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OCR for page 98
98
for each site. Provide an interim report including a de-
scription of the detailed procedures, a statistically valid
experiment design for field testing the procedures, and a
design for a pilot test.
Task 3 Pilot test the approved procedures and ex-
periment design through field studies at one or two sites,
and makes any needed modifications.
Task 4 Following approval of the revised procedures
and experiment design, validate the procedures through
field tests.
Task 5 Prepare the final report, including documen-
tation that can provide the basis for a nationally accepted
test for use by all states.
Tasks 1 and 2 have been completed.
Project 3-40 FY ,89
Single Point Urban Interchange Design and
Operations Analysis
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date: (~21 months)
Completion Date:
Funds: $250,000
In developmental stage
The Single Point Urban Interchange (SPUI) essentially
combines two separate diamond ramp intersections into
one large at-grade intersection which accommodates all
interchanging vehicular movements and the through
traffic. Signalization of the one major intersection sim-
plifies coordination on the arterial. It has been reported
that SPUIs can significantly increase traffic-carrying ca-
pability compared with the conventional diamond inter-
change.
There are currently numerous uncertainties about the
design and operation of SPUIs. These include: wrong-
way movement potential; traffic signal, signing, and de-
lineation requirements; sight distance; cost-effectiveness;
increased capability to accommodate heavy traffic move-
ments; safety problems; and driver behavior.
The objectives of the research are (1) to document
current practice in design and traffic operations at existing
SPUIs and (2) to develop and document guidelines for
the design, operation, analysis, and cost effectiveness of
SPUIs.
Accomplishment of the objectives will require, as a
minimum, the following tasks:
Task 1- Determine the state of the art and current
practice through a review of the literature and contacts
with highway agenices planning, designing, constructing,
operating, and maintaining SPUIs.
Task 2 Prepare an interim report which documents
the results of Task 1, describes and illustrates key factors
in the design of SPUIs, and lists key strengths and weak-
nesses experienced to date. The report shall also include
recommended refinements of the research plan for the
remainder of the project.
Task 3 Develop guidelines to assess the cost effec-
tiveness of SPUIs in comparison with alternative design
solutions on a life-cycle basis (right-of-way, pavement,
structures, drainage, and function), including first costs,
continuing agency costs, user costs, and environmental
costs.
Task 4 Develop guidelines for geometric design for
use with the AASHTO "Green Book." Guidelines should
consider, but not be limited to, the following: turning
radii, design speed, free flow movements, channelization
design including provision for U-Turns, pedestrian and
bicycle accommodations, horizontal and vertical sight dis-
tance, capacity, frontage and service roads, and access
control.
Task 5 Develop guidelines to analyze the functional
performance of SPUI traffic operations throughout its
design life (these may be based on existing computer
programs). Develop criteria for the optimum placement
and operation of traffic control devices. Define safety con-
siderations, including pedestrian and bicycle traffic, and
develop recommendations for dealing with the impact of
these factors.
Task 6; Prepare a final report, documenting the re-
search and presenting the findings, with emphasis on the
user guidelines for those highway agencies contemplating
selection, design, construction, operations, and mainte-
nance of SPUIs.
Tasks 1 and 2 have been completed.
AREA 4: GENERAL MATERIALS
Project 4-1 FY '63 and FY '64
Development of Appropriate Methods for
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Stabilizing
Agents
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
University of Illinois
Dr. E. J. Barenberg
June 1, 1963
October 31, 1966
$1 14,991
This study was directed toward the further improve-
ment of existing methods or the development of new
methods of tests which will lead to a way of measuring
the effectiveness of various stabilizing agents. The meth-
oafs are expected to provide definitive data to predict
performance under in-service conditions and provide cri-
teria for the design and construction of pavement com-
ponents involving stabilized materials.
This research was conducted principally by means of
laboratory experiments to investigate the effectiveness of
viscous and nonviscous materials as stabilizing agents.
Type I Portland cement and a penetration-grade asphalt
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99
were chosen for the study because of their popularity as
reflected in current usage, and limited tests of model
pavements stabilized with both these materials were con-
ducted in the research agency's test track for the purpose
of correlating the results obtained in the laboratory with
the behavior of the model pavements.
The project report was not published in the regular
NCHRP report series; however, microfiche of the report
may be purchased (see final page of this section for or-
dering information).
Project 4-2 FY ,63 and FY '64
A Study of Degrading Aggregates in Bases
and Subbases with Production of Exces-
sive Amounts of and/or Harmful Types
of Fines
Research Agency: Purdue University
Principal Invest.: Dr. R. B. Johnson
Dr. N. B. Aughenbaugh
Dr. N. M. Smith
Dr. T. R. West
Elective Date: February 15, 1963
Completion Date: November 30, 1966
Funds: $63,990
This study was directed toward the development of
tests or procedures for predicting the amount and effects
of aggregate degradation and the development of tech-
niques for upgrading such aggregates for economic use
in highway pavement structures.
The research has been completed, and the project report
has been published as: NCHRP Report 98, "Tests for
Evaluating Degradation of Base Course Aggregates."
Project 4-3~1) FY '63 and FY '66
Development of Methods to Identify Aggre-
gate Particles Which Undergo Destructive
Volume Changes When Frozen in Con-
crete
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Virginia Polytechnic Institute
Dr. R. D. Walker
Mar. 1, 1963 July 1, 1965
Sept. 30, 1964 Mar. 31, 1967
$20,000 $23,337
Research conducted under this study related to the
development of a rapid method of testis) to distinguish
deleterious particles in aggregates and to predict their
behavior under various degrees of exposure in concrete
subjected to freezing and thawing. The work was similar
to that conducted under Project 4-3~2) at Pennsylvania
State University (the same objectives apply) but different
in approach. Certain aggregates investigated were com-
mon to both studies.
The initial research phase has been completed, and the
project report for this phase has been published as:
NCHRP Report 12, "Identification of Aggregates Caus-
ing Poor Concrete Performance When Frozen."
The final research phase has been completed, and the
project report has been published as: NCHRP Report 65,
"One-Cycle Slow-Freeze Test for Evaluating Aggregate
Performance in Frozen Concrete."
Project 4-3~2) FY '63 and FY '66
Development of Methods to Iclentify Aggre-
gate Particles Which Undergo Destructive
Volume Changes When Frozen in Con-
crete
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
The Pennsylvania State University
Dr. T. D. Larson
Mar. 25, 1963 July 1, 1965
Jan. 31, 1965 Aug. 31, 1967
$56,457 $49,756
This project involved the development of a rapid testis)
to distinguish deleterious particles in aggregates and
thereby predict their behavior under various degrees of
exposure in concrete subjected to freezing and thawing.
The study was similar to that conducted under Project
4-3~1) at Virginia Polytechnic Institute (the same objec-
tives apply) but different in approach. A number of ag-
gregates investigated were common to both studies.
The initial research phase has been completed, and the
project reports for this phase have been published as: HRB
Special Report 80, "A Critical Review of Literature Treat-
ing Methods of Identifying Aggregates Subject to De-
structive Volume Change When Frozen in Concrete and
a Proposed Program of Research," and NCHRP Report
15, "Identification of Concrete Aggregates Exhibiting
Frost Susceptibility."
The final research phase has been completed, and the
project report has been published as: NCHRP Report 66,
"Identification of Frost-Susceptible Particles in Concrete
Aggregates."
Project 4-4 FY '63
Synthetic Aggregates for Highway Uses
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Battelle Memorial Institute
M. J. Snyder
F. F. Fondriest
March 1, 1963
Aprill5,1964
$14,790
In an effort to determine potential sources of aggre-
gates, this study was authorized to explore the feasibility
of utilizing artificial aggregates in highway construction.
Research has been completed, and the project report
has been published as: NCHRP Report 8, "Synthetic
Aggregates for Highway Construction."
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100
Project 4-5 FY 963
A Study of the Mechanism Whereby the
Strength of Bases and Subbases is Af-
fected by Frost and Moisture
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Michigan Technological University
Dr. W. M. Haas
February 15, 1963
August 31, 1965
$64,105
This project involved an extension of present knowledge
and understanding of the phenomena of the action of
frost and moisture in bases and subbases. Initially, lab-
oratory models were developed which incorporated sig-
nificant variables as an aid in analyzing the mechanism
of frost action and its relation to strength. Hypotheses
evolving from the laboratory were checked in the field.
The project report was not published in the regular
NCHRP report series; however, microfiche of the report
may be purchased (see final page of this section for or-
dering information).
Project 4-6 FY '65
Projective Coatings for Highway Structural
Steel
orally Grades 60 and 75) to support realistic design cri-
teria. This was approached through the design and
execution of a statistically valid experiment.
Phase I experimental work consisted of repeated-load
tests on rectangular and T-shaped concrete beams rein-
forced with a single longitudinal bar. These specimens
contained bars ranging in size from No. 5 to No. 11 and
having nominal yield stresses from 40 to 75 ksi. Major
emphasis in the Phase I study was on stress range, min-
imum stress, bar diameter, type of specimen, and grade
of bar.
Phase II had the objectives of (1) determining the erect
of surface geometry (deformation pattern and details) and
(2) incorporating the results of Phases I and II into a
single final report. A total of 353 fatigue tests was con-
ducted in the two phases of work.
On the basis of the observed behavior, a fatigue design
provision was developed for deformed reinforcing bars
suggesting a limitation on the service load stress range.
Research has been completed, and the project report
published as: NCHRP Report 164, "Fatigue Strength of
High-Yield Reinforcing Bars."
Project 4 8 FY '68
Research Needs Relating to Performance of
Aggregates in Highway Construction
Research Agency: Steel Structures Painting Council
PResearch Agency: Virginia Polytechnic Institute
r~nc~pa~ Invest.: John D. Keane
Principal Invest.: Dr. R. D. Walker
Elective Date: March 1, 1965 '.
Completion Date: November 30, 1966 Effective Date: January 1, 1968
Funds $25 000 Completion Date: April 30, 1969
' Funds: $55,254
This research involved a state-of-the-art review, field
exposure testing on which definitive rankings may be
based, and the development of plans for research to ac-
quire needed information where adequate coatings are
not available.
Research has been completed, and the final report has
been published as: NCHRP Report 74, "Protective Coat-
ings for Highway Structural Steel." In addition, the fol-
lowing documents have been published in extremely
limited quantities: NCHRP Report 74A, "Protective
Coatings for Highway Structural Steel Literature Sur-
vey," and NCHRP Report 74B, "Protective Coatings for
Highway Structural Steel Current Highway Practices."
Project 4-7 FY '68 and FY '69
Fatigue Strength of High-Yield Reinforcing
Bars
Research Agency: Portland Cement Association
Principal Invest.: Dr. John M. Hanson
Dr. Thorsteinn Helgason
Effective Date: Oct. 1, 1967 Feb. 1, 1971
Completion Date: Feb. 28, 1970 Aug. 31, 1973
Funds: $100 000 $50 000
' The objectives of this project were:
1. To evaluate current and proposed procedures and
criteria for the setting of density standards.
The principal objective of this study was to obtain
fatigue strength test data on ASTM A432 steel bars (gen
The objective of this research was to formulate a com-
prehensive series of statements of research problems and
recommended studies (including estimates of time, cost,
and priority) which have as their objective the develop-
ment of procedures by the use of which a highway ma-
terials engineer may evaluate quantitatively the relevant
properties of aggregates to be selected for a given class
of use in a given environment of service for a given level
of performance.
Research has been completed, and the project report
has been published as: NCHRP Report 100, "Research
Needs Relating to Performance of Aggregates in Highway
Construction."
Project 4-8~2) FY '71
Density Standards for Field Compaction of
Granular Bases and Subbases
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Clemson University
J. P. Rostron
Aprill,1971
June 30, 1973
$95,248
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101
2. To illustrate examples of inadequate standards and
the consequences of such inadequacy.
3. To develop new or revised procedures and criteria
for more appropriate density standards.
4. To illustrate that the new or revised procedures and
criteria would yield adequate density standards.
5. To draft, in a form suitable for adoption or adap-
tation by highway departments, proposed new or revised
procedures and criteria for the setting of density standards
to control compaction during the construction of granular
bases and subbases.
Research has been completed, and the project report
has been published as: NCHRP Report 172, "Density
Standards for Field Compaction of Granular Bases and
Subbases."
Project 4-8(3) FY '72 and FY '76
Predicting Moisture-Induced Damage to As-
phaItic Concrete
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
University of Idaho
Dr. Robert P. Lottman
Sept. 1, 1971 Aug. 1, 1975
Mar. 31, 1974 Jan. 31, 1982
$190,177 $70,860
The objective of this project was to meet the need for
a laboratory testing system that will quantitatively predict
the ability of asphaltic concrete to resist the detrimental
effects of moisture under field conditions.
Research on Phase I included sampling and laboratory
testing of mixtures composed of materials from many
pavements in service, some of which were experiencing
moisture damage and some not. Effort was made to re-
produce in the laboratory the observed response to mois-
ture in the field. The study produced a tentatively
proposed system of tests for determining the moisture
susceptibility of asphaltic concrete mixtures and a detailed
work plan for a field evaluation of the system. The primary
research program was conducted by the University of
Idaho, with assistance by Battelle-Northwest and the Uni-
versity of Washington. The final report for Phase I has
been published as: NCHRP Report 192, "Predicting
Moisture-Induced Damage to Asphaltic Concrete."
Research on Phase II has been completed. The pre-
dicted and observed performance over a 5-year period of
8 asphaltic concrete pavements in various climatic regions
provided substantial verification of the tentative system
of tests developed under Phase I. The American Asso-
ciation of State Highway and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO) has adopted the test procedure as T283-85,
"Resistance of Compacted Bituminous Mixtures to Mois-
ture-Induced Damage." The project report for Phase II
Has been published as: NCHRP Report 246, "Predicting
Moisture-Induced Damage to Asphaltic Concrete Field
Evaluation."
Project: 4-8(4) FY'84
Predicting Moisture-Induced Damage to
Asphaltic Concrete-10 Year Field Eval-
uation
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
University of Idaho
Dr. Robert P. Lottman
June 1, 1985
January 31, 1987
$24,402
Under Project 4-8~3), a laboratory test was developed
for predicting moisture-induced damage and the test was
used to predict the performance of asphaltic concrete
pavements on eight construction jobs. After 5 years of
service, ranking of the pavement sections in terms of visual
evidence of stripping and strength ratios of cores removed
from the pavements was very similar to the predicted
ranking produced by the laboratory tests.
The objective of this project was to further verify the
ability of the previously developed test methods to predict
moisture-induced damage in terms of distress in the as-
phaltic concrete layer and performance of the pavement
surface courses by the collection and analysis of additional
data from the eight pavement test sections after 10 years
of service.
Research has been completed and the preliminary draft
final report has been reviewed and approved by the project
panel. The agency report has been distributed to the Pro-
gram sponsors and other interested persons. It will not
be published in the regular NCHRP report series, but
loan copies are available upon written request to the
NCHRP or a microfiche may be purchased (see final page
of this section for ordering information).
Project 4-9 FY '69
Evaluation of Preformed Elastomeric Pave-
ment Plaint Seating Systems and Practices
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Utah Department of Transporta
tion
Dale E. Peterson
Oct. 1, 1968 Oct. 1, 1972
June 30, 1971 Dec. 31, 1979
$93,494 $144,837
The objective of this project was the development of
guide specifications for use of preformed elastomeric joint
seals in Portland cement concrete pavements. The re-
search involved (1) a review and analysis of existing in-
formation, (2) an extensive laboratory testing program,
and (3) a field evaluation phase.
Research has been completed with successful devel-
opment and field verification of guide specifications. A
major finding of the study is that the ability of elastomeric
sealing systems to prevent intrusion of moisture and for-
eign material is more dependent on the adhesion between
the seal and the pavement joint surface than on the pres
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sure exerted by the compression of the seal. Consequently,
selection of and specifications for the lubricant-adhesive
used during installation is a very important factor in long-
term performance of the system.
The essential findings of the study have been published
as NCHRP Research Results Digest 123. The agency
report has been distributed to program sponsors. It will
not be published in the regular series.
Project 4-10 FY '70
Promising Replacements for Conventional
Aggregates for Highway Use
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
University of Illinois
Dr. C. R. Marek
October 15, 1969
March 31, 1971
$50,000
The purpose of this project was to study the utilization
of modern technology as it might apply to the develop-
ment of substitute materials and/or new procedures for
upgrading existing unsuitable materials for use as aggre-
gates in Portland cement concrete, bituminous mixes, and
base courses.
This research has been completed, and the project re-
port has been published as: NCHRP Report 135, "Prom-
ising Replacements for Conventional Aggregates for
Highway Use."
Project 4-10A FY '70
Waste Materials as Potential Replacements
for Highway Aggregates
Research Agency: Valley Forge Laboratories
Principal Invest.: Richard H. Miller
Elective Date: September 1, 1972
Completion Date: November 30, 1973
Funds: $53,663
NCHRP Project 4-10, "Promising Replacements for
Conventional Aggregates for Highway Use," identified
the potential for using waste materials as aggregate in
highway construction. The objectives for Project 4-1 OA,
as developed from the prior effort, were to:
1. Provide an inventory of the types, sources, and quan-
tities of waste materials potentially suitable for the pro-
duction of synthetic aggregates or for otherwise replacing
conventional aggregates in highway construction.
2. Provide an assessment of the prospects for practical
use of specific waste materials for production of synthetic
aggregates or otherwise replacing the need for conven-
tional aggregates in highway construction, particularly
where aggregate supplies are scarce.
Based on technical, economic, and environmental eval-
uations, 30 waste materials were found to have some
potential for use as highway aggregates. The basic tech-
nology was judged to exist for converting any one of the
materials into aggregate, but in most instances much ex-
perimentation remains to be done.
Research has been completed, and the project report
has been published as NCHRP Report 166, "Waste Ma-
terials as Potential Replacements for Highway Aggre-
gates."
Project 4-11 FY '75
Buried Plastic Pipe for Drainage of Transpor-
tation Facilities
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Simpson Gumpertz & Heger
Frank J. Heger
R. E. Chambers
September 16, 1974
January 26, 1979
$200,000
At the time the research problem was conceived, a
number of plastic pipe products were available to the
transportation industry that appeared to have good po-
tential for economical use as underdrains, storm sewers,
culverts, and other drainage structures. However, because
of the lack of experience with these products in trans-
portation facilities, their use was limited in these appli-
cations. Understandably, there was a reluctance to use
them in place of, or as alternates to, more conventional
pipe products whose in-service behavior had been estab-
lished by many years of experience. Accordingly, a need
existed for an evaluation of the theoretical considerations
and field performance of buried plastic pipe to determine
under what conditions they could be used in transpor-
tation facilities.
Several piping systems were found to be appropriate
for transportation drainage applications. Perforated cor-
rugated polyethylene (PE) tubing, perforated polyvinyl
chloride (PVC), and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
(ABS) pipe were selected for underdrains. PVC pipe and
ABS composite pipe were selected for storm drains and
small culverts. Advantages and possible limitations, are
presented. In addition, guidelines for selecting, designing,
and installing plastic pipe were developed including sam-
ple design problems, recommended specifications for two
types of plastic pipe products (corrugated polyethylene
tubing and polyvinyl chloride piping), and a recom-
mended standard for field installation practices.
Research has been completed, and the project report
has been published as: NCHRP Report 225, "Plastic Pipe
for Subsurface Drainage of Transportation Facilities."
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Project 4-12 FY '77
Upgrading of Poor or Marginal Aggregates For
PCC and Bituminous Pavements
Research Agency: The Pennsylvania State University
Principal Invest.: Dr. Philip D. Cady
Elective Date: December 1, 1976
Completion Date: May 31, 1979
Funds: $ 149,941
The over-all objective of this study was to advance
methods of upgrading poor or marginal-quality coarse
aggregates to acceptable durability and structural levels
for use in high-type bituminous and PCC pavement mix- Research Agency
lures. The procedures for upgrading aggregates in this Principal Invest
study were limited to the use of different types of coatings, Effective Date:
chemical treatments, or impregnation with plastics or Completion Date:
other materials. Funds:
The beneficiation addressed recognized problems such
as freeze-thaw damage, stripping, degradation, inadequate
soundness, alkali-aggregate reactions, destructive volume
changes, and objectionable coatings.
This study did not address itself to pavement surface
characteristics, such as skid properties, texture and rough-
ness, or mixtures applied as seal coats or thin surface
treatments.
Research has been completed, and the final report has
been published as: NCHRP Report 207, "Upgrading of
Low-Quality Aggregates for PCC and Bituminous Pave-
ments."
Project 4-13 FY '77
Temporary Pavement Marking Systems
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Southwest Research Institute
John M. Dale
November 1, 1976
February 28, 1978
$49,500
The specific objectives of this research were: (1) To
examine one or more concepts, existing or new, that offer
promise for development into workable temporary pave-
ment marking systems. The desired characteristics of
these systems include delineation quality, ease of instal-
lation and removal, absence of adverse environmental
effects, ease of implementation, and cost-effectiveness.
(2) To analyze the feasibility of the concept or concepts
in comparison with existing practice with reference to,
but not limited to: (a) manpower, equipment, and material
costs (application and removal), (b) effect on traffic during
application and removal, (c) traffic control effectiveness,
(d) system durability, (e) material and process availability,
and (f) hazards to workmen during application and re-
moval
The concept of this research was to develop and eval-
uate additives to be used with existing traffic paints. Re-
search began with lab tests of candidate additives of four
types: those with water of hydration, blowing agents,
fuels, and oxidizers. No practicable material was found
to meet the requirements of the project. A final report
has been submitted and is available on a loan basis upon
written request to the NCHRP.
Further research of temporary marking materials, pur-
suing other approaches, has been resumed under Project
4-13A.
Project 4-13A FY '77
Temporary Pavement Marking Paint Systems
Georgia Institute of Technology
Dr. Charles J. Ray
April 1, 1978
September 30, 1979
$69,971
The specific objectives of this research were: (1) to
examine new paint formulations, primer materials, and
related combinations that offer promise for development
into workable temporary pavement marking systems; and
(2) to analyze the feasibility of the concept or concepts
in comparison with existing practice.
A wide range of materials and removal processes was
investigated. Coatings based on vinyl chloride copoly-
mers, chlorinated rubber, and acrylic resins were tested.
Removal techniques included photolysis, biodegradation,
thermal degradation, and chemical degradation. The re-
moval tests were inconclusive.
Research has been completed. The agency's final report
will not be published but is available on a loan basis upon
written request to the NCHRP.
Project 4-14 FY '78
Coating Systems for Painting 01d and New
Structural Steel
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Effective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Georgia Tech Research Corpora-
tion
Dr. D. J. O'Neil
F. A. Rideout
Dr. Charles Ray
January 1, 1978
December 31, 1981
$199,302
The objective of this research was the preparation of
tentative guidelines for the use of existing and recently
developed nonproprietary coating systems for the painting
of structural steel with emphasis on such considerations
as (a) health and environment, (b) exposure conditions,
(c) application requirements, and (d) economics.
Research has been completed with partial accomplish-
ment of objectives. Tentative guidelines for selection of
new coating systems have been developed but additional
field testing is needed for verification.
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Copies of the agency report were distributed to program
sponsors and will not be published in the regular NCHRP
report series. Loan copies are available or microfiche of
the report may be purchased (see final page of this section
for ordering information).
Project 4-15 FY '82
Corrosion Protection of Prestressing Systems
in Concrete Bridges
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates,
Inc.
William F. Perenchio
July 1, 1982
November 30, 1985
$250,000
The objectives of this research are (1) to prepare
summary report of available technology for the corrosion
protection of prestressing steel, (2) to develop and dem-
onstrate a coating or duct system of corrosion protection
for bonded post-tensioning steel, and (3) to identify a
feasible system for corrosion protection of pretensioning
strands. Attainment of the project objectives necessitates
the following tasks.
Task 1. Identify those techniques that have been used
specifically to protect pretensioning and post-tensioning
steel, ducts, and anchorages from corrosion; evaluate their
effectiveness based on available research and field expe-
rience; and forecast their long-term (50 to 100 years)
performance. Write a report summarizing the results and
identifying promising corrosion protection systems. Spe-
cifically recommend a system for the corrosion protection
of post-tensioning wires, strands, and bars to be further
evaluated under Task 2.
Task 2. Perform mechanical and other tests to dem-
onstrate the practical use of the selected post-tensioning
corrosion protecting system in situations encountered in
the field, particularly in segmental bridge applications.
Such testing should include, but not be limited to: (1)
friction, (2) bond, (3) mechanical abrasion and damage,
(4) continuity of protection at anchors, (5) compatibility
with the Portland cement concrete and grout environ-
ment, and (6) effectiveness of the system in protecting the
prestressing steel from corrosion. Based on the test results,
write a recommended practice for the design and con-
struction of a corrosion protection system for post-
tensioning.
Task 3. Determine performance requirements for non-
metallic coating of 7-wire strands used for pretensioning,
including but not limited to the following: (1) chemical
and physical compatibility with base metal, (2) effective-
ness in controlling corrosion, (3) bond with steel and with
concrete, (4) resistance to injury during handling, (5)
problems associated with coiling and flexure of the strand,
(6) effects of anchorage devices, (7) strain compatibility,
and (8) quality control (especially the control of"holi-
days"~. Identify and evaluate candidate coating materials,
and determine the feasibility of applying the coatings
through direct contact with strand and coating manufac-
turers and coating applicators. Based on the research
done, report on the technical and economic feasibility of
a nonmetallic coating system for strands.
Task 4. Prepare final report documenting all research.
The Task 1 agency interim report has been submitted,
reviewed, and distributed to all NCHRP sponsors. It is
available to others on a loan basis or for purchase of
Xerox copies (see final page of this section for ordering
information).
Based on recommendations from the Task 1 interim
report, an updated research plan was submitted and ap-
proved for accomplishing the remaining tasks. Under
a Task 2, tests for mechanical behavior and corrosion re-
sistance in posttensioning applications include various
combinations of plastic, galvanized metal, epoxy coated
metal, and bare metal ducts; uncoated and epoxy-coated
anchorage hardware and 7-wire strands; and corrosion
inhibiting admixtures for grouts. The testing procedures
for Task 2 have not changed dramatically from those
originally proposed; however, those under Task 3 have.
Task 3 was originally conceived as a feasibility study
for epoxy coating 7-wire strand most likely to be used in
pretensioning applications. Since the original conception
of the project, an epoxy-coated 7-wire strand is now com-
mercially available and is being used in some limited
applications. Consequently, work under the updated re-
search plan for Task 3 no longer focuses on feasibility,
but on actual tests for mechanical behavior and corrosion
resistance.
The research project is complete. After experiencing
extreme delays in analyzing and documenting the re-
search, the agency has submitted a revised final report
which is now in the publication process.
Project 4-16 FY '84
Cost and Service Life of Pavement Markings
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Pennsylvania State University
Dr. John J. Henry
October 1, 1984
September 30, 1988
$340,327
A wide variety of materials is available for the marking
of streets and highways. Traffic paints have been the main-
stay of marking materials for the past 60 years, but the
recognition that such paints have severely limited ser-
viceability in locations of high traffic volumes and/or
extreme climate has led in the past 20 years to the in-
creasing use of "durable" marking materials.
Traffic paints are either latex-based or solvent-based
comprised of alkyd, chlorinated rubber, or epoxy resins.
OCR for page 105
105
In severe service conditions such materials may provide
6 months or less useful life. Durable marking materials
generally are solventless systems and can be epoxy,
polyester, or either hydrocarbon or alkyd thermoplastic
materials. Their service life when properly applied can
approach 3 or more years. Traffic paints traditionally have
been applied by state and municipal forces, whereas du-
rable marking materials are generally applied by private
firms under contract.
At present, applied traffic paints can cost from $0.025
to $0.06 per lineal foot (4-inch line), while durable mark-
ings can cost from $0.055 to $1.25 per lineal foot. Cost
disparities also exist for special markings, such as cross-
walks, turn arrows, and other in-lane markings. A higher
initial cost may be justified if the elective service life of
the durable material exceeds that of traffic paint in the
same location. Higher costs may also be justified by the
more intangible benefits of continuous, year-round delin-
eation and reduced exposure of striping personnel and
the public to hazardous striping operations. Such benefits
are particularly important for special markings. In some
cases, environmental restrictions may dictate the selection
of marking materials.
The judgment of whether the cost of a material is
reasonable for a particular set of circumstances (climate,
traffic volume, condition of previous markings, pavement
type, highway geometry, etc.) should be made on the basis
of its probable service life. However, factual data on which
to base such judgments are scarce. Some general infor-
mation is available from field tests and operational use of
various types of pavement marking materials, but there
has been little to no specific treatment of the problem of
how to select a cost-effective marking material for a par-
ticular set of circumstances. In addition, the influence of
width (4, 6, and 8 inches) on the effective service life of
traffic lines has not been established. This lack of com-
prehensive data is disturbing in light of stringent budgets.
The objective of this research is to determine the typical
"on-road" service life and cost of various types of pave-
ment marking materials and to quantify how major ex-
ternal factors affect service life. In addition, the effect of
traffic line width on service life will be determined. Max-
imum use will be made of existing information from field
tests and operational installations, and a limited amount
of new field testing will be conducted. Guidelines will be
developed for the use of commercially available pavement
marking materials, including selection criteria affecting
the optimum balance between cost and service life. The
materials to be evaluated include: paint, epoxy, epoxy
paint, alkyd and hydrocarbon thermoplastics, polyester
paints, epoxy thermoplastic, and preformed materials. A
list of the research tasks follows:
1. Compile comparative data on the performance and
total cost installed of commercially available traffic paint
and durable marking materials through a critical review
of published results, a survey of selected state and large
municipal highway agencies, and personal follow-up
where appropriate.
.
2. Critically analyze the data to develop comparative
estimates of the service life of traffic paint and durable
marking materials within the ranges of external factors,
such as climate, traffic volume, traffic mix, highway ge-
ometry, and type and condition of pavement and previous
markings. Develop estimated installed costs per foot for
each material type.
3. Prepare an interim report with a detailed test plan
for Task 4. Prepare a priority listing of all tests needed
to provide information covering the full range of materials
and conditions. From this list, select specific materials
and conditions for field testing within the limited funds
of this project.
4. Conduct tests according to the approved test plan.
5. Prepare guidelines for selection of the appropriate
pavement marking materials identifying the erects of ma-
jor external factors. The intent of these guidelines is to
allow users to determine life-cycle costs for various mark
.
ing maters s.
The final report is being prepared.
Project 4-17 FY '85
Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation of
Calcium Magnesium Acetate (CMA)
University of Washington
Dr. Richard R. Homer
January 7, 1985
October 31, 1987
$199,943
Because of the environmental deficiencies of conven-
tional deicers, sodium and calcium chloride, the Federal
Highway Administration (FHWA) initiated research to
find a suitable alternative. As a result, calcium magnesium
acetate (CMA) had been identified as a possible alternative
deicing chemical.
To determine potentially undesirable environmental
impacts, a chemically pure CMA had been evaluated.
Laboratory investigations by Caltrans included impacts
to terrestrial vegetation, impacts to aquatic ecosystems,
leaching characteristics in the soil, potential atmospheric
effects, occupational exposure, impacts to ground and
surface water supplies, and public health implications.
Results of this preliminary laboratory research indicated
that pure CMA has no significant detrimental effects to
the environment. However, the manufacture of pure
CMA was an expensive process. Efforts to develop a more
economical method for production of CMA were under-
way.
Research conducted by SRI International had identified
a process to manufacture CMA in large quantities by
fermentation of corn grain sugars with bacterium, Clos-
tridium thermoaceticum. Based on this preferred process,
an FHWA research contract to develop a mutant bacterial
Research Agency:
Principal Invest.:
Elective Date:
Completion Date:
Funds:
Representative terms from entire chapter:
principal invest
