design criteria.
The project report has been published as: NCHRP
Report 116, "Structural Analysis and Design of Pipe Cul-
verts."
Project 15-4 FY,68
Estimating Runoff Rates from Small Rural
Watersheds
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion' Date:
Funds:
The Travelers Research Center
Dr. Paul Bock
Isadore Enger
September 1, 1967
March 16, 1970
$299,902
Many State highway departments and other agencies
are participating with the U.S. Geological Survey in pro-
grams to collect runoff information from small rural wa-
tersheds that is intended to provide a better understanding
of the generation of runoff. With this background, it ap-
peared possible to develop improved procedures for es-
timating the magnitude and frequency of peak flows for
small rural watersheds (approximately 20 sq mi or less).
The objective of this project was to develop such proce-
dures that (1) require only data readily obtainable by
designers, (2) use parameters that are logically justified,
(3) take cognizance of differences due to geographic char-
acteristics, and (4) present the results in readily usable
form.
The objectives have been partially met in that methods
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for estimating the magnitude and frequency of runoff from
small rural ungaged watersheds have been developed. The
question of whether they provide better estimates of runoff
than currently used methods for a given watershed is not
easily answered. Indications are that they may provide
better estimates in some cases. Of probably greater sig-
nificance is the compilation of information for 493 rural
watersheds with an area of 25 square miles or less and
at least 12 years of surface runoff data that can be used
by others to develop better methods of prediction for a
particular locality.
The research has been completed, and the project report
has been published as: NCHRP Report 136, "Estimating
Peak Runoff Rates from Ungaged Small Rural Wa-
tersheds."
Project 15-5 FY '68
Dynamic Characteristics of Heavy Highway
Vehicles
Research Agency: General Motors Corporation
Principal Invest.: D. E. Pollack
Elective Date: August 15, 1967
Completion Date: January 10, 1969
Funds: $ 135,000
The dynamic loading of bridges and pavements by
heavy highway vehicles influences the life expectancy of
these highway structures by an unknown amount. In-
creasing permissible vehicle loads and speeds may increase
the dynamic loading and shorten the life of these struc-
tures.
Dynamic pavement loading is influenced by the pave-
ment roughness characteristics and by certain character-
istics of the vehicle. It is necessary to consider these
factors in order to predict the loads that will be produced.
With the foregoing in mind, information was gathered
on those vehicles characteristics that make a significant
contribution to the dynamic forces. Equipment for mea-
suring these characteristics was constructed, and the char-
acteristics of representative types of heavy vehicles were
determined.
The research has been completed, and the final report
has been published as: NCHRP Report 105, "Dynamic
Pavement Loads of Heavy Highway Vehicles."
15-6 FY '68
Development of Criteria for Safer Luminaire
Supports
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Texas A & M University
Research Foundation
Dr. T. C. Edwards
September 1, 1967
August 31, 1968
$147,254
Conventional luminaire support poles are, of necessity,
mounted close to the traveled roadway. In these locations,
they constitute a severe roadside hazard and are fre-
quently struck by vehicles that are out of control, with
attendant severe vehicle damage and injury or death to
occupants.
The purpose of this study was the development of lu-
minaire support design criteria to minimize the hazard
described. Consideration was given to the hazard pre-
sented to both the striking vehicle and to nearby traffic.
The research has been completed, and the final report
has been published as: NCHRP Report 77, "Development
of Design Criteria for Safer Luminaire Supports." A 20-
minute film, "Lights Out," is available on a loan basis
from the TRB Audio-Visual Library (see final page of
this section for ordering information).
Project 15-7 FY,80
Flow Modifications by Storage Loss Through
Flood Plain Encroachment
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Dames & Moore:
Dr. Donald L. Chery, Jr.
May 1, 1980
January 31, 1982
$99,730
The objective of this project was to provide simple and
reliable procedures to compute the changes in flow and
water surfaces affected by encroachments on flood plains.
Hydrologic information outside the affected reach, such
as input hydrographs and inflows, was assumed to be
available to the user. The products of this investigation
were intended for use in general assessment and prelim-
inary planning rather than for detailed design.
Research is complete. The agency has submitted a final
report with an appended user's manual. Both reports are
available on a loan basis or microfiche of the report may
be purchased (see final page of this section for ordering
information).
Project 15-8 FY '82
Parameters Affecting Stopping Sight Distance
and Vehicle Acceleration / Deceleration
Characteristics
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
University of Michigan Transpor-
tation Research Institute
Dr. Paul L. Olson
May 1, 1982
May31,1984
$274,482
The primary objective of this research was to evaluate
those parameters affecting stopping sight distance includ-
ing: (1) perception and reaction time; (2) driver eye height;
(3) height of an object in the roadway; and (4) braking
distance as affected by tire performance, brake system
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performance, pavement skid resistance, and grades. A
second objective of this research was to update vehicle
acceleration and deceleration rates to be representative of
the current vehicle fleet.
The final report has been published as: NCHRP Report
270, "Parameters Affecting Stopping Sight Distance."
Project 15-9 FY,8s
Encasement of Pipelines Through Highway
Roadbeds
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Byrd, Tallamy, MacDonald, and
Lewis
R. A. Koenig, Jr.
October 1, 1986
June 30, 1988
$30,000
Many states and railroads, to varying degrees, require
the encasement of pipelines through their roadbeds. This
policy is predicated on the premises that the pipeline is
protected from the associated loading, that the pipeline
can be removed and reinstalled from the casing in the
event of failure, and that liquids would be discharged out
the ends of the casing in the event of rupture, thereby
protecting the integrity of the roadbeds. The pipeline own-
ers contend that the pipe designs and strengths available
today can accept loadings without casing, that welds on
road crossings are x-rayed, that the casing may interfere
with cathodic protection systems, and that casing instal-
lation/maintenance is costly and unnecessary. Existing
policies are extremely varied in that requirements for
casing may be based on soil type, method of installation,
products being transported, and/or operating pressures
of the system. In many cases the validity of current policy
is unknown leading to excessive or insufficient protection
as the case may be. A study under NCHRP 20-7, Task
22 entitled "Encasement of Pipelines Through Highway
Roadbeds," completed a review of the present state of
the art of pipeline encasement on a national basis. Re-
search findings show that states have developed and main-
tained their own utility accommodation policy within
AASHTO policy and Federal Pipeline Safety Regulations.
Pipeline operators, utility companies, and railroads have
developed their own guidelines and policies; however, no
comprehensive national standards exist for the encase-
ments or for conditions warranting encasement or non-
encasement.
The objectives of this project were to (1) assess the
consequences of the failure and maintenance costs of var-
ious types of pipeline protection through highway
roadbeds and (2) develop guidelines for pipeline protec-
tion. Research has been completed and the project final
report has been published as: NCHRP Report 309, "Pro-
tection of Pipelines through Highway Roadbeds." The
report contains guidelines to assist in the selection of
appropriate protection of pipelines through highway
roadbeds taking into account such factors as pipe location,
construction methods, available cover, corrosion poten-
tial, and an assessment of the consequences of failure.
Project 15-10 FY ,85
Development of a Design/Graphics Interface
System
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
C. W. Beilfuss & Associates, Inc.
Charles W. Beilfuss
Roy R. Guess
August 1, 1985
November 30, 1988
$500,000
Transportation organizations are currently faced with
the problem of handling an accelerated design workload
caused in part by the recent increase in federal funding
levels to upgrade the nation's transportation network.
Most of these organizations use computer-aided design
systems, such as the Roadway Design System, COGO-
ROADS, and other systems developed by individual
states. These design systems, while providing productivity
gains, make limited use of the latest technology available
in computer-aided graphics.
A number of proprietary interactive graphics drafting
systems have been developed that provide drafting pro-
ductivity increases from 3: 1 to 6:1. Some of the interactive
roadway design systems use features from proprietary
interactive graphics drafting systems. These systems have
shown productivity gains to the designer on the same or
higher order than those obtained in the drafting field. The
interactive graphics roadway design systems use only min-
imal features of the drafting software. However, they must
rely on expensive terminals and support computers that
are required for the drafting functions, but are not nec-
essary for design.
Consequently, there is a need to develop an interface
system that will allow interactive compatibility between
existing design systems and graphics systems having vary-
ing degrees of complexity and costs. Such an interface
system will provide flexibility in the types of hardware
and software used and at the same time provide a stand-
ardization for computerized communication within, and
between, state highway departments and consultants in
the design of highway facilities. This interface system will
permit the designers and draftpersons to interact in much
the same way traditional, manual highway design is
handled.
The objective of the project is to provide a nonpro-
prietary interface between highway facilities design sys-
tems and generally accepted graphics systems. The
interface shall include all requirements to allow transfer
of the highway facilities design graphics files to and from
a standard graphics file that can be processed by available
graphics systems. Additionally, the interface should allow
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for the inherent performance characteristics of the inter-
faced graphics devices to be used.
Research is complete; the agency's preliminary draft
final report is under review. The final report contains
recommended specifications for standard interfacing files
that will facilitate the exchange of roadway design and
graphic data between various computerized systems. The
report also contains the preliminary documentation for
selected transfer programs to demonstrate the utility of
interfacing files. The AASHTO Administration Subcom-
mittee on Computer Technology will be kept informed
of the project results for possible use in the activity of its
Joint Development Task Force.
Project 15-11 FY'87
Computer-Aided Analysis of Highway
Encroachments on Mobile Boundary
Streams
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Simons and Associates, Inc.
D. B. Simons and A. Molinas
July 1, 1987
March 31, 1990
$249,360
More than 85 percent of the 571,000 bridges in the
National Bridge Inventory are constructed over water-
ways that are subject to various degrees of scour and
lateral stream migration (erosion) during floods. In ad-
dition, many miles of highways are built along and en-
croach on streams. Although there are no accurate
statistics, a great deal of damage to bridges and highways
is caused each year by degradation, aggradation, and
scour. Conversely, in an attempt to avoid these problems,
some highways and bridges may be designed too con-
servatively. For example, some bridge foundations may
be deeper than necessary, which increases costs.
Engineers realize that streams can degrade, aggrade,
and change location within flood plains and that the actual
construction of a bridge or highway may initiate addi-
tional morphological changes in the behavior of a stream.
However, existing design procedures for highway struc-
tures assume for the most part that streams have fixed
boundaries. Although state-of-the-art analyses are avail-
able for the mobile boundary stream condition, they are
seldom used, and if assessments are accomplished at all,
they are based primarily on the designer's judgment and
experience.
The principal reason for the current situation is that
available analytical procedures are difficult to use and
have not been adapted to highway applications. After a
thorough review of existing computer models to aid in
analyzing mobile boundary streams, a conclusion was
reached, during a session of the Transportation Research
Board's Second Bridge Engineering Conference at Min-
neapolis in September 1984, that none of the existing
computer models would be totally suitable to aid either
in the design of highway bridges or in determining the
erects of longitudinal encroachments. For example, some
existing models apply only to long stream reaches; others
are not detailed enough for bridge openings and do not
predict lateral erosion of streams; and many are not user-
friendly.
The objective of this research project is to develop and
test a practical computer model that is based on sound
physical principles of flow and sediment interaction and
is designed to estimate water-surface profiles, aggradation,
degradation, scour, and bank widening due to bridges and
longitudinal encroachments located on mobile boundary
streams. The estimates are to be used to aid in the design
of highway crossings or other encroachments of streams.
To accomplish the objective the following tasks will be
performed:
Task 1-Finalize basic concepts, algorithms, flow
charts, rationale for the stream classification system of
Task 2, and program structure for the computer model.
Task 2-Develop a system to classify streams by
size, bed and bank material stability, planform geometry,
and other hydrological and morphological features, as
needed to optimally select specific algorithms for use in
an analysis. Submit an interim report containing the pro-
posed algorithms, logic, and the classification system
developed under Tasks 1 and 2.
Task 3 Develop a computer model that provides
the necessary information for use in the design of highway
stream crossings and encroachments, and contains the
following features:
a. Computes changes in width and bed elevations in
streams associated with general degradation and aggra-
dation, contraction scour, and local scour.
b. Predicts the scour, fill, and water-surface profile re-
sulting from the construction of highway embankments,
bridges, longitudinal encroachments, and protective mea-
sures that may be used in the vicinity of a stream crossing
also taking into account effects caused by other man-
made changes upstream and downstream, such as
streambed mining, channel realignment, storage reser-
voirs, and augmented stream flow.
c. Predicts the short and long term effects of relatively
steady or unsteady flows.
d. Accommodates irregular channel cross sections and
multichannel systems.
e. Includes procedures to isolate and superimpose the
various components of scour and fill to arrive at composite
estimates of stream widths and bed elevations for design
of foundation depths and determination of water-surface
profiles.
f. Incorporates an automated classification of stream
processes and selection of appropriate algorithms based
on physical description of a stream with provisions for
user intervention.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
principal invest
