Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 206
206
Project 19-2(3) FY '69
Develop Performance Budgeting System to
Serve Highway Maintenance Management
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Roy Jorgensen & Associates
J. L. Garner
September 2, 1968
October 31, 1968
$6,000
With highway maintenance expenditures rapidly in-
creasing due to completion of the Interstate System, rising
traffic volumes, trends toward higher standards of phys-
ical maintenance, and more traffic services, it becomes
increasingly important that maintenance operations be
based on reasonable and effective maintenance budgets.
The scope of this project was to develop independent
work plans to be used as the research plan for the second-
phase work. The work plan has been received but will
not be published. Refer to Project 19-2~4) for description
of the over-all project objectives and details of Phase II
of this study.
Project 19-2(4) FY '69
Develop Performance Budgeting System to
Serve Highway Maintenance Management
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Roy Jorgensen & Associates
Roy E. Jorgensen
J. L. Garner
February 1, 1969
November 30, 1971
$220,000
The objectives of this project were to develop a model
highway maintenance performance budgeting system and
to pilot test the installation of the system in a State high-
way department.
The objectives have been accomplished in terms of the
development of a model system that can be adapted for
use by a State highway department to make most elective
use of available maintenance funds and to assist in the
process of highway budget and management planning.
Pilot installation of the model system in cooperation with
the State Highway Department of Georgia indicates that
implementation is feasible.
The research has been completed, and the project report
has been published as: NCHRP Report 131, "Perform-
ance Budgeting System for Highway Maintenance Man-
agement."
Project 19-3 FY,71
Economic Effects of Changes in Legal Vehicle
Weights and Dimensions on Highways
Research Agency: Wilbur Smith and Associates
Principal Invest.: R. E. Whiteside
Elective Date: September 15, 1970
Completion Date: June 14, 1972
Funds: $96,728
The objectives of this research were: (1) to critically
review past and current research and methodologies re-
lating to the consequences of possible changes in legal
vehicle weight; (2) to evaluate methodologies and pro-
cedures identified in the review as to their reliability,
adequacy, ease of application, and other attributes; (3) to
assemble from existing knowledge a recommended meth-
odology or methodologies identifying all decision points
involved in reaching a conclusion regarding costs and
benefits associated with changes in legal weights and di-
mension limits for vehicles; and (4) to recommend ad-
ditional research and development as may be found
necessary to fill gaps in present knowledge.
The research has been completed, and the project report
has been published as: NCHRP Report 141, "Changes
in Legal Vehicle Weights and Dimensions-Some Eco-
nomic Effects on Highways."
AREA 20: SPECIAL PROJECTS
Project 20-1 FY ,65, FY '66, and FY '67
Highway Reserch Information Service
Research Agency: Highway Research Board
Principal Invest.: Dr. Paul E. Irick
Elective Date: March 16, 1964
Completion Date: October 31, 1967
Funds: $455,000
The objectives of the Highway Research Information
Service were: (1) to select and store input information
from current and past highway research that will be of
value to users of highway information, (2) to disseminate
current information to users, and (3) to retrieve relevant
information on request.
All storage and retrieval procedures are now opera-
tional. The service, available to anyone interested, in-
cludes abstracts of publications, new reports on research
in progress, and the updating of previously stored reports
for ongoing research.
Project 20-2 FY '66
Research Needs in Highway Transportation
Research Agency: Bertram D. Tallamy Associates
Wilbur Smith and Associates
Lloyd G. Byrd
Paul E. Conrad
April 1, 1966
December 31, 1967
$98,760
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
This project developed a coordinated framework of
needed short- and long-range research in the field of high-
way transportation. Major areas of needed research were
OCR for page 207
207
identified and arranged in the general framework. Tech-
nical priorities of need and an estimate of the appropriate
level of funding for each are included. The framework
was designed in such a manner as to permit updating
with minimal effort.
The project report gives method or concept for struc-
turing research as developed by the research, which in-
cludes a method for assigning priorities and costs to
proposed research. The methods developed under this
research were applied to 900 proposed research project
statements considered in the study to formulate an ex-
ample research program.
The final report has been published as: NCHRP Report
55, "Research Needs in Highway Transportation."
Project 20-3 FY '67 and FY '68
Optimizing Freeway Corridor Operation
Through Traffic Surveillance, Communi-
cation, and Control
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Texas A & M University
Research Foundation
Dr. J. A. Wattleworth
Kenneth G. Courage
Dec. 15, 1966 Jan. 1, 1967
Jan. 31, 1969 Dec. 31, 1968
$394,016 $200,540*
To meet present and future traffic demands, the com-
bined freeway and surface street system must operate
more efficiently. Practical measures for increasing oper-
ational efficiency by judicious application of traffic sur-
veillance, communication, and control were studied for
the heavily traveled corridor of the John C. Lodge Free-
way in Detroit.
The initial research program included an evaluation of
the effectiveness of the existing National Proving Ground
surveillance, communication, and control system, and its
individual components. Methods were determined for in-
creasing the effectiveness of the freeway and surface street
system, and equipment configurations were recommended
to improve the system based on a cost-effectiveness study.
A technical report, "An Evaluation of Two Types of
Freeway Control Systems," covering the 1967 research
work was submitted and accepted. The report includes
an evaluation of the initial NPG television and advisory
speed and lane-control signs and a description and eval-
uation of the ramp-metering system. Six additional reports
were prepared covering the 1967 research work.
The major work items proposed for completion in 1968
were a pilot study of a freeway-frontage road driver in-
formation system, further freeway operations studies us-
ing improved detection and refined control techniques,
environmental effects studies, pilot equipment studies for
traffic-responsive signal control throughout the corridor,
*NCHRP funds obligated under the $314,340 four-way agreement among the
National Academy of Sciences, Michigan Department of State Highways, Wayne
County, and the City of Detroit.
and a preliminary design for a more extensive driver-
communication system to include the surface streets
within the corridor. The project report for the 1968 work,
"A Freeway Corridor Surveillance, Information, and
Control System," was accepted but not published. A sum-
mary of the work has been provided in the report prepared
under Project 20-3C.
At the end of 1968 the research agency requested, due
to extensive other research commitments, to be relieved
of further work. A continuation proposal was requested
from the University of Michigan. The research was con-
tinued under Project 20-3A.
Project 20-3A FY 969 and FY '70
Optimizing Freeway Corridor Operation
Through Traffic Surveillance, Communi-
cation, and Control
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
University of Michigan
Dr. Donald E. Cleveland
Nov. 20, 1968 Jan. 1, 1969
May 31, 1971 Dec. 31, 1969
$505,631 $20,000:
This project was a continuation of the 1967 and 1968
research conducted by the Texas Transportation Institute
under Project 20-3.
The basic tasks and their respective components of the
1969 research work were designed to develop information
required for the ultimate synthesis of a traffic surveillance,
driver information, and control system capable of real-
time control of traffic throughout an entire network of
arterial streets and freeways. The topics included (1) de-
tection of capacity-reducing incidents, (2) improved ramp
control techniques and environmental effects, (3) pilot
studies of freeway-frontage road informational system, (4)
an experiment in traffic routing within the freeway cor-
rider, and (5) observation of freeway operations. Draft
reports on the topics of the 1969 research work have been
accepted by the project committee.
The 1970 research had the general objective of im-
proving the combined level-of-service on the Freeway and
the supporting street network. The work was divided into
four principal tasks, all of which were completed: (1)
improvement of ramp metering and freeway corridor flow;
(2) improvement of Davison-Lodge interchange opera-
tion; (3) determination of the effect of weather on freeway
corridor operations; and (4) long-term motorist response
to the information system.
Draft final reports on the results from the work under
the tasks were accepted and are available on a loan basis
upon written request to the NCHRP. They, along with
the 1969 reports, have not been published, but are sum-
marized in the report prepared under Project 20-3C.
tNCHRP funds obligated under the $70,000 five-way agreement among the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences, Michigan Department of State Highways, Wayne
County, the City of Detroit, and the University of Michigan.
OCR for page 208
208
Project 20-3B FY '70
Optimizing Freeway Corridor Operation
Through Traffic Surveillance, Communi-
cation, and Control Summary Reporting
Research Agency: Patrick J. Athol
Principal Invest: Patrick J. Athol
Elective Date: July 1, 1972
Termination Date: September 27, 1974
Funds: $31,116
Because a substantial body of knowledge relative to
more efficient operation of systems made up of freeways
and adjacent streets has been acquired through NCHRP
Projects 20-3, 20-3A, and studies under other programs,
Project 20-3B was established with the following objec-
tives:
1. Preparation of a report summarizing the main find-
ings of freeway surveillance and control on the John C.
Lodge Freeway in Detroit. The end product of this syn-
thesis was to have been one report that summarized all
historic and technical activities of the research conducted
by the State of Michigan and under the NPG and NCHRP
Projects 20-3 and 20-3A. The major emphasis was to be
placed on reporting on usable results that have been found
to be practical on the Lodge project.
2. Preparation of a report in the vein of "Getting the
Most Service from Freeways," using published research
reports and the experience available from past and on-
going freeway traffic operations projects.
Objective 1 was advanced only to the point of a pre-
liminary report that was submitted to the NCHRP project
panel for an acceptance review. Based on this review,
extensive revisions were required. They were begun but
were never completed; therefore, a revised report was
never submitted. Some work was carried out toward Ob-
jective 2, but, although the original completion date had
been overrun by a year, it was not substantial and never
progressed to the point of a preliminary report. Still an-
other extension was imminent; however, the contractor
chose to quit without fulfilling the objectives set forth in
his proposal. By mutual agreement, the project was ter-
minated. This research was resumed under Project 20-
3C.
Project 20-3C FY '70
Summary of the Lodge Freeway Research
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Asriel Taragin
Asriel Taragin
November 15, 1975
July 15, 1976
$10,183
This project was initiated to prepare a summary report
outlining the main findings from a long series of freeway
surveillance and control studies on the John C. Lodge
Freeway in Detroit. The historical research has been com-
pleted, and a report has been submitted. It covers the
objectives, organization, and data, as well as the results,
conclusions, and recommendations associated with each
stage of the traffic research studies. References to all
published and unpublished reports as well as file docu-
ments pertinent to the background of the studies have
been appropriately identified.
The agency's final report has been distributed to the
sponsoring agencies; microfiche of the report may be pur-
chased (see final page of this section for ordering infor-
mation).
Project 20-3D FY '70
Summary of All Freeway Surveillance, Com
munication and Control Experience
Research Agency: Alan M. Voorhees & Associates
Principal Invest.: Dr. Donald G. Capelle
Elective Date: - May 15, 1977
Completion Date: December 31, 1978
Funds: $40,000
This project complements Project 20-3C. It was estab-
lished to prepare a summary report of all experience with
the surveillance, communications, and traffic control as-
pects of freeway operations. Published reports and other
experience available from relevant research projects were
reviewed. The final report provides a synthesis of past
and present practices to aid highway administrators in
decisions related to freeway operation problems.
Research has been completed. Because the final report
is of a nontechnical nature and is directed to top-level
administrators, it was published as a special publication
rather than in the regular NCHRP series. The report,
"Freeway Traffic Management," is available for $5.00 (see
final page of this section for ordering information).
Project 20-4 FY '68
Public Preference for Future Indiviclual Trans-
portation
Research Agency: Chilton Research Services (CRS)
National Analysts (NA)
Robert K. McMillan
James M. Marshall
May 2, 1967
January 21, 1969 (CRS)
January 2, 1968 (NA)
$279,171
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
The objective of this research was to determine the
attitudes and behavior of the public related to transpor-
tation and identify the factors that influence such attitude
and behavior.
A first-phase report was published in 1968 as: NCHRP
Report 49, "National Survey of Transportation Attitudes
and Behvior Phase I Summary Report." This report
OCR for page 209
209
presents a preliminary analysis of the nationwide survey
data. It includes a comparison of household and individ-
ual characteristics for both survey samples and a question-
by-question analysis of the total sample.
A second-phase report has been published as: NCHRP
Report 82, "National Survey of Transportation Attitudes
and Behavior Phase II Analysis Report." This report
presents results of a more advanced statistical analysis of
the data. This analysis is multi-variant in nature; that is,
it considers many variables simultaneously to obtain a
comprehensive view of transportation attitudes, their re-
lation to behavior and demographic characteristics, and
profiles of people holding these views.
The report includes 16 charts that indicate attitudes,
according to eight demographic variables, toward spend-
ing for roadways and highways and public transportation.
The report deals comprehensively with data by describing
the methodology, statistical methods used, and the de-
tailed findings.
Project 20-5 FY '68 and continuing
Synthesis of Information Related to Highway
Problems
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Transportation Research Board
T. L. Copas
H. A. Pennock
December 15, 1967
Continuing
$100,000 annually,
$200,000 annually,
$300,000 annually,
$330,000
$360,000 annually,
$380,000
$650,000
$600,000
$600,000
$650,000
$550,000
Administrators, practicing engineers, and researchers
are continually faced with highway problems on which
much information exists, either in documented form or
in terms of undocumented experience and practice. Un-
fortunately this information is often fragmented, scat-
tered, and unevaluated. As a consequence, full
information on what has been learned about a problem
is frequently not brought to bear on its solution. Costly
research findings may be unused, valuable experience may
be overlooked, and due consideration may not be given
to recommended practices for solving or alleviating the
problem.
In this project, particular highway problems, or sets of
closely related problems, will be designated as topics for
information synthesis.
For each topic the objectives are:
1. To locate and assemble documented information.
2. To learn what engineering practice has been used
for solving or alleviating the problem.
3. To identify all ongoing research.
4. To learn what problems remain largely unsolved.
5. To organize, evaluate, synthesize, and document the
useful information that is acquired.
6. To evaluate the effectiveness of the synthesis after
it has been in the hands of its users for a period of time.
The 143 published syntheses of highway practice that
have been prepared under this project are listed in Table
6. Additional information on the project may be found
in Research Results Digest 168.
Project20-6 FY '69 and continuing
Legal Problems Arising out of Highway
Programs
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
$200,000 FY '69
$125,000 FY '72
$50,000 FY '73
$ 185,000 FY '74
$125,000 FY '75
$85,000 FY '76
FY '68-'71 $75,000 FY '77
FY '72-'75
FY '76-'77
FY '78
FY '79-'83
FY '84
FY '85
FY '86
FY '87
FY '88
FY '89
Transportation Research Board
Robert W. Cunliffe
November 1, 1968
Continuing
$100,000 Ann. FY '78-'79
$ 150,000 Ann. FY '80-'81
$100,000 FY '82
$ 150,000 FY '83
$200,000 FY '84
$280,000 FY '85
$200,000 FY '86 & '88
$100,000 FY '89
A major and continuing need of State highway de-
partments involves the assembly, analysis, and evaluation
of operating practices and the legal elements of special
problems involving right-of-way acquisition and control
and highway law in general. Individual State experiences
need to be compared and made available for possible
application nationally. Need exists with respect to both
immediate and longer-range right-of-way and legal prob-
lems.
In spite of this critical need, there has been no present
mechanism that is capable of responding in time to be of
practical assistance to State highway departments. The
Right-of-Way and Legal Affairs Committee of the Amer-
ican Association of State Highway Officials has tried all
of the known channels in an effort to initiate such re-
search, but the response has been negative for one reason
or another.
Accordingly, State highway officials have agreed that
an appropriate mechanism be initiated under which
needed research of the type suggested can be undertaken
and with dispatch. Prototypes of such a device may be
found in the various AASHO and HRB road-test projects
that have been undertaken and, perhaps more closely
OCR for page 210
210
related, in the 1956-60 special HRB Highway Laws
Project.
NCHRP Project 20-6 has been established to meet the
aforementioned need and is a continuing effort involving
research on a priority listing of topics selected by the
cognizant NCHRP project committee. The topics of con
cern to date are:
Study No. 1 Relocation Assistance Under Chapter
Five of the 1968 Federal-Aid Highway
Act (Research Results Digest No. 3)
Study No. 2 Standing to Sue for Purposes of Securing
Judicial Review of Exercise of Admin-
istration Discretion in Route Location
of Federal-Aid Highways (Research Re-
sults Digest No. 6)
Study No. 3 Valuation Changes Resulting From In-
fluence of Public Improvements (Re-
search Results Digest No. 11)
Study No. 4 Advance Acquisition Under the 1968
Federal-Aid Highway Act (Research
Results Digest No. 19)
Study No. 5 Valuation in Eminent Domain as Af-
fected by Zoning (Research Results Di-
gest No. 22)
Study No. 6 Federal Environmental Legislation and
Regulations as Affecting Highways (Re-
search Results Digest No. 25)
Study No. 7 Changes in Existing State Law Required
by the Uniform Relocation Assistance
and Real Property Acquisition Policies
Act of 1970 (Research Results Digest
No. 32)
Study No. 8 Proposed Legislation to Authorize Joint
Development of Highway Rights-of-
Ways (Research Results Digest No. 31)
Study No. 9-Legal Effect of Representations as to
Subsurface Conditions (Research Re-
sults Digest No. 39~**
Study No. 11 Personal Liability of State Highway De-
partment Officers and Employees (Re-
serch Results Digest No. 79~**
Study No. 12 Tort Liability of Highway Departments
Arising Out of Skidding Accidents (Re-
search Results Digest Nos. 83 and 95~**
Study No. 13 - Appeal Bodies for Relocation Assistance
(Research Results Digest No. 40)
Study No. 15- Trial Strategy and Techniques to Ex-
clude Noncompensable Damages and
Improper Valuation Methods in Emi-
nent Domain Cases (Research Results
Digest No. 41)
Study No. 16 Supplemental Condemnation: A Discus-
sion of the Principles of Excess and Sub-
stitute Condemnation (Research Results
Digest No. 42)
Study No. 17 Liability of State Highway Departments
for Design, Construction, and Mainte-
nance Defects (Research Results Digest
No. 80~**
Study No. 23 Exclusion of Valuation Changes Result-
ing from Influence of Public Improve-
ment: A Study of the Provisions of 42
U.S.C. 4651 (3) (Research Results Di-
gest No. 45)
Study No. 24 Eminent Domain: An Overview*
Study No. 25 Where Does Police Power End and Em-
inent Domain Begin?*
Study No. 26 Just Compensation and the Doctrine of
Damnum Absque Injuria*
Study No. 27 The Meaning of Highway Purpose (Re-
search Results Digest No. 68~*
Study No. 28 Valuation of Outdoor Advertising
Rights*
Study No. 30 Liability for Drainage Damage*
Study No. 31 Trial Strategy and Techniques Using the
Income Approach to Valuation (Re-
search Results Digest No. 54~*
Study No. 32 Trial Strategy and Techniques Using the
Comparable Sales Approach to Valua-
tion (Research Results Digest No. 47~*
Study No. 33 Trial Strategy and Techniques Using the
Reproduction Cost Less Depreciation
Approach to Valuation*
Study No. 34-Trial Aids in Highway Condemnation
Cases* (Research Results Digest No.
111)
Study No. 35 Model Airspace Act: A Vehicle for Joint
Development*
Study No. 36-Formation of the Contract** (Research
Results Digest No. 109)
Study No. 37 Effect of Mistakes in Bids, Plans and
Specifications**
Study No. 38-Legal Problems Arising from Changes,
Change Clauses and Changed Condi-
tions**
Study No. 39 Contract Completion Time: Damages
for Delay; Liquidated Damages; Work
Stoppage Under Court Order**
Study No. 40 Administrative Settlement and Disposi-
tion of Claims**
Study No. 41 Trial Strategy and Techniques in Con-
tract Litigation** (Research Results Di-
gest No. 108)
Study No. 42 Environmental Litigation: Rights and
Remedies**
Study No. 43 Trial Strategy and Techniques in Envi-
ronmental Litigation**
Study No. 44 Legal Interrelationship of the Federal
and State Governments**
Study No. 45 Review of the One-O~er System of
Right-of-Way Acquisition (Completed)
OCR for page 211
211
Study No. 46 Liability of Governmental Agencies for
Improper Traffic Control Devices, Signs,
and Pavement Markings** (Research
Results Digest No. 110)
Study No. 47 Supplementation of Studies 15, 31, 32
and 33, and Project 11-1~2~***
Study No. 48 Supplementation of Studies, 3, 4, and
5.***
Study No. 49 Inverse Condemnation***
Study No. 50 Payment of Attorney Fees and Other
Costs in Condemnation and Environ
mental Litigation*** (Research Results
Digest No. 103)
Study No. 51 Appraisal of Property Damages Due to
Highway Noise*** (Research Results
Digest No. 99)
Study No. 54- Outdoor Advertising Control and Ac
quisition (Completed)
Study No. 57 Legal Aspects of Access Control on Un
limited-Access Highways*** (Research
Results Digest No. 112)
Study No. 60-Relocation of Public Utilitiest (Research
Results Digest No. 116)
Study No. 61- Right to Compensation in Eminent Do-
main for Abrogation of Restrictive Cov-
enants*** (Research Results Digest No.
113)
Topic No. 2-03 Condemnation Blight: (Research Re-
sults Digest 119)
Topic No. 2-04 Legal Aspects of Historic Preservation
in Highway Programslt (Research Re-
sults Digest 138)
Topic No. 2-05 Local Land-Use Regulations in Rela-
tion to Highway Programs (Com-
pleted)~:
Topic No. 2-08 "State Highway Programs Versus the
Spending Powers of Congress" (Re-
search Results Digest 136)
Topic No. 2-09 Procedural Aspects of Inverse Con-
demnation Actions Completed
Topic No. 2-10 The Effect of Federal and State Public
Information Acts on Highway and
Transportation Department Activitieslt
(Research Results Digest 137)
Topic No. 2-13 Update of Five Tort Liability Papers
in Chapter VIII, SSHLt
Topic No. 2-14-Update of "Legal Effect of Represen-
tations as to Subsurface Conditions"l
Topic No. 2-15 Update of "Valuation and Condem-
nation of Special Purpose Properties"
(Completed) t:
Topic No. 2-16 Update of"Environmental Litigation:
Rights and Remedies" Completed
Topic No. 2-17 Update of "Damnum Absque Injuria
and the Concept of Just Compensation
in Eminent Domain"l
Topic No. 2-18-Update of"Supplemental Condemna-
tion: A Discussion of the Principles of
Excess and Substitute Condemnation"t
Topic No. 2-19 Update of "Liability for Delay in Com-
pletion of Highway Construction Con-
tracts" ~
Topic No. 2-21 Legal Implications of Highway De-
partment's Failure to Comply with
Design, Safety, or Maintenance Guide-
linesti (Research Results Digest 129)
Topic No. 2-22 Update of "Legal Problems Arising
from Changes, Changed Conditions, and
Disputes Clauses in Highway Construc-
tion Contracts"t
Topic No. 2-23 Update of"Where Does Police Power
End and Eminent Domain Begin":
Topic No. 2-24 Update of "The Meaning of Highway
Purpose" ~
Topic No. 2-25 Update of "Liability of the State for
Highway Traffic Noise"l
Topic No. 2-26 Update of "Right of Compensation in
Eminent Domain for Abrogation of Re-
strictive Covenants" ~
Topic No. 2-27 Update of "Liability for Highway
Drainage Damage"l
Topic No. 2-28 Update of "Valuation nd Condemna-
tion Problems Involving Trade Fixtures
(Completed) l:
Topic No. 2-29 Update of "Valuation and Condem-
nation of Advertising Signs and Related
Property Interests Under the Highway
Beautification Act" Completed
Topic No. 2-30 Update of "Payment of Attorney Fees
in Eminent Domain and Environmental
Litigation" Completed
Update of "Rules of Discovery and
Disclosure in Highway Condemnation
Proceedings" Completed
Topic No. 2-32 - Update of "Legal Implications of Con-
trol of Access to Uncontrolled-Access
Highways" Completed
Topic No. 2-33 Liability of the State for Injury Pro-
ducing Defects in Highway Surfaced
(Research Results Digest 135)
Topic No. 2-36 Liability of State Highway Depart-
ments for Defects in Design, Construc-
tion, and Maintenance of Bridges
(Research Results Digest 141)
Topic No. 2-37- Liability of Highway Agencies for
Failure to Remove Obstructions In or
Topic No. 2-3~
*Published in Selected Studies in Highway Law, Vols. ~ and 2.
**Published in Selected Studies in Highway Law, Vol. 3.
***Published in first addendum to SSHL.
t published in second addendum to SSHL.
tt published in third addendum to SSHL.
ttt published in fourth addendum to SSHL.
OCR for page 212
212
Near the Highway (Completed) (Re-
search Results Digest 151)
Topic No. 2-37A Liability of the State for Injuries
Caused by Obstruction on Defects in
Highway Shoulder or Berm (Com-
pleted) t:t (Research Results Digest
153)
Topic No. 3-01 Disposition of Minerals on Highway
Rights-of-Way (Research Results Digest
147
Topic No. 3-02 Legal and Procedural Issues Related
to Relocation Assistance (Research Re
sults Digest 158 Topic No. 4
Topic No. 3-04 First Amendment Aspects of Control
of Outdoor Advertising (Research Re
sults Digest 145
Topic No. 3-05 Liability of a Public Agency for Plan
ning Blight: The "De Facto" Taking
(Completed (Research Results Di
gest 150)
Topic No. 3-06-Exaction of Right-of-Way by the Ex
ercise of Police Power (Completed
(Research Results Digest 149)
Topic No. 3-07 Trial Strategy and Techniques in Han
dling Tort Claims Arising Out of High
way Operations (Completed)
Topic No. 3-09 Trial Strategies and Techniques in Es
tablishing Violations of Size and Weight
Laws (Completed (Research Results
Digest 154)
Topic No. 3-10 Enforceability of the Requirement of
Notice in Highway Construction Con
tracts (Completed) tlt (Research Results
Digest 152)
Topic No. 3-19-Minority Business or Enterprise Re
quirements in Public Contracts (Re
search Results Digest 146~:
Topic No. 4-02 Liability of Highway Agencies for
Failure to Provide or Maintain Highway
Barriers, Guardrails and Similar Devices
(Incorporated into Topic 4-07)
Topic No. 4-03 Liability of Public Agencies Arising
Out of Rejection of Low Bids and Mis
award of Contracts (In progress; was 3
13)
Topic No. 4-04 Use of Guarantee or Warranty Clauses
in Highway Construction Contracts
(Completed; was 3-14)
Topic No. 4-06 Update of "Payment to Public Utilities
for Relocation of Facilities in Highway
Right-of-Way" (Completed; was 3
21~t
Topic No. 4-07 Update of "Liability of State and Local
Governments for Negligence Arising Out
of the Installation and Maintenance of
Warning Signs, Traffic Lights, and Pave
ment Markings" (Completed; was 3-
22~l
Topic No. 4-08 Legal Techniques for Reserving Right-
of-Way for Future Projects including
Corridor Protection (Research Results
Digest 165
Topic No. 4-09 Flooding and Water Problems Involv-
ing Highways (Completed
Topic No. 4- 10-Land Use Laws and Effect on Highway
Construction, Including Police Power
Taking by Zoning, Freezing, Dedication,
etc. (Completed
11 Beautification (Update of Study No. 54
"Outdoor Advertising Control Under the
Highway Beautification Act of 1965")
(Completed
Topic No. 4-12 Legal Implications of Penalty and Bo-
nus Provisions For Quality Control and
the Use of Incentive-Disincentive
Clauses in Construction Contracts (Com-
pleted)~l
Topic No. 4-13-The Use of Alternative Design Speci-
fications and Value Engineering Clauses
in Highway Contracts (Pending)
Topic No. 4-14 Liability to Abutting Property Owner
for Loss or Impairment of Access Due
to Conversion of Conventional Road Into
Limited Access Highway (Research Re-
sults Digest 164~:
Topic No. 4-15-Update of Five Papers in Contract
Law (In Progress; was 3-20) (1) Licensing
and Qualifications of Bidders (Research
Results Digest 157~; (2) Competitive
Bidding and Award of Highway Con-
struction Contracts (Research Results
Digest 163~; (3) Indemnification and
Suretyship In Highway Construction
Contracts (Completed; (4) Labor
Standards in Federal-Aid Construction
Contracts (In progress); (5) Control of
Conflicts of Interest in Highway Admin-
istration (Pending)
Topic No. 4-17 Acquisition of Uneconomic Remnants
Under 23 U.S.C. 109f (Research Results
Digest 160~:
Topic No. 4-18-Liability for Delay in Completion of
Highway Construction Contracts (Com-
pleted)~l
Topic No. 4-19-Wetlands and Floodplain Protection
and the Federal-Aid Highway Program
(In progress)
Topic No. 4-20 What Constitutes the Administrative
Record in Highway Cases (In progress)
I Effect of Clean Air Act Requirements
on Regional Transportation Planning
(Pending)
Topic No. 4-2
OCR for page 213
213
Topic No.4-22 Suspension and Debarment of High
way Construction Contractors (Pending)
Topic No.4-23 Public/Private Partnerships for Fi
nancing Highway Improvements (Com
pleted) (Research Results Digest 161
Topic No.4-24 Update of Chapter in SSHL on "Legal
Aspects of Historic Preservation in High
way Transportation Programs (Pending)
Topic No.4-25 Impact of Civil Rights Act on De- Topic No. 5-17
partments, Programs and Officials (In
progress)
Topic No.4-26 Legal Aspects of Hazardous Waste
Containments in Highway Programs
(Pending)
Topic No.5-01 Impact of Discretionary Exemption of
Tort Liability (In Progress)
Topic No.5-02- Condemnation Blight and Project En
hancement (Pending)
Topic No. 5-03 Application of National Environ
mental Policy Act to Highway Planning
and Highway Programs (Pending)
Topic No. 5-04 Public Duty Defense to Tort Liability
(Pending)
Topic No. 5-05- Legal Obligation of States to Permit
Highway Occupancy of New Technolo
gies (e.g. Fibre Optics and CATV) (Pend
ing)
Topic No. 5-06 State Highway Liability for and Abil
ity to Recover Attorney Fees and Costs
(Pending)
Topic No. 5-07 Obligation of State Highway Depart
ments in Coastal Zones (Pending)
Topic No. 5-08 Update Paper in SSHL on "Liability
of the State for Highway Traffic Noise"
(Pending)
Topic No. 5-09 Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Or
ganizations Act- RICO Cases (Civil) in
the Highway Program (Pending)
Topic No. 5-10 The Use, Implementation, and En
forcement of Liquidated Damage Provi
sions in Highway Construction Contracts
(Pending)
Topic No. 5-11 Supplement to "Legal Implications of
Highway Departments Failure to Com
ply with Design, Safety, or Maintenance
Guidelines" (Pending)
Topic No. 5-12 Supplement to "Liability of the State
for Injury Producing Defects in Highway
Surface" (Pending)
Topic No. 5-13 Supplement to "Liability of State
Highway Departments for Defects in De
sign, Construction, and Maintenance of
Bridges" (Pending)
Topic No. 5-14 Supplement to "Liability of State and
Local Governments for Snow and Ice
Control" (Pending)
Topic No. 5-15 Supplement to "Liability for Wet-
Weather Skidding Accidents and Legal
Implications of Regulations Directed to
Reducing Such Accidents on Highways"
(Pending)
Topic No. 5-16 Supplement to "Valuation Changes
Resulting from Influence of Public Im-
provements" (Pending)
'-Supplement to "Planning and Precon-
demnation Activities as Constituting a
Taking Under Inverse Law" (Pending)
Topic No. 5-18 Supplement to "Minority and Disad-
vantaged Business Enterprise Require-
ments in Public Contracting" (Pending)
Studies completed under this project have been pub-
lished as NCHRP Research Results Digests (see Table
7~. The most recent of which have also been included in
the text, Selected Studies in Highway Law. Volumes 1
and 2, dealing primarily with the law of eminent domain,
were published in 1976, and Volume 3, dealing with con-
tracts, torts, environmental and other areas of highway
law, was published in early 1978. All three volumes have
been distributed on a limited basis to selected state and
federal offices. Information on obtaining copies of this
text may be found in the newly created NCHRP Legal
Research Digest 1 (see Table 8) or by contacting the
Transportation Research Board Publications Office.
The first addendum to Selected Studies in Highway
Law, consisting of five new papers and supplements to
eight existing papers, was issued during 1979. A second
addendum with two new papers and 15 supplements was
distributed early in 1981. A third addendum consisting
of eight new papers, seven supplements, and an expand-
able binder for Volume 4 was distributed during the first
half of 1983.
A fourth addendum, consisting of 14 new papers, 8
supplements, and an index was published in June 1988.
The four volumes now total about 3,000 pages comprising
67 papers, 38 of which have been supplemented over the
years. All four volumes have been distributed on a limited
basis to selected state and federal offices.
Through December 31, 1988, research continues on
topics listed as being "In Progress," and preparations are
underway to proceed with studies on additional topics.
Future work in this continuing project will include re-
search on new topics of current interest in the legal field.
Updating and supplementing the text book will continue
*Published in Selected Studies in Highway Law, Vols. 1 and 2.
**Published in Selected Studies in Highway Law, Vol. 3.
***Published in first addendum to SSHL.
t published in second addendum to SSHL.
Republished in third addendum to SSHL.
tlt published in fourth addendum to SSHL.
OCR for page 214
214
to include the preparation of a new Volume 5 in Selected
Studies in Highway Law. The primary purpose of Volume
5 will be to address new areas, not previously covered.
Project 20-7 FY ,69 and continuing
Research for AASHTO Standing Committee
on Highways
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Open
December 2, 1968
Continuing
$100,000 annually,
$56,000
$150,000 annually,
$125,000
FY '69-'85
FY '86
FY '87-'88
FY '89
The American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Standing Committee
on Highways is called on continually to rule on engi-
neering and operations policies as a guide for State high-
way and transportation departments to follow. The
Committee desires to obtain guidance on a reasonably
prompt schedule through a continuing research program
geared to the needs and wishes of the Committee in the
development of guides, standards, policies, and other
AASHTO activities. In earlier years, objectives of the
Committee were attained through the establishment of a
continuing research capability at the Texas Transporta-
tion Institute (TTI) of Texas A&M University. In June
1973, the Committee stipulated that accomplishment of
task research could be through any agency deemed by
the NCHRP to possess the necessary expertise, provided
the research could be initiated quickly.
The project includes a series of tasks specified by the
Committee to obtain data required by the Committee to
fulfill its responsibilities.
The status of each of the tasks undertaken in this project
is as follows:
Task 1, "Development of a Cost-Effectiveness Ap-
proach to the Programming of Roadside Safety Improve-
ments" (TTI). Research has been completed, and the task
report published as NCHRP Report 148, "Roadside
Safety Improvement Programs on Freeways A Cost-
Effectiveness Priority Approach." The report describes a
hazard model that can be used to evaluate the electiveness
of a roadside safety improvement program.
Task 2, "The Relation of Side Slope Design to Highway
Safety" (TTI). Research has been completed, and the task
report published as NCHRP Report 158, "Selection of
Safe Roadside Cross Sections." Tentative criteria for the
selection of safe side slopes and safe slope and ditch com-
binations are proposed.
Task 3, "Development of an Elective Earth-Berm Ve-
hicle Deflector" (TTI). The final report has been com-
pleted, and the results summarized in NCHRP Research
Results Digest 77. The study was exploratory in nature,
and further research is recommended.
Task 4, "Lateral Accelerations and Lateral Tire-Pave-
ment Forces in a Vehicle Traversing Curves Relative to
Available Pavement Skid-Resistance Measures (TTI). The
final report has been completed and accepted by the
AASHTO Standing Committee. NCHRP Research Re-
sults Digest 55 summarizes the results of the study. The
study found that, although more needs to be known about
the limitations of the existing AASHTO curve design
policy, the present policy will in most instances provide
safe, conservative designs for highway curves.
Task 5, "Effect of Curb Geometry and Location" (TTI).
Research has been completed, and the task report pub-
lished as NCHRP Report 150, "Effect of Curb Geometry
and Location on Vehicle Behavior." The study provides
recommendations regarding curb configuration and place-
ment.
Task 6, "Development of Impact Attenuators Utilizing
Waste Materials" (TTI). Various used-tire configurations
and a fiberized aluminum product were examined in the
laboratory and analytically, and by full-scale field testing
in some instances, to determine feasibility and to develop
design information regarding the use of these materials
for vehicle impact attenuation. Research has been com-
pleted, and the task report published as NCHRP Report
157, "Crash Cushions of Waste Materials." Designs are
proposed for attenuators using two different configura-
tions of scrap tires.
Task 7. "Safety at Narrow Bridge Sites" (TTI). Re-
search has been completed. A bridge hazard index is
proposed for assessing the degree of hazard of narrow
bridges. Guidelines are offered for remedial treatments at
narrow bridges. The essential findings have been published
in NCHRP Research Results Digest 98. The revised
agency report has been published as NCHRP Report 203,
"Safety at Narrow Bridge Sites."
Task 8, "Energy and Transportation Systems" (Cali-
fornia Department of Transportation). This study was
designed to establish "energy factors" for the various
elements of energy use in constructing, maintaining, and
operating transportation systems; to develop procedures
for evaluating the energy use by such systems by applying
the established energy factors; and to develop a rational
method for reporting the results. Research has been com-
pleted, and copies of the agency report have been dis-
tributed to the Program sponsors. Microfiche of the report
may be purchased (see final page of this section for or-
dering information).
Task 9, "Review of Highway Management Studies Co-
Sponsored by AASHTO and HUFSAM" (Management
and Transportation Associates, Inc.) This was an evalu-
ation of the Highway and Transportation Management
Institute and the National Highway and Transportation
Management Conference that have been offered annually
over the past several years to improve the management
OCR for page 215
215
skills of highway department personnel. The study find-
ings indicate that there is a continuing need within high-
way and transportation agencies for management training,
but it is becoming increasingly difficult to justify the
travel, time, and expenses required by the courses cur-
rently being scheduled. As an alternative, the report rec-
ommends development of a two-week course to be
presented once each year in each of the four AASHTO
regions. Research has been completed, and copies of the
agency report distributed to the Program sponsors.
Task 10, "Review of Vehicle Weight/Horsepower Ra-
tio as Related to Passing-Lane Design Criteria" (The
Pennsylvania State University). The current AASHTO
publications on highway geometries use a loaded truck
with weight/horsepower ratio of 400:1 as the design ve-
hicle in determining the need for passing lanes on hills.
The objective of this task was to evaluate the currently
used design vehicle. Research has been completed. A
recommendation is made that a truck with a weight/
horsepower ratio of 300:1 be used where truck traffic is
the controlling factor. An automobile pulling a travel
trailer with a combined weight/horsepower ratio of 60:1
is recommended as the design vehicle on sections of high-
way not subjected to truck traffic but heavily used by
recreation vehicles. Research has been completed, and
copies of the agency report have been distributed to the
Program sponsors.
Task 11, "Longitudinal Occupancy of Freeways by
Utilities" (Byrd, Tallamy, MacDonald and Lewis). The
objective of this task was to determine the over-all fea-
sibility and practicality of joint occupancy of freeway
ROW by trunk-line and transmission-type utility facili-
ties. Research has been completed. Interviews have been
conducted with highway and utility personnel. Existing
joint occupancy sites have been studied for identification
of potential problems. Possible benefits to the general
public have been assessed. Copies of the agency report
have been distributed to the Program sponsors.
Task 12, "Guidelines for Citizen Participation in Trans-
portation Planning" (Kathleen Stein Hudson). The
AASHTO Standing Committee on Planning has compiled
material for preparation of guidelines for citizen partic-
ipation in transportation planning. The objective of this
task was to prepare draft guidelines from the materials
that have been compiled. The project report has been
published by AASHTO as: "Guidelines on Citizen Par-
ticipation in Transportation Planning."
Task 13, "Guidelines for Safety Criteria for Low-Vol-
ume Roads" (John C. Glennon). The objective of this
task was to evaluate and suggest modifications for existing
safety criteria with regard to their applicability and
relevancy for roads carrying less than 400 vehicles per
day at normal and reduced speeds. Research has been
completed, and the report has been published as NCHRP
Report 214, "Design and Traffic Control Guidelines for
Low-Volume Rural Roads."
Task 14, "A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways
and Streets" (John F. Holman & Co., Inc.~. The objective
of this task was the preparation of an edited version of
a new AASHTO publication being compiled by the Task
Force on Geometric Design of the AASHTO Subcom-
mittee on Design. The new publication will replace the
current AASHTO publications, A Policy on Geometric
Design of Rural Highways-1965 (Blue Book) and A
Policy on Design of Urban Highways and Arterial Streets
1973 (Red Book). Research has been completed, and the
new book, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and
Streets, has been published by AASHTO.
Task 15, "Development of a Simplified Pavement Man-
agement System" (ARE, Inc.~. The objectives of this task
are to (1) prepare a synthesis report on pavement man-
agement system (PMS) research and development and (2)
develop a simplified PMS suitable for assisting highway
agencies in rehabilitation programming of existing pave-
ments. The synthesis report has been completed and the
report published as NCHRP Report 215, "Pavement
Management System Development."
A simplified PMS has been developed as accomplish-
ment of item 2. Research has been completed and copies
of the agency report have been distributed to the program
sponsors.
Task 16, "Regulation of Movement of Hazardous Car-
goes" (D. M. Baldwin). Mr. Baldwin was retained as a
consultant to prepare a report on the current state of the
art on the task subject and to suggest specific objectives
for further study. Research has been completed, and cop-
ies of the consultant's report have been distributed to the
Program Sponsors.
Task 17, "Evaluating AASHO Road Test Satellite and
Environmental Studies" (Texas A&M University). The
objectives of this task were to (1) compile available data
and information from satellite road tests and from sections
of the AASHO Road Test subsequent to the completion
of the road test and (2) determine the feasibility of using
the information to propose revisions to the "AASHO
Interim Guide for Design of Pavement Structures, 1972."
Research has been completed on the initial phase and a
report submitted indicating little feasibility of using sat-
ellite road test data to revise the pavement design guides
developed from the AASHO Road Test data. However,
it was found that overlay design procedures could be
developed from satellite road test data on a climatic region
basis. Additional funding was provided for a second phase
of the study to develop such overlay design procedures
for at least two climatic regions. Research has been com-
pleted, and copies of the agency report have been dis-
tributed to Program Sponsors.
Task 18, "Standard Specifications for Highway
Bridges" (Howard Needles Tammen & Bergendoff~. The
objective of this task is the preparation of a completely
reorganized and edited version of Standard Specifications
for Highway Bridges and Structures for publication by
OCR for page 216
216
AASHTO. Research has been completed, and the reor-
ganized and edited version, Standard Specifications for
Highway Bridges, has been published by AASHTO.
Task 19, "The Engineering Aspects of Highway Traffic
Safety in an Age of Limited Resources" (TRB). A con-
ference on the above subject was jointly sponsored by
AASHTO, FHWA, and others and was held in St. Louis,
Mo., November 2-5, 1981. The AASHTO funding support
in the amount of $25,000 was allocated from Project 20-
7. The TRB was responsible for the planning and conduct
of the conference. Proceedings of the conference have been
distributed to the conference sponsors.
Task 20, "Vehicle Acceleration and Deceleration Char-
acteristics" (University of Michigan). The objective of this
task is to evaluate the influence of changes in vehicle size,
weight, power, and brake systems on acceleration and
deceleration capability. The results will be used during
future revisions of highway geometric design. The task
was being combined with Project 15-8, "Parameters Af-
fecting Stopping Sight Distance and Vehicle Accelera-
tion/Deceleration Characteristics." Research has been
completed, and the findings included in NCHRP Report
270, "Parameters Affecting Stopping Sight Distance."
Task 21, "Need for Pavement Markings on Low-Vol-
ume Roads" (John C. Glennon). The objective of this
task was to verify or modify the suggested warrants for
centerline and no-passing markings of low-volume roads
as described in NCHRP Report 214. Research has been
completed, and copies of the agency report have been
distributed to Program Sponsors.
Task 22, "Encasement of Pipelines Through Highway
and Railroad Roadbeds" (Byrd, Tallamy, MacDonald
and Lewis). The objective of this task is to develop pro-
cedures for determining the need for pipeline encasement
based on (1) a review of literature on underground pipe-
line design and performance, (2) a limited stress analysis
of underground pipelines, and (3) an evaluation of field
experience by highway, railroad, and utility agencies of
encased and unencased pipelines under roadbeds. Re-
search has been completed, and copies of the agency
report have been distributed to Program sponsors.
Task 23, "Contracting Policies and Payment Proce-
dures" (Bergstralh-Shaw-Newman, Inc.~. The objectives
of this task were to evaluate current contracting practices
and methods of determining pay-quantities for highway
construction work in the United States and to suggest
any appropriate improvements. Research has been com-
pleted, and copies of the agency report have been dis-
tributed to program sponsors.
Task 24, "AASHTO Pavement Design Guide" (Dr.
Frank McCullough Mr. Fred Finn). NCHRP Project
1-24 is funded from the FY '84 program in the amount
of $500,000 with the objective being the preparation of a
revised and expanded pavement design guide for consid-
eration by AASHTO to replace the current publication,
AASHTO Interim Guide for Design of Pavement Struc
tures 1972 (Chapter III Revised 19819. In the interest
of expediting this work, the entire project was conducted
as Task 24 of Project 20-7. Research has been completed,
copies of the proposed new AASHTO Guide for Design
of Pavement Structures have been distributed to program
sponsors, and the document has been published by
AASHTO.
Task 25, "STRS Support Task" (Various consultants).
The purpose of this task was to respond to the desires of
the Executive Committee of AASHTO to obtain prelim-
inary study designs for the six research areas identified
in the Strategic Transportation Research Study (STRS)
report. Nine consultants were retained by NCHRP to
assist in preparation of the study designs. Work has been
completed and the report distributed to the STRS Task
Force anc program sponsors.
Task 26, "Research and Development Needs in Con-
struction Engineering Management" (Bergstralh-Shaw-
Newman, Inc.~. The objective of this task was to update
the research and development program for highway con-
struction engineering recommended in the FHWA Report
No. FH WA-HO-79-1, assess the accomplishments since
publication of the report, and evaluate the need for ad-
ditional recommendations. Research has been completed,
and copies of the agency report have been distributed to
program sponsors.
Task 27, "Relationships Between Vehicle Configura-
lions and Highway Design" (Transportation Research
Board). The overall objective of research on this problem
is to develop recommendations for coordination of heavy
vehicle configurations and pavement, bridge, and highway
geometric design to produce the most practical and e~-
cient transportation of goods and services over the high-
way system. The objective of the initial phase of the
research (NCHRP Project 20-7/27) was intended to (1)
collect, review, and evaluate available information per-
taining to the problem, (2) conduct a pilot analytical study
involving the more significant factors and sample data,
and (3) assess the feasibility and practicality of further
development of an optimum solution. Research has been
completed with the finding that it appears feasible and
practical to produce both short-term improvements in
interactions of heavy vehicles with the existing highway
system and long-term optimization of heavy vehicle-high-
way design interaction. Recommended research will be
conducted under NCHRP Project 2-16. The agency re-
port has been distributed to program sponsors.
Task 28, "AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement
Structures-Training Program" (Dr. Frank McCullough
and Mr. Fred Finn). The objective of this task was to
develop and conduct a training program for users of the
AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures to
encourage early implementation of the new publication.
Research has been completed including the development
of a computer program for the "AASHTO Guide for
Design of Pavement Structures." The computer program
OCR for page 220
220
applied to the Oyster Bay Bridge (New York) and U.S.
Route 29 (Kansas).
The research was completed. The final report was not
published, but the agency's unedited final draft may be
obtained on a loan basis upon written request to the
NCHRP. Microfiche of the report may be purchased (see
final page of this section for ordering information).
Project 20-11A FY '74
Toward Environmental Benefit/Cost Analy-
sis-Measurement Methodology
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Cornell University
Dr. Arnim H. Meyburg
Mitchell J. Lavine
September 1, 1975
November 30, 1976
$27,212
The general objective of this research was to identify
and describe programs of research being undertaken or
completed that use the energy-flow concept to measure
impacts of man-made changes in ecosystems. Specifically,
the following tasks were completed:
1. The identification and description of relevant re-
search programs, including a literature search, a descrip-
tion of each of the research programs, and a description
of supportive research information.
2. Evaluation of potential applications to transporta-
tion facilities planning.
3. The formulation of recommendations identifying
particularly promising programs or findings and recom-
mendations necessary for further development and im-
plementation of an energy-flow analysis methodology for
transportation-facilities planning.
Research on this project has been completed, resulting
in initiation of Projects 20-llB and 20-llC. Microfiche
of the agency's draft final report, "Toward Environmental
Benefit/Cost Analysis: Measurement Methodology," is
available (see final page of this section for ordering in-
formation).
Project 20-11 B FY ,74
Toward Environmental Benefit/Cost Analy-
sis-Energy-Flow Analysis (Manual)
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Cornell University
Dr. Arnim H. Meyburg
Mitchell J. Lavine
January 24, 1977
May 4, 1979
$140,450
The general objective of this research was to develop
a user-oriented manual to assist any state or local trans-
portation agency in conducting environmental analyses
using the energy-flow concept. This work builds on the
findings of NCHRP Project 20-llA and other related
research efforts. The manual is designed for direct use in
project development and system analysis for the move-
ment of people and goods and emphasizes simplified tech-
niques not requiring computer application. It includes:
1. A step-by-step description of the procedure for en-
ergy-flow analyses.
2. A checklist and brief discussion of specific param-
eters (e.g., productivity rates) for which data are required.
3. Methods for obtaining needed data, including a list
of sources for data that do not require direct field col-
lection.
4. Case studies that demonstrate the step-by-step meth-
odology as it applies to transportation problems.
5. An explanation of the relationship between the step-
by-step procedure contained in the manual and accepted
theories of energy flow.
6. A discussion of the application and the limitations
of the methodology to the planning, construction, oper-
ation, maintenance, and regulation of transportation fa-
cilities and services.
Research has been completed. The agency's draft final
report will not be published but is available on a loan
basis upon written request from the NCHRP. Microfiche
of the report may be purchased (see final page of this
section for ordering information). A summary of the re-
search findings is provided in NCHRP Research Results
Digest 114.
Project 20-11C FY '74
Toward Environmental Benefit/Cost Meth-
odology' Energy-Flow Analysis (Stucly
Design)
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
The Cannon Group
W. E. Kirksey
J. C. Kraft
April 1, 1977
March 31, 1978
$ 14,786
A start has been made in developing a usable meth-
odology for assessing environmental impacts of trans-
portation facilities using the energy-flow concept,
including an evaluation of theoretical energy-flow con-
cepts. It is now necessary to explore in some considerable
detail the application of such concepts to transportation
planning. The required exploration involves practical ap-
plication in (a) measuring and interpreting transportation-
related impacts and (b) assessing sensitivity to the variety
of situations encountered in the planning of transportation
facilities and services.
In view of the complex nature of these research re-
quirements and the apparent broad application of energy-
flow analysis to transportation systems and project plan-
ning, further specific research on the application of the
OCR for page 221
221
methodology required careful preparation of study de-
signs.
The objective of this project was to develop study de-
signs for a program of research that will provide evalu-
ations of the application of the energy-flow methodology
to the planning of transportation facilities and services.
Particular attention to the social-cultural and esthetic
considerations that have not been adequately accounted
for in preceding studies is provided in the study designs.
The final report will not be published; copies of the
study designs are available on a loan basis (see final page
of this section for ordering information).
Project 20-12 FY ,74
Effects of Air Pollution Regulations on High-
way Construction and Maintenance
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Howard, Needles, Tammen and
Bergendoff
Orrin Riley
April 1, 1974
July 31, 1975
$80,446
This research evaluated the effect of air pollution reg-
ulations for fugitive particulates and hydrocarbons on the
highway construction and maintenance industry. Re-
search was limited to the on-site construction process
rather than off-site materials processing.
Research has been completed, and the report has been
published as: NCHRP Report 191, "Effect of Air Pol-
lution Regulations on Highway Construction and Main-
tenance."
Project 20-13 FY ,75
Beneficial Environmental Effects Associated
with Freeway Construction
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
The Pennsylvania State University
Hays B. Gamble
Dr. Thomas B. Davinroy
September 3, 1974
August 2, 1975
$49,965
It is necessary to discuss both positive and negative
environmental aspects of a project during preparation of
the environmental impact statement. The positive aspects
have not previously been documented to any degree. This
study provides an evaluation of environmental improve-
ments attributable to freeways in order to place present
and future freeways in proper perspective.
The objective of this project was to determine the long-
and short-range positive aspects of freeway construction.
These were differentiated, where necessary, for urban and
rural freeways. The literature was searched, analyzed, and
evaluated. The investigators were concerned with studies
such as:
1. Improved emergency ambulance, fire, and police ser-
v~ces.
2. Movement of goods and services.
3. Influence on land-use planning.
4. Influence on economic growth.
5. Accessibility to recreational and other activities.
6. Pollution control.
7. Energy utilization.
8. Effects on plants and wildlife.
A matrix approach was used to catalogue and classify
beneficial environmental effects. Literature reviews and
surveys conducted by a multi-disciplinary team were car-
ried out to develop the required information for the ma
trix.
The project report has been published as: NCHRP
Report 193, "Beneficial Effects Associated with Freeway
Construction Environmental, Social, and Economic."
Project 20 14 FY '77
Monitoring Carbon Monoxide Concentrations
in Urban Areas
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Technology Service Corporation
William S. Meisel
Yuji Horie
October 1, 1976
March 31, 1978
$99,973
The general objective was to develop a methodology
(1) to estimate urban background CO concentrations from
incomplete monitoring data sets for three types of areas
(a) where urban background monitoring stations already
exist, (b) where source-affected monitoring stations exist,
and (c) where there are no existing stations; and (2) to
determine the precision of the estimates.
The first step in the development of such a methodology
was preparation of a high-quality data base for cities
representing a wide geographical distribution throughout
the U.S. Once the data base was established, the inter-
relationships among the CO concentrations at the target
site, the CO concentrations at the auxiliary stations, and
meteorological data were explored. The preliminary re-
lationships determined were then refined to determine
methods for extrapolating the CO concentrations at the
target site to estimate the two critical annual statistics:
the annual second 8-hour maximum and the annual sec-
ond 1-hour maximum. From the analysis of CO concen-
"rations, it was found that the 8-hour running average
violated the air quality standard when the second-highest-
reading-of-the-year standard was violated. This finding
allowed research to concentrate on the extrapolating of
8-hour running averages.
The main result of this study was the following: As
long as it is possible to monitor during a part of the CO
season (October to January, possibly February), the two
OCR for page 222
222
statistics mentioned can be accurately estimated from one Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the case of
month of sampling. Restriction of monitoring to the CO a single monitor have been broadened for application to
season represented a change from practice in 1978. The regionwide conditions. The approach was to use available
most accurate of the methods tested was the simplest data to estimate numbers of exceedances and design values
use the highest 8-hour average observed during the period for points throughout the region of interest. Initially,
of monitoring at the highway site as the estimate of the points are very widely spaced in order to provide an
annual second maximum. It must be verified that the overall picture of the distribution of these two parameters
monitoring period contained enough meterologically ad- in the area. The points for which estimates are obtained
verse days to make the estimate valid. Such adverse days are then more densely spaced in those areas where the
must be determined using an existing monitoring station highest design values and the greatest numbers of ex
nearby which has been operating for at least a year, by ceedances have been estimated. In this way it has been
a meteorological index, or, less persuasively, by typical possible to estimate the maximum numbers of exceed
rates of occurrence of adverse days for the months en- ances and the highest design values occurring in the area
compassed by the monitoring period. and the region in which they are found. These values
satisfy the definitions of expected number of exceedances
and design value that were derived for a network. Com
puter programs have been written for processing data to
obtain the estimates discussed above. These computer
programs and the directions for their use are among the
An approach based on using an estimated statistical
distribution to estimate the annual statistics from limited
measurements was less accurate than the observed-max-
imum approach.
The degree to which the error in the estimation process
creates uncertainty in the estimate was quantified. Means
for assessing confidence intervals were recommended.
The project report has been published as: NCHRP
Report 200, "Monitoring Carbon Monoxide Concentra-
tions in Urban Areas."
Research was continued as Project 20-14A.
Project 20-14A FY '79
Statistical Analysis of Ozone Data for Trans-
portation/Air Quality Planning
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
SRI International Inc.
Frank Ludvig
September 15, 1979
December 18, 1981
$193,907
Federal and state regulations mandate air quality stud-
ies to develop strategies for achieving compliance with
ozone standards. These air quality studies must frequently
include monitoring programs to determine ozone con-
centrations and the degree of compliance with the air
quality standards. However, use of historical data, wher-
ever possible, is a more efficient and practical means to
quantify ozone problems and minimize requirements for
special monitoring. The major objective of this study was
to develop the methods needed to analyze existing data
and obtain as much information as possible from those
data. Corollary objectives were to provide information
about additional data needs and ways in which those needs
can be met with the least additional monitoring, and to
develop methods that provide information necessary for
developing effective control strategies. No procedures
were developed for designing control strategies, which is
a major topic where further research will be fruitful.
All the objectives of the study were met. The rather
specialized definitions of"design value" and "expected
number of exceedances" that were developed by the U.S.
major products of this study.
The dete~inistic approach to the estimation of re-
gional design values and expected numbers of exceedances
described above served as the basis for a probabilistic
approach, which used the day-to-day estimates for each
grid point of values generated by the deterministic method
as a basis for developing conditional probability distri-
butions of ozone concentration. Monte Carlo simulations
were used to generate daily estimates of peak-hour ozone
concentrations at key locations (those areas where higher
design values and greater numbers of exceedances were
expected and which had no nearby monitors), based on
observed data. This probabilistic method provides a mea-
sure of the uncertainty and variability in the deterministic
approach. The computer program, and directions for its
use to obtain the probabilistic estimates of design value
and expected numbers of exceedances are included in the
final report.
The methods that have been developed here not only
provide estimates of design value and expected numbers
of exceedances for the region, but also identify those days
when the highest concentrations occurred, which, in turn,
allows the analyst to determine the meteorological con-
ditions associated with high ozone concentrations in the
region. The air quality data and meteorological infor-
mation for the high-ozone days can be examined and used
to estimate the transported background-ozone concentra-
tions entering the region. The estimation methods are
fully described in the report. The determination of the-
origins of the precursors to the transported ozone through
air trajectory analysis is also discussed.
The methods described above were applied to data from
four urban regions: Houston, St. Louis, Philadelphia, and
Los Angeles. Each of these areas had relatively dense
ozone-monitoring networks that had been operated for at
least a few months. With the availability of data from
these unusually dense monitoring networks, the method
OCR for page 223
223
could be applied to determine the sensitivity of the results
to the number of stations in the monitoring network. A
network of about 10 sites was found to be adequate, if
the sites are properly located. There is a tendency to
underestimate the expected number of exceedances when
the number of monitoring sites is reduced. However, the
design-value estimates are generally within the range of
estimates for a single site, as derived from different EPA-
recommended methods.
Studies have shown that a complete monitoring net-
work need not be operated throughout the year. There is
a close relationship between peak-ozone value and max-
imum temperature; if data are collected for all days when
the maximum temperature in the region exceeds about
20° C, then the estimates of design value and expected
numbers of exceedances will be accurate. It appears that
the most efficient way to collect adequate ozone-moni-
toring data in an urban region is to operate about five
fixed stations: one in the central part of the city and four
in different directions a few tens of kilometers outside the
highly urbanized region. This fixed network should be
supplemented by mobile monitors operated during warm
weather to fill-in the area between the central monitor
and the peripheral monitors in the downwind direction.
The project report was published as: NCHRP Report
238, "Estimating Exceedances and Design Values From
Urban Ozone Monitoring Network Data." The computer
tape containing all programs developed during the course
of the project may be obtained by request to the NCHRP;
a 9-inch diameter (or greater) ASCII 9-track tape (or
equivalent) with a density of 800 BPI must be supplied.
Project 20-15 FY '77
Ecological Effects of Highway Fills on
Wetlands
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
University of Massachusetts
Dr. Paul W. Shuldiner
Prof. Carl A. Carlozzi
December 1, 1976
December 31, 1979
$152,085
The over-all objective of this project was to determine
the ecological erects of placing highway fills on wetlands
and associated flood plains and to develop initial guide-
lines as a management tool for the decision-making proc-
ess regarding routes, fills, bridges, and other design
alternatives.
Research has been completed. Based on a thorough
literature review and the experience of the researchers, a
state-of-the-art report on the ecological effects of highway
fills on wetlands has been prepared and distributed to
state highway and transportation agencies. The final re-
port, including manual on the assessment of ecological
effects, is scheduled to be published as: NCHRP Report
218A, "Ecological Effects of Highway Fills on Wet
lands Research Report." NCHRP Report 218B, "Eco-
logical Effects of Highway Fills on Wetlands-User's
Manual."
Project 20-16 FY '77
State Laws and Regulations on Truck Size,
Weight, and Speed
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
R. J. Hansen Associates, Inc.
Ralph D. Johnson
John C. Laughland
October 11, 1976
September 1, 1978
$281,975
The objectives of the research were to:
1. Identify and describe the effects of current state size,
weight, and speed laws, regulations, and interstate agree-
ments on trucks and the highway systems they use.
2. Investigate the potential benefits and disadvantages
of increased uniformity in truck size, weight, and speed
limits among states.
3. List and evaluate the available alternatives for elim-
inating or minimizing the differences in truck size, weight,
and speed limits among states.
The research was originally envisioned in two phases.
This first phase was intended to synthesize the present
system of state regulation of truck size, weight, and speed
and to describe its effects. Dependent on the findings of
Phase I, a second phase was planned to identify and
evaluate alternatives to eliminate or minimize the adverse
effects of states' nonuniformities of truck size, weight, and
speed limits.
After completion of part of Phase I, the research agency
proposed and the project panel approved a plan to merge
both phases of the research.
Research has been completed, and the final report has
been published as: NCHRP Report 198, "State Laws and
Regulations on Truck Size and Weight."
Project 20-17 FY '79
Statewide Freight Demand Forecasting Pro-
cedures
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Cambridge Systematics, Inc.
Dr. Paul O. Roberts
Dr. Brian C. Kullman
April 1, 1979
July31,1980
$73,151
NCHRP Project 8-17, "Freight Data Requirements for
Statewide Transportation Systems Planning," identified
many current state planning issues related to freight trans-
portation, described existing analysis techniques that ad-
dress those issues, and catalogued a wide variety of
available data sources and collection procedures to sup
OCR for page 224
224
port those techniques. Projects 20-17 and 20-17A extend
this preliminary effort to provide operational freight fore-
casting techniques for use in policy, system, and project
planning at the state level.
The objective of Phase I (20-17) was to propose ap-
propriate, cost-effective, policy sensitive, multiregional
and state freight demand forecasting techniques that uti-
lize available information and data, while recognizing the
issues states face in freight planning.
In Phase I, the uses of freight demand forecasts in
statewide planning, the freight forecasting procedures
available, the population and economic activity infor-
mation necessary as input to freight forecasting proce-
dures, the extent to which the existing procedures meet
statewide planning needs, and the types of new procedures
required to meet these needs were addressed. The most
appropriate techniques to provide the needed levels of
forecast detail were determined, and preliminary speci-
fications for statewide freight demand forecasting pro-
cedures were prepared.
Loan copies of the agency's final report on Phase I are
available (see final page of this section for ordering in-
formation).
Project 20-17A FY '81
Application of Statewide Freight Demand
Forecasting Techniques
vices a step-by-step set of procedures for state agencies
to follow in obtaining data and techniques, modifying
them if necessary, and applying them to yield appropriate
freight forecasts. The user's manual describes (1) the level
of analysis to be conducted (i.e., system, network, cor-
ridor, etc.~; (2) the time frame involved (i.e., the base year
and forecast years); (3) the modes included; (4) the com-
modities to be considered; (5) the specificity of origins
and destinations to be developed (e.g., county-to-county);
(6) the output of the techniques to be applied; (7) the
usefulness of the techniques for various analysis problems;
and (8) the role of available demographic and economic
forecasts.
Case studies have been completed describing the anal-
ysis of commodity flow changes on the New York State
Barge Canal System, of grain movements in Montana,
and of the technique's applicability in forecasting changes
in truck travel. The final report (user's manual) has been
completed and published as: NCHRP Report 260, "Ap-
plication of Statewide Freight Demand Forecasting Tech-
niques."
Project 20-18 FY '79
Evaluation of Highway Air Pollution Disper-
sion Models
Research Agency: Roger Creighton Associates, Inc. Research Agency: SRI International
Principal Invest.: Frederick W. Memmott Principal Invest.: W. F. Dabberdt
Elective Date: June 1, 1981 Effective Date: March 15, 1979
Completion Date: January 31, 1984 Completion Date: February 28, 1982
Funds: $193,500 Funds: $207,509
The first phase of this research (Project 20-17) identified
freight transportation issues that need to be addressed by
demand forecasting techniques and proposed a compre-
hensive research approach to develop a spectrum of such
techniques. However, because of limited funding, exten-
sive development work is not possible in this continuation
phase.
The objective of Project 20-17A was to demonstrate
the applicability of a freight demand forecasting technique
for direct use by state agencies. The technique has been
designed to develop freight flows by highway, rail, and
water for the current year; forecast the likely annual
freight volumes and shifts among the modes over the short
term (5 years or less); and provide origins and destinations
by commodity within a corridor or region at the sub-
state, state, or multi-state level. The technique uses gen-
erally available data and methods to facilitate application
to specific problems (e.g., deregulation and rate changes).
A user's manual has been developed setting forth how
to apply the technique to problems such as the effects of
deregulation, energy availability, industry shifts, infra-
structure development and maintenance, or financing
availability on modal competition. The user's manual pro
The general objective of the research was to develop
methods for evaluating the performance of highway air
pollution dispersion models, assemble and document a
data base to be used to assess model performance, and
perform a preliminary evaluation of selected models to
demonstrate the application of the methodology.
All of the study objectives were met. The evaluation
methodology comprises both statistical analysis and sen-
sitivity analysis. A comprehensive data base was assem-
bled, which includes data from (1) at-grade, elevated, and
depressed roadways; and (2) five data sets provided by
SRI International, Texas A&M University, New York
State Department of Environmental Conservation, Cali-
fornia Department of Transportation, and General Mo-
tors Corporation. The application of the evaluation
methodology was demonstrated by performing a prelim-
inary assessment of the performance of six selected
models, four Gaussian and two numerical.
The final report has been published as: NCHRP Report
245, "Methodology for Evaluating Highway Air Pollution
Dispersion Models." The computer tape containing the
model evaluation method and the comprehensive data
base may be obtained by request to the NCHRP; a 12
OCR for page 225
225
inch diameter and an 8 inch diameter ASCII 9-track tape
(or equivalent) with a density of 1600 BPI must be sup-
plied.
Project 20-19 FY '85
Pedestrian Convenience and Safety on
Suburban and Rural Highways
Research Agency: JHK & Associates
Principal Invest.: Steven A. Smith
Elective Date: May 1, 1985
Completion Date: December 31, 1986
Funds: $ 160,000
The general objective of this research was to develop
a planning and implementation methodology to assist
planners, designers, decision-makers, and the public in
providing convenient and safe pedestrian movement for
suburban areas having a heavy traffic corridor with ad-
jacent pedestrian magnets, and in rural areas that are in,
or likely to be in, transition to suburban areas. The plan-
ning methodology should have application to the creation
of coherent (usable, understandable, continuous) pedes-
trian circulation for high activity subareas with the po-
tential for connection to communitywide systems, but not
dependent on their presence. The following tasks were
performed:
Task 1 Structure the pedestrian problem for sub-
urban and rural areas and conduct a literature review of
solutions that provide convenient and safe movement of
pedestrians.
Task 2 Define success and failure of existing pe-
destrian circulation systems. Identify and document ex-
amples of success and failure in providing coherent
pedestrian circulation. Documentation should cover site-
specific conditions, including institutional arrangements
(public and private sector roles and responsibilities, and
citizen participation) associated with success and failure.
Task 3 Based on an analysis of pedestrian needs,
identify possible solutions which have not been discovered
in the literature or in field studies but which may be
feasible in the current context. Evaluate their effective
ness.
Task 4 Synthesize and evaluate the state of the art
and state of practice from the knowledge gained in Tasks
1, 2, and 3. Prepare a synthesis report containing the
following major components:
. Literature Review: critical evaluation of research re-
lated to pedestrian circulation systems in suburban and
rural areas.
. State-of-the-Art: description of guidelines and pro-
cedures currently used in planning for pedestrian systems.
. State-of-the-Practice: results of the case study and
data collection effort. A review of successful and unsuc-
cessful systems, specifically the applicability of various
potential solutions to the various development settings.
. Alternative Solutions: a description of new and in-
novative approaches to problems in pedestrian circulation
systems.
Task 5 Develop guiding principles and design
considerations that will assist planning and design pro-
fessionals to provide coherent pedestrian circulation. For-
mulate these principles and considerations into a planning
and implementation methodology.
The final two-part report has been published as
NCHRP Report 294A (Research Report) and NCHRP
Report 294B (State-of-the-Art Report).
Project 20-19~2) FY '86
Pedestrian Safety and Convenience on Sub-
urban and Rural Highways tmpIemen
tation Phase
Research Agency: JHK and Associates
Principal Invest.: Steven A. Smith
Elective Date: September 1, 1987
Completion Date: March 31, 1989
Funds: $125,000
The objective of NCHRP Project 20-19 was the de-
velopment of planning and implementation methodolo-
gies and principles. The objective of this continuation
phase, Project 20-19~2), is on the implementation of the
findings of the first phase. As stated in the 20-19 findings,
many of the deficiencies noted are due to flaws in the
implementation process. The continuation phase is en-
visioned primarily as an effort to support the implemen-
tation process. Accomplishing the objective will require
the following tasks:
Task 1 Develop Teaching Modules. Task 1 will de-
velop teaching modules that can be integrated into high-
way and planning courses at universities and colleges, at
other training courses for planners and engineers, and
even at professional meetings where this topic is appro-
priate. The modules will consist of alternative course seg-
ments of one, two or four hours in length.
Task 2 Develop an "Other Markets" Publication. The
"other markets" publication will be developed as a con-
densed and more focussed version of the final report from
the initial phase, to be oriented primarily toward the
planning and development community. The emphasis will
be on the planning and implementation process, with case
study material interwoven to illustrates points.
Task 3 Prepare Advocacy Articles. Eight articles for
publication in trade journals or periodicals on topics re-
lating to pedestrian planning, design and implementation
will be prepared. The articles will serve to bring pedestrian
needs and planning solutions to the attention of readers
of the publications and to electively advocate the inte-
gration of pedestrian planning into other phases of plan-
ning and engineering practice. Tentative article titles are:
OCR for page 226
226
1. Pedestrian Planning An Integral Part of the Local
Planning Process.
2. Improving Suburban Pedestrian Mobility Through
Medians and Refuge Islands.
3. Pedestrian-Sensitive Zoning and Subdivision Reg
ulations.
4. Site Planning, Traffic Circulation and the Pedes
trian.
5. On Planning, Building and Maintaining Sidewalks.
6. Accommodating the Pedestrian in Highway Design.
7. The Hazards of Walking in Suburbia: What CanProject:
You Do About It?Title:
8. Practical Ideas for Improving Pedestrian Mobility
and Safety.
Task 4 Develop "Think Pedestrian" Video. A video
tape will be prepared, between 15 and 20 minutes in
length. The video will be suitable for a variety of audi
ences, ranging from citizens who want to know more
about good pedestrian planning and design practices to
planning and engineering professionals who may not deal
with pedestrians every day but yet require a basic knowl
edge of planning and design practices.
Task 5 Prepare Practitioners Manual. This will be a
resource document to the training material prepared in
Task 1, but will also be a stand-alone document which
can be used by planning and engineering practitioners. It
will consist of a collection of planning and design ideas
that have been used by various agencies or in various
development projects.
Research is nearing completion on all tasks. A time
extension of approximately 5 months will be processed
while the project panel reviews the substantial number of
written and audio-visual products which have been de
veloped.
Project 20-20 FY '83
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
STRS Pre-Implementation Research Research Agency:
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
AASHTO
L. Gary Byrd
October 1, 1984
September 30, 1986
$500,000
The Strategic Transportation Research Study (STRS)
conducted by the Transportation Research Board and
published in TRB Special Report 202, "America's High-
ways Accelerating the Search for Innovation," detailed
a concerted research effort needed to produce major in-
novations for increasing the productivity and safety of
the nation's highway system. The American Association
of State Highway and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO), under NCHRP Project 20-20, has overall
responsibility for conducting a pre-implementation effort
that will produce a plan for carrying out the research
identified as, "The Strategic Highway Research Program
(SHRP)."
Three major tasks were undertaken. First, a plan was
developed to provide the institutional requirements
needed to organize, administer, and coordinate the re-
search program. Second, detailed research plans were pre-
pared and coordinated for each of the six research areas
identified in the STRS report. Third, the institutional
arrangements and research plans were implemented.
In addition to the primary contract with AASHTO,
the following NCHRP projects were conducted between
March 15, 1985 and May 31, 1986:
20-20~2)
Overview and Integration Planning,
SHRP
University of Maryland
Lowell K. Bridwell- Funds: $90,000
Project: 20-20~3)
Title: Detailed Planning for Research on
Asphalt Properties
ARE Inc.
Fred N. Finn Funds: $115,000
Project: 20-20~5)
Title: Detailed Planning for Research on
Maintenance Effectiveness
Texas Research & Development
Foundation
Bertell C. Butler, Jr.-Funds: $90,000
Project: 20-20~6)
Title: Detailed Planning for Research on
Bridge Component Protection
David G. Manning
Dr. David G. Manning Funds:
$80,000
Principal Invest.:
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Project: 20-20~7)
Title: Detailed Planning for Research on
Cement and Concrete
Construction Technology Labora-
tories
Paul Klieger Funds: $75,000
Project: 20-20~8)
Title: Detailed Planning for Research on
Snow and Ice
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research
and Engineering Laboratory
David Minsk-Funds: $73,781
In addition to the above six NCHRP contracts, the
FHWA funded and conducted Project 20-20~4), "De-
tailed Planning for Research on Pavement Performance."
The objective of each project was to develop a detailed
research plan to provide the basis for a major research
effort to be conducted following the pre-implementation
project. The detailed research plans were guided by the
budget and schedule shown for the subject research area
in Special Report 202. The plans include a detailed de-
scription of each individual research project including the
OCR for page 227
227
tasks, level of effort, required resources, schedule, and
budget. The research plans show the interrelationships of
the projects, the timing and sequencing of each, and the
assumptions or dependent conditions for each project.
Each study was guided by the NCHRP Project Panel
SP20-20 and the SHRP Interim Director, as well as by
input from advisory committees and other resources.
Each agency was responsible also for obtaining input from
a wide spectrum of the highway community including
public, private, domestic, and foreign organizations.
This project has been completed and the final report,
"Strategic Highway Research Program Research
Plans," is available from the TRB Publications Office.
This report served as the basis for the SHRP program
initiated in FY '87.
Project 20-21 FY '86
Development of an Automated Field Survey
Data Collection System
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
ARE Inc./Cooper Technology
Hubert Henry
Frank F. Cooper
February 3, 1986
May5, 1987
$200,000
In the past, few transportation agencies performed com-
prehensive analyses of survey operations within their or-
ganizations. However, with a diversity of high-tech "total
stations" and "data collectors," and various software sys-
tems now available, many agencies are faced with prob-
lems of integrating these components into their surveying
operations. Unfortunately, there is uncertainty as to how
to best accomplish this integration. In addition, field sur-
vey data must be suitable for fast, efficient transfer to and
from other engineering systems, such as computer-aided
design and drafting programs. These issues, coupled with
an increase in transportation construction projects na-
tionwide, and an increased need for more accessible sur-
vey data, create pressure on agencies to provide "quick
fix" purchases and approaches. This, in turn, results in
possible wasted time and duplicated effort, as similar, but
incompatible, systems are developed and tested.
Because of the demand for field survey information in
varying formats and accuracies for projects and records,
there is a need to integrate the different phases in handling
survey information and to automate as many tasks as
possible. An initial step in dealing with this problem is
to develop an automated field survey data collection sys-
tem that includes preprocessing and storage of the data
in a standard file for subsequent electronic transfer to
engineering design systems.
The objective of this research project was to define,
develop, and demonstrate an automated system for col-
lecting, preprocessing, and storing field survey data in a
standard file format.
Research is complete; the final report has been pub-
lished as NCHRP Report 295, "Automated Field Survey
Data Collection System."
Project 20-22 FY '87
Factors to be Considered by Highway Agen-
cies in the Identification and Remediation
of Hazardous Waste Sites
Research Agency: HMM Associates
Principal Invest.: David J. Friend; Jan L. Connery
Elective Date: November 1, 1986
Date: July 1, 1988
Funds: $148,01 5
Many state highway agencies are beginning to encoun-
ter problems caused by the discovery of hazardous waste
on existing or soon to be acquired rights-of-way. These
problems affect highway agencies in many ways. En-
vironmental specialists, right-of-way officials, project
development engineers, construction contract administra-
tors and engineers, and legal counsels can all be involved,
depending on the agency's organizational structure and
the particular point at which the problems associated with
hazardous waste are encountered.
Improper disposal and management of hazardous
wastes, hazardous substances, and toxic chemicals have
created substantial problems for state highway and trans-
portation agencies in the planning, design, construction,
and operation of highway facilities. For example, parcels
purchased or considered for purchase by state highway
agencies are sometimes contaminated by hazardous waste.
Such sites, in addition to having been used as dumps,
frequently reflect improper management of hazardous ma-
terials by former businesses. Federal and state regulations
require that state highway agencies develop and imple-
ment plans for resolving these problems. Hazardous waste
problems and their solutions have far reaching impacts
on highway programs by increasing costs, creating time
delays, and providing greater opportunities for litigation.
Problems associated with hazardous wastes are critical,
yet fairly new for many highway agencies. The presence
or suspected presence of hazardous waste sites creates a
multitude of problems. Solutions to these concerns involve
an intricate array of regulations, and require interactions
with other agencies and individuals as well as with the
general public. Therefore, the objective of the research
was to compile the principal, relevant information de-
scribing the administrative, technical, and legal consid-
erations that highway agency officials must be sensitive
to when developing and implementing highway programs.
The information provided is a useful resource in the chal-
lenging, complex process of dealing with hazardous waste
sites.
Research is complete; the final report has been pub-
lished as NCHRP Report 310, "Dealing with Hazardous
Waste Sites, A Compendium for Highway Agencies."
OCR for page 228
228
Project 20-23 FY '88
Kinematic Differential GPS Satellite Surveying
GPS Services Inc./National Geo-
detic Survey
Dr. Gerald L. Mader
September 15, 1988
September 14, 1990
$298,793
Although the Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging
system (NAVSTAR), also known as the Global Posi-
tioning System (GPS), is a satellite system being developed
by the Department of Defense under Air Force manage-
ment, some civilian applications are allowed. Presently,
six satellites providing positioning information are in or-
bit. This six-satellite constellation can be used for mea-
surements only during a limited time each day. An
eighteen-satellite constellation providing 24-hour cover-
age is expected to be fully operational between 1990 and
1992; this will then provide very precise three-dimensional
information on a continuous basis.
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Equipment presently on the market can provide coarse-
point-positions (positioning with a single receiver) in real-
time with accuracies ranging from an estimated 10 to 30
meters. Improvements in coarse GPS real-time point-po-
sitioning are expected to evolve within private industry
because of the potential for widespread commercial ap-
plications. Coarse-point-positioning data can be used by
DOTs with a geographic information system (GIS) for
such activities as highway inventories, accident locations,
and maintenance operations. Because systems that may
provide levels of accuracy acceptable for some of these
activities already exist or are expected soon, no research
is proposed in this area. However, opportunities do exist
in the area of precise relative positioning using GPS.
Use of the present satellite constellation has shown that
relative positioning measurements with accuracies of a
few parts per million are possible in 30 minutes or less
of data acquisition. Preliminary work involving the use
of GPS for rapid differential (kinematic) positioning of
ground-based survey points has indicated the feasibility
of greatly reducing the time required to accomplish the
equivalent of geodetic traversing. This process uses the
differential GPS measurement mode where the time
needed for static data collecting over each point is mea-
sured in seconds instead of minutes or hours. The benefits
of such a process are great when considering the amount
of geodetic traverses being conducted by the DOTs.
Another application of kinematic differential GPS is
the positioning of moving sensors, such as aerial mapping
cameras. A prime potential benefit of this application is
that of greatly reducing the need for establishing and
targeting ground control points for photogrammetric
mapping. Preliminary altimetry experiments have sub-
stantiated GPS-determined vertical positions to 10-cm
accuracy. Current experiments are expected to show sim
ilar results for horizontal positioning. The benefits of this
procedure could greatly reduce surveying costs for pho-
togrammetric mapping. More work is necessary if state
DOTs are to realize these benefits as soon as possible.
Consequently, the objective of this research will be to
determine appropriate algorithms and develop opera-
tional software for kinematic differential GPS positioning
at the 1-cm to 2-cm accuracy level.
Research is underway.
Project 20-24 FY '88
Research Program Design- Administration of
Highway and Transportation Agencies
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Apogee Research Inc.
Richard R. Mudge
John A. Clements
May 11, 1987
September 30, 1988
$125,000
At a special session held during the 1986 Annual Meet-
ing of the Transportation Research Board (TRB), a num-
ber of Chief Administrative Officers (CAO's) from state
departments of transportation identified areas of concern
in the management of transportation agencies. Economic
considerations and management of financial resources
were judged to be the most important areas. Others in-
cluded the management of people, information systems,
public affairs, and technology transfer. In each area dis-
cussed, problems were identified that are in need of re-
search. At the same Annual Meeting, members of the
academic community reported the findings of the NSF
seminar on "Transportation Research: The State of the
Art and Research Opportunities." Although their rec-
ommendations call for more fundamental research, some
of the problems identified are very similar to those listed
by the CAO's. Concurrently, TRB committees concerned
with the planning and administration of transportation
systems developed their views on needed research in their
areas of expertise.
Additional work is required to develop a research pro-
gram,.specifically directed to the management, adminis-
tration, and policy planning needs of highway agencies.
The objectives of NCHRP Project 20-24 are to identify
the most critical problems faced by top management of-
ficials in state highway and transportation agencies and
to design a well-defined, comprehensive research program
to address those problems.
The initial step of the research effort was to award a
contract for Task 1 with the following scope of work:
Task 1 Determine the most critical management, ad-
ministration, and policy planning problems of common
concern to the CAO's and other top managers in state
highway and transportation agencies and identify those
OCR for page 229
229
that can be addressed through research. Because of the
anticipated broad range and diverse nature of the prob-
lems to be identified, similar types will be classified into
groups that individually or in combination would provide
a logical base for structuring a coherent research program.
Some of the identified problems will require new re-
search, but others may be best treated through the better
use of existing methods from within the transportation
community and from other public and private organi-
zations. Although the detailed analysis of existing tech-
niques will be accomplished in Task 2, as part of Task 1
a preliminary assessment will be conducted of the extent
to which information is currently available to address
specific problems.
Submit a report presenting one or more preliminary
concepts for a research program to address the high prior-
ity areas. The concepts) should identify (1) recommended
research areas including priorities, (2) specific major prod-
ucts of the proposed program, (3) relative roles of new
research and synthesis-type efforts, and (4) preliminary
cost estimates.
It is anticipated that the following tasks will be con-
ducted subsequently:
Task 2 Review state-of-the-art techniques used in
governmental and private agencies and assess potentially
useful techniques emerging from current research to de-
termine their applicability to the problems identified in
Task 1. Evaluate the more promising techniques for trans-
ferability and wider application.
Task 3 Design a research program to develop or
adapt techniques that are needed to address the more
critical problems identified in Task 1. The program plan
will include primary emphasis areas (e.g., financial man-
agement) and, within each area, a list of specific research
projects (e.g., development of a cash flow model).
Task 4 Develop a detailed scope statement for each
project. Identify the highest priority projects for all pro-
posed projects.
Research on Task 1 was completed, and the following
research areas were identified for further attention: (1)
Finance Resource Development, (2) Financial Manage-
ment, (3) Decision Support, (4) Long-Term Policy De-
velopment, (5) Implementation, (6) Understanding of
Industry, and (7) Public/Political Interactions. NCHRP
Panel SP20-24 selected the first three areas for primary
emphasis in the remaining work.
All research is now complete, and the agency prelim-
inary draft final report has been submitted and is under
review. The draft report presents a program of projects
and recommended means for accomplishing those proj-
ects. A meeting of NCHRP Panel SP20-24 is scheduled
to decide on future actions for conducting research in the
management and administration of highway agencies. The
final report will then be modified accordingly.
Project 20-24~1) FY '89
Using Market Research to Improve the Man-
agement of Transportation Systems
Research Agency: Apogee Research, Inc.
Principal Invest.: Dr. Richard R. Mudge
Elective Date: October 1, 1988
Completion Date: September 30, 1989
Funds: $200,000
Transportation programs must survive in an increas-
ingly competitive world of public policy, where tough
choices must be made among public works, social pro-
grams, tax cuts, and a variety of other public functions.
Budget pressures are merely the most obvious outward
sign of these political and financial battles.
Developing a political consensus for the funding of
transportation programs requires both an in-depth knowl-
edge of what the public knows about transportation and
what their attitudes are about the transportation problems
they face every day. Modern market research techniques,
including public opinion surveys and focus groups, may
offer a systematic way to help provide CAOs with answers
to these questions.
Private firms make considerable efforts to identify their
customers' general likes and dislikes as well as to identify
specific needs. Based on this information, firms design a
product or service to meet the potential customer's per-
ceived needs and then work to convince them to purchase
these products or services. As with other areas of modern
life, marketing has become more sophisticated and tech-
nically advanced. How can these advances be adapted to
help solve the problems of state DOTs?
While the focus of recent efforts in market research has
been on surveys of public feelings in general, some of the
same techniques could be used to survey and assess the
needs and understanding of firms or groups with a direct
interest in transportation. Most such information is now
presented to DOTs by trade groups, but use of the ideas
discussed here might make it possible to obtain infor-
mation from the public at large.
The object of this research is to help the CAOs of state
DOTs to add modern market research techniques to their
program development and evaluation methods. Five inter-
related tasks are called for:
Task 1. Review and summarize existing transportation
public opinion research surveys and results.
Task 2. Review modern market research techniques
used by private and public agencies.
Task 3. Design and conduct a national public opinion
survey.
Task 4 Prepare policy guidance document on how
these methods and information could be used most ef-
fectively to develop and implement transportation policy.
Task 5. Prepare a handbook that summarizes the de
OCR for page 230
230
sign and implementation of past transportation opinion/
market research and current efforts under way.
Project 20-25 FY '89
Training Needs for Highway Construction Per
sonne'
Research Agency:
In developmental stage
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date: (12 months)
Completion Date:
Funds: $75,000
There is a continuing need to improve the management
of the quality of highway construction and to reduce life
cycle costs. Budget restrictions, loss of skilled personnel,
increased responsibility placed on quality assurance per-
sonnel, changing role of the contractor in the area of
quality control, and demands to construct projects faster
have all affected the highway construction process in the
United States.
An approach for meeting this need is improved training
programs for field and office personnel at the highway
construction site. Current training programs for these
personnel are not comprehensive, are localized in their
application, and lack national acceptance. A national
training program for highway agency, consultant, and
contractor personnel will respond to this need.
The ultimate goal of this research is the development
of a nationally acceptable training program that specifi-
cally supports certification for agency, consultant, and
contractor personnel involved in highway construction.
The objective of this project is to provide a needs assess-
ment and design a framework for a training program to
improve the quality of highway construction.
Accomplishment of this objective will require, as a
minimum, the following tasks:
Task 1. Review existing listings of job-related tasks
(work elements) that have been prepared for highway
construction personnel and develop a nationally appli-
cable listing of job task descriptions for personnel involved
in the highway construction process.
Task 2. Survey existing training and certification pro-
grams for the job-related tasks (work elements) defined
in Task 1.
Task 3. Establish criteria for determining the effec-
tiveness of the training and certification programs sur-
veyed under Task 2. Provide an assessment of existing
training and certification programs, including areas of
weakness and deficiencies.
Task 4. Based on the results of Tasks 2 and 3, design
a framework for a national training program that supports
certification for highway construction personnel.
Task 5. Prepare a final report on the total research
effort.
NOTE: Funds are earmarked for a research project to
follow in this area to develop a comprehensive
training program that will lead to nationally ac-
cepted certification based on the results of this
project.
Project 20-26 FY '89
Bond and Insurance Coverages for Highway
Construction Contractors
Research Agency:
In developmental stage
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date: (16 months)
Completion Date:
Funds: $ 100,000
Highway construction contractors typically need to ob-
tain bid, performance, and payment bonds, as well as
insurance coverages in order to undertake public highway
construction contracts. In recent years, a number of con-
tractors have complained that the cost of insurance has
risen dramatically or the needed insurance coverages are
not available. The cost and availability of surety bonds
are also mentioned as problems for small, less experienced
contractors and especially for Disadvantaged Business
Enterprises (DBE) that are attempting to break into pub-
lic construction. In turn, there is concern that these prob-
lems may have reduced competition and increased costs
for highway construction.
It is not clear to what extent various factors influence
the cost and availability of bonds and insurance. Some of
these factors may fall into such categories' as highway
agency design and construction practices; cyclical nature
of the insurance industry shifts in the type of construction
toward rehabilitation and reconstruction; social issues;
legal climates; environmental issues; OSHA requirements;
changes in range and types of insurance coverage; size
and number of projects; quality control; state and federal
laws, rules, and regulations; risk management; safety pro-
grams; and loss prevention techniques.
Research is needed to enable the industry to deal with
the primary short- and long-term factors that affect bond
and insurance costs and create availability problems for
contractors that need such coverages.
The objective of this research is to identify, analyze,
and prioritize the factors that affect the cost and avail-
ability of bonds and insurance on public highway con-
struction contracts. At a minimum, it is anticipated that
the research will include the following tasks:
Task 1. Survey the highway and utility contracting
industries including prime contractors, subcontractors,
DBEs, State contracting agencies, and contractor and
construction associations to determine the actual extent
and cause of problems related to cost and availability of
bonds and-trlgurance. Solicit from these firms, agencies,
and associations, suggestions for ways to increase the
availability or reduce the cost of bonds and insurance.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
principal invest
