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241
anticipated that accomplishment of this objective will in-
volve the following tasks:
Phase I
Task 1. Review the current practice and literature on
methods of reducing downdrag forces in piles using bi-
tuminous (and other viscous) coatings. This review should
analyze concepts, assumptions and limitations of each
design and construction method. Prepare a background
summary and a complete bibliography.
Task 2. Prepare a preliminary Design and Construction
Manual based on the present state of the art. This manual
should contain but not be limited to:
a. Recognition of downdrag problems on uncoated
piles and the justification for using bituminous coat-
~ngs.
~ . Methods of calculating downdrag forces.
c. Mechanics of reducing downdrag with bituminous
materials.
d. Information on consistency and other relevant char-
acteristics of bituminous materials.
e. Evaluation of the soil-coating interaction on the
magnitude of the downdrag force.
f. Methods of design and selection of appropriate bi-
tumen from types commonly available.
g. Methods of applying, measuring, and protecting bi-
tuminous coatings.
h. Recommended material and construction specifi-
cations for bitumen-coated concrete, steel, and tim-
ber piles.
Task 3. Identify the shortcomings, if any, in current
knowledge that inhibit the use of bitumen-coated piles.
Task 4 Prepare a proposal for laboratory and field
testing programs to verify the methods recommended un-
der Task 2 and to resolve any shortcomings cited in Task
3.
Phase II
Task 5. Perform suitable laboratory and field tests to
verify bitumen-coating design methods identified in Phase
I.
Task 6. Finalize the Design and Construction manual.
Task 7. Prepare a report summarizing test results and
conclusions.
Research has been initiated and review of literature and
current practice is underway.
AREA 25: IMPACT ANALYSIS
This area became effective January 1, 1979, and in-
cludes only those projects beginning with the FY 1981
program. Refer to Areas 7, 8, and 20 for previous projects
in the realm of Impact Analysis.
Project 25-1 FY '81
Effects of Highway Runoff on WetIands
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Rexnord, Inc.
Dr. Nicholas P. Kobriger
February 16, 1981
March 16, 1984
$162,189
The objectives of this research were to identify the
interactions between wetland systems and highway runoff,
to identify the effects of highway runoff on wetlands, and
to develop guidelines for the practical management of
highway runoff on wetlands. Although no one situation
is exactly like another, the results of this research provide
excellent background for understanding the characteris-
tics of wetlands, their functions, and the effects of highway
runoff. Practical guidance for the management of runoff
from highways in close proximity to wetlands was de-
veloped and should be of considerable interest and use.
This guidance includes the management of runoff from
the highway to and in the wetlands. A possibility also
addressed is the use or creation of wetlands to mitigate
the effects of highway runoff.
Research has been completed. The project report is
comprised of two documents: the main research report
and the guidelines. The research report titled, "Effects of
Highway Runoff on Wetlands," was not published in the
regular NCHRP series. However, a copy of the report
was distributed to all Program Sponsors, and the report
is available to others on a loan basis or for purchase of
Xerox copies (see final page of this section for ordering
information). This research report provides an excellent,
comprehensive resource document on the subject and re-
lated areas.
The guidelines emanating from Project 25-1 were pub-
lished as: NCHRP Report 264, "Guidelines for the Man-
agement of Highway Runoff on Wetlands." This report,
in addition to providing guidelines for the practical man-
agement of highway runoff in wetlands, highlights the
significant findings of the research and includes an ex-
tensive bibliography categorized by the following subject
areas: processes and pathways, runoff constituents and
aquatic ecosystems, runoff characteristics; state and fed-
eral regulations, wetland creation, wetland monitoring,
assessing the interactions of highway runoff and wetlands,
wetland vegetation and classification, and case studies.
Project 25-2 FY ,88
Predicting Stop-and-Go Traffic Noise Levels
Research Agency: Vanderbilt University
Principal Invest.: Dr. William Bowlby
Effective Date: January 18, 1988
Completion Date: January 17, 1989
Funds: $64,999
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242
STAMINA 2.0 has become the standard computer-
based noise prediction model to aid in the assessment of
existing and future noise levels on highway projects. It
has the versatility to use several ranges of factors (or data)
to predict noise levels for many types of conditions. How-
ever, STAMINA deals with free flowing traffic traveling
at least 30 miles per hour. It does not have the capability
of dealing with stop-and-go conditions that are frequently
encountered in urban areas and can be very different from
normal free flow traffic conditions.
Noise analysts using STAMINA have been attempting
to predict noise levels for stop-and-go conditions by using
various approximations and engineering judgments, such
as varying average vehicle speeds and emission levels. The
analyst who assesses existing and future noise levels for
environmental impact statements (EIS's) or environmen-
tal assessments (EA's) using STAMINA has no formally
recognized basis for adjusting the program to adequately
reflect stop-and-go conditions. Consequently, the error
resulting from the use of these approximations can be
significant. Research is needed to develop a standard pro-
cedure for accurately assessing stop-and-go noise levels
by adding additional emission level characteristics and
other relevant factors to the STAMINA model. There-
fore, the objective of this project is to develop a procedure
for predicting stop-and-go traffic noise levels that can be
input into the STAMINA 2.0 noise model. The agency
preliminary draft final report has been submitted and is
now under review.
Project 25-3 FY '89
Guidelines for the Development of
Wetland Replacement Areas
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Contract Pending
(27 months)
$299,71 1
Planning for highway projects frequently involves con-
sideration of several mitigative alternatives to address
adverse impacts to wetland resources. One alternative
often used requires the development of wetland replace-
ment areas as compensation for wetlands lost due to high-
way development projects. Although considerable
information is available on the subject of wetland replace-
ment, both in documented form and undocumented ex-
perience or practice, much of this information is
fragmented and dispersed throughout the country, or has
not been fully evaluated. Therefore, current information
cannot be easily used for locating, designing, constructing,
or monitoring wetland replacement areas. However, to
ensure elective implementation of this important miti-
gative alternative, transportation planners, designers, en-
vironmental staff, and other users must have this
information readily available. Therefore, there is a need
to synthesize the present state of the art and from this
synthesis develop a recommended process for replacing
wetlands.
The objective of this research is to develop a manual
containing a well-defined wetland replacement process,
including guidelines and techniques for locating, design-
ing, constructing, monitoring, and maintaining wetland
replacement sites. The guidelines and techniques shall be
organized on a geographic or ecological basis as appro-
priate. This objective will be accomplished by completing
the following tasks:
Task 1. Examine existing wetland replacement data.
Locate, assemble, and evaluate all available technical in-
formation and current research projects pertaining to the
subject of wetland replacement.
Task 2. Interview personnel having wetland replacement
experience. Meet with personnel from transportation and
natural resource agencies, environmental and engineering
consultants, and other organizations, who have been or
currently are involved in wetland replacement efforts.
These interviews shall determine the various wetland re-
placement processes; design and construction techniques;
construction plans, specifications, and special provisions;
and cost information now being used to develop wetland
replacement areas. Problems, constraints, and special
monitoring and maintenance requirements associated
with these wetland replacement efforts are also to be
identified.
Task 3. Collect field data. A detailed plan shall be
developed to collect data to validate or supplement the
information from Tasks 1 and 2. The plan must include
a list of proposed types of data to be collected on existing
wetland replacement projects considered successful and
unsuccessful in terms of functions and values. A rationale
for the data to be collected must also be provided. It is
beyond the scope of this study to perform comprehensive
field sampling. The detailed plan shall be submitted to
NCHRP for review and approval. Upon approval, the
plan shall be implemented.
Task 4 Develop wetland replacement process manual.
Using the information collected under Tasks 1 through
3, develop a wetland replacement manual. The manual
will provide a detailed process for determining the steps
and factors that need to be considered in the location and
general design of wetland replacement areas to fulfill reg-
ulatory and policy needs. On an ecological or a geograph-
ical basis, as appropriate, the manual shall also provide
guidelines and techniques for site selection, analysis, and
design; construction plans, specifications, special provi-
sions, and cost estimates; monitoring; and maintenance.
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243
Task 5. Preparation of final report. Prepare a final re-
port that documents the research effort. As a minimum,
the report shall include the following: (a) a description
of the current state of the art on wetland replacement
techniques, their electiveness and practicality, using a
combination of concise narrative, tables, and illustrations;
(b) a discussion of the problems and constraints frequently
encountered in the location, design, construction, moni-
toring, and maintenance of wetland replacement areas;
(c) recommendations for policy changes and additional
research; and (d) an assessment of the feasibility for de-
veloping a "knowledge-based expert system" based on the
Task 4 manual. The Task 4 manual shall be part of the
total final report package.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
highway runoff
