|
Items in cart [1] |
Questions? Call 888-624-8373 |
PAPERBACK Free Resources |
||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Copyright © 2009. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Terms of Use and Privacy Statement |
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 125
Section 5 - Rural Planning
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES F ROM THE NCHRP 8-32 INTERACTIVE DATABASE
CONCERNING MULTIMODAL ISSUES IN RURAL TRANSPORTATION
~1. Auburn Intermodal Freight Terminal, Auburn,
Maine.
Connors, Dana F. (Maine Department of
Transportation, Augusta, ME). Submitted to Intermodal
Planning Conference, Dec 7 1994, NOW Orleans,
Louisiana.
The project includes design and construction of an
intermodal freight terminal to be served by St.
Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad. The associated freight
rail intermodal service vail provide Maine shippers with
low cost access to world markets through high quality
access to the North American intermodal rail freight
network.
FJIaine.
5-2. Development and Application of Performance
Measures for Rural Public Transportation
Operators.
Carter, D. to. and T. J. Lomax. Transportadon
Research Record 1338. 1992, Pp 28-36.
Despite the increased interest in performance
indicators for large transit systems, there has been no
equivalent effort at establishing similar techniques for
small and rural systems. This project has developed a
methodology to evaluate the relative performance of
operators of rural transit service funded through the
Section 18 Program of the former Urban Mass
Transportation Administration (now the Federal Transit
Administration). It was found that the agenaes could
be compared using measures of cost efficiency,
cost-effectiveness, service utilization, vehicle utilization,
quality of service, labor productivity, and accessibility.
The transit agencies and the Texas Department of
Transportation can use these measures for analysis of
performance trends, evaluation of overall system
performance, transit planning, and technical
assistance. The procedure uses a standard score
methodology to compare the performance of individual
agencies to the mean of all rural transit operators in
Texas. It was determined that the use of peer groups
of similar agencies would not significantly change the
conclusions. Peer groups would, however, increase
the time to prepare a performance evaluation, and the
agencies within each peer group would change
annually, making trend comparisons more difficult.
Transit operators indicated a desire for information and
suggestions from staff members of the Public
Transportation Division of the Texas Department of
Transportation on methods to improve performance.
The findings indicate that more review of the statistics
provided by the operators and greater communication
between the operators and Public Transportation
125
Division staff would increase the usefulness of the
performance measures.
Texas.
5-3. Development of a Rural Congestion
Management System.
Creasey, F. Thomas (Wilbur Smith Associated,
Orlando, FL) and Susan Sadighi (Florida Department
of Transportation, Orlando, FL). Submitted to
Transportation Planning Methods Applications
Conference, Apt 17 1995, Seattle, Washington.
5-4. The Development of a Rural Transportation
Planning Assistance Program in Virginia.
Clarke, Bruce R. (Virginia Department of
Transportation). Presented to Transportation Planning
Methods Applications Conference, Apr 17 1995,
Seattle, Washington.
The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
(ISTEA) recognizes the importance of involving local
jurisdictions in the transportation planning process. We
have long accomplished this goal in the urbanized
areas by the use of PL funds. With federal funds
provided by ISTEA it was decided to make planning
money available for this effort in the rural areas also.
Through legislation in the 1960s, Virginia established a
series of planning district commissions which
encompass the entire state and have boards on which
all jurisdictions are represented. Therefore, these
commissions were a natural avenue to distribute the
funds. Also, in some cases, the existing personnel
could serve as a basis for staff to conduct the rural
planning studies. The areas were given some
suggested planning topics to consider including: review
of statewide highway plan and compilation of local
government comments; review of annual statewide
transportation improvement program, including all
modes; assessment of impacts of major developments;
development of regional consensus on priorities of
highway and transit programs for consideration by the
Commonwealth Transportation Board; identification of
major regional issues pertaining to transportation
safety, road capacity, and accessibility; identification of
methods to expand and enhance transit services and to
increase the use of such services. The purpose of this
paper is to discuss Virginia experience in developing a
locally driven rural transportation planning process.
Among the topics to be covered are how the program
was organized, how it was administered, what
problems arose, and what results were obtained!
Virginia.
OCR for page 126
Proiect Bibliography - NCHRP 8-32 (1 )
5-5. Development of Ideal Model for Identification
of Rural Public Transit Needs.
Black, W. R. Transportation Research Record 1402.
1 993, Pp 1 07-1 09.
As part of a statewide multimodal planning effort,
Indiana recently undertook the development of a
procedure for estimating rural transit needs in each
county of the state. A ridership model based on small
urban areas in the state was used along with average
fares and costs to generate total revenues, operating
costs, and subsidies. A computerized analysis system
developed during the research allows the evaluation of
different service scenarios.
Indiana.
5-6. Employment and Commuting by Rural
Women on the Metropolitan Periphery.
MacDonald, H. 1. and A. H. Peters. (Midwest
Transportation Center, Iowa University, Iowa City, IA).
Jul 1993.
This study surveyed rural women in four eastern Iowa
counties, collecting and analyzing data on their work
experiences and commuting patterns; this analysis is a
basis for policy recommendations aimed at reducing
the burden commuting currently imposes on women
workers in rural areas. The report is organized in seven
chapters. Chapter One provides an introduction.
Chapter Two reviews previous research on rural
employment and compares employment in the study
area and its economic structure with those of the state
of Iowa as a whole and with the nation. Chapter Three
discusses the demographic profile of the survey
respondents. It addresses the first of four research
questions: How important a disincentive is commuting
cost for women who are engaged in home-based paid
work or who choose not to participate in the labor force
at all? Chapter Four focuses on the 333 survey
respondents who were employed outside the home.
The first section of the chapter answers the second
research question: How do commuting costs vary
between different forms of labor force participation
(defined by occupational sector, part- or full- time
status, or location of job)? Next, the costs in time and
money that commuting entails for different groups of
employees are analyzed, to assess how commuting
patterns affect individual employees. The chapter
concludes with a discussion of the effect of
metropolitan adjacency on the labor market choices of
rural women. Chapter five analyzes respondents' own
evaluations of a set of job attributes (including
commuting distance) and develops an explanatory
model of commuting behavior. An empirical model of
the differences among the three principal groups of
women workers answers the third research question:
What rewards do different categories of women
workers receive in return for the commuting costs they
bear, and which rewards are most important in
explaining why some women commute longer
distances than others? Conclusions are drawn from
the analysis in order to answer the fourth research
qustion: How do the costs of mobility constrain or
shape rural women's participation in the labor force,
and do these effects differ among categories of current
and potential women workers? Chapter Six discusses
the policy options identified for policy responses
outlined above. It first looks briefly at local economic
development strategies for bringing jobs to rural areas.
It is concluded that, in the short term, rural women
would benefit more from access to metropolitan labor
markets than from rural economic development
initiatives. The remainder of the chapter thusfocuses
on access and transportation-related policy issues. An
analysis of modal choice is presented, and policy
solutions based on rural public transit and ridesharing
or vanpooling are explored. The final chapter
integrates the findings of the telephone survey and the
analysis of labor market structure to present a coherent
picture of the relationship between commuting burdens
and labor market choices.
Iowa.
5-7. Federal Aid and Rural County Highway
Spending: A Review of the 1980~.
Walzer, N. and S. C. Deller. Policy Studies Journal.
Summer 1993, 21~2), Pp 309-324.
The effect of federal aid on spending for infrastructure
has been subject to debate for many years. Some
studies have indicated that federal aid is stimulative,
while others report that federal aid substitutes for local
resources. This article examines the effect of state and
federal aid on county highway spending. The analysis
demonstrates that, in 1987, federal aid was stimulative
but state aid was not. In light of changes brought
about by the Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of
1991 (ISTEA), we can expect federal aid to have a
stronger relationship with local highway spending.
5-8. A GIS and Transportation Optimization Model
Approach to Determining Highway and Rural Road
Commodity Flows.
Ellis, John R. and Eric L. Jessup. (Washington State
University, Pullman, WA). Presented to Transportation
Planning Methods Applications Conference, Apr 17
1995, Seattle, Washington.
Evaluation of alternative transportation policies is greatly
enhanced by a detailed knowledge of the system being
considered, and many potential ISTEA system plans
will require very specific details concerning commodity
and product movements. Such detail will be key
components of a coherent transportation policy
analysis. The Eastern Washington Intermodal
Transportation Study (EWITS) includes a substudy
addressing grain commodity flows from the farm to final
market and the resulting impact on rural roads as well
i26
OCR for page 127
Section 5 - Rural Planning
as state, U.S., and Interstate Highways in the region.
This presentation provides the data acquisition
procedures as well as those for combining the USQ of a
Geographical Information System with a traditional cost
minimization model. Details concerning data
acquisition procedures for on-farm storage locations,
crop production and elevator locations, modal usage,
and route to market choices will be presented.
Procedures for use of this and other pertinent data, as
well as a step by step review of data development into a
GIS format with subsequent use in the least cost
optimization model, will be a major component of the
presentation. The paper will conclude with a
discussion of potential applications in transportation
planning.
Washington.
5-9. Increasing Public Participation in Rural Areas.
Casteel, David B. and Joe P. Clark. (Texas Department
of Transportation, Abilene, TX). Presented to
Transportation Planning Methods Applications
Conference, Apr 17 199S, Seattle, Washington.
The Abilene District of the Texas Department of
Transportation consists of 1 3 counties comprising
11,855 square miles of land; 3,629 centerline miles of
highway; and a population of 242,400 persons.
Approximately 120,000 persons live within the urban
area of Abilene which comprises less than four percent
(40/o) of the land area of the District Planning for
transportation improvements in the urban area is the
shared responsibility of the Abilene Metropolitan
Planning Organization and the District, while planning
for the remaining rural areas is the sole responsibility of
the District. The Intermodal Surface Transportation
Efficiency Act of 1991 placed greater emphasis on
encouraging public input and participation in
transportation planning. In 1994, the Abilene District
initiated a systematic, proactive, public participation
plan for the rural areas of the District. This plan utilized
the basics of marketing and salesmanship and included
county maintenance supervisors and area engineers as
the first line contacts for project development. The plan
relied heavily on mailouts, news releases, public
surveys, and personal contacts with key City and
County officials. Implementing the systematic plan,
where contacts were at the local level, resulted in
significant increases in public participation in the
planning for transportation improvements in the rural
areas of the District. Compared to 1993 numbers,
attendance at public meetings to discuss transportation
improvements increased over 275 percent (275%) with
an excess of 140 persons attending informal and
formal planning sessions. Written comments received
in the District increased more than 200 percent (200%)
over 1993 numbers, partially attributable to a simple
transportation improvement request form made
available at all District offices and mailed to City and
County officials. Projects proposed by the public
exceeded available planning allocations by more than
250 percent (250%~. This paper discusses the
methods used to increase public participation in uch a
vast sparsely populated area. Also discussed in the
paper are aspects associated with accountability to the
public for rejection or modification of their proposed
projects and education of local office District employees
in planning fundamentals.
Texas.
5-10. IntercIty Bus Transportation: New
OpportunItIes for Rural America. RTAP National
Program, Technical Assistance Series.
Community Transportation Association of America and
Federal Transit Administration. (Washington, DC).
1993.
Because of the passage of the Intermodal Surface
Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991, the
FTA's Section 18 rural transit program now has funds
set aside for intercity transportation in rural areas. This
brief describes intercity transportation and the new
opportunities it offers rural transit agencies. The
purpose of the series is to extend the reach of the
FTA/RTAP National Peer-to-Peer Technical Assistance
Network.
S-11. IntermodalSurface Transportation Efficiency
Act of 1991: Workshops for Officials of Rural and
Small Urban Areas.
Federal Highway Administration. (Washington, DC).
Dec 1 993.
The eight regional workshops on the Intermodal
Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA)
for rural and small urban area officials have been
completed. The objectives of the workshops were
twofold -- to provide ISTEA information and to facilitate
participation in the Statewide transportation planning
process. To further encourage rural and small urban
area participation in the planning process, the
workshop cosponsors committed to compiling and
distributing a report of workshop activities and
products. This publication is that report. It is a
resource guide for building on the ISTEA workshops.
The following information from the workshops is
included: ISTEA action plans; speakers by workshop;
participants by state; tSTEA state contacts; and ISTEA
information sources.
5-12. IntermodalTransportation Facility.
Clark, Larry E. (Presque Isle Industrial Council,
Presque Isle, ME). Submitted to Intermodal Planning
Conference, Dec 7 1994, New Orleans, Louisiana.
The project Oil focus on the requirement for
TOFC/COFC service in Northern Aroostook County,
Maine, using Presque Isle Industrial Park as the base of
operations adjacent to a rail line sewed by Aroostook
}27
OCR for page 128
Project Bibliography - NCHRP 8-32 (1 )
Valley Railroad. A preliminary economic and market
planning study will also identify the requirements
needed to encourage the use of transloading and
warehousing between highway and rail for break bulk
and bulk commodities, in addition to TOFC/COFC
service.
Maine.
5-13. IVHS Applications for Rural Highways and
Small Towns.
Wallace, C. E. and A. K. Kilpatrick. Proceedings of the
IVHS America 1993 Annual Meeting. Surface
Transportation: Mobility, Technology, and Society, Apr
14 1993, Washington, DC. Pp 39-53.
To explore the potential for IVHS applications in rural
areas, the University of Flonda Transportation
Research Center (TRC), is investigating the applicability
and feasibility of current IVHS technologies for rural
roads and small towns, as well as special traffic
enerators like scenic roads, native American territories
and rural tourist attractions. Additionally, new concepts
that are unique (or at least more app'lcanie) to these
and are being investigated. This paper presents the
preliminary results of this study and contains specific
recommendations for Advanced Rural Transportation
Systems (ARTS) for consideration of funding
authorities, product development and user adoption. It
concludes that there are imperatives for IVHS
applications in rural areas, and recommends an
ag 9 ressive, but p rud e nt cou rse.
Flonda.
5-14. Methodology for Determining and Analyzing
Commodity Flows in Rural Areas.
Jessup, Eric L. (Washington State Unviersity, Pullman,
WA). Presented to Transportation Planning Methods
Applications Conference, Apr 17 1995, Seattle,
Washington.
5-15. A Needs Assessment for Advanced Rural
Transportation Systems: A Colorado Perspective.
Reay, M. and J. Kiljan. Proceedings of the IVHS
America 1993 Annual Meeting. Surface
Transportation: Mobility, Technology, and Society, Apr
14 1993, Washington, DC. Pp 27-34.
This paper addresses the need of rural roadway
agencies and the efficient use of maintenance forces,
equipment and materials. It also outlines potential
IVHS solutions to uniquely rural needs: maintenance
dispatching and logistical planning, advisory radio,
variable message signs "intelligent" warning systems,
pavement and weather sensors, weather and traffic
congestion information, information on motorist
services, cellular telephone networks for incident
detection and improved emergency response, and
opportunities for public/pnvate partnerships.
Colorado.
5-16. Passenger Assistance and Sensitivity
Training for the Florida Rural Assletance Program.
Phase I - Final Report.
Center for Urban Transportation Research, University
of South Florida. (Tampa, FL). Sep 1994.
Many transportation providers in rural areas have few
resourcess to devote to training. The Rural Transit
Assistance Program was established nationally and
within Flonda to address this need, among others. The
Flonda Department of Transportation discovered a
particular need for passenger assistance and sensitivity
training and, in Spring of 1994, contracted with the
Center for Urban Transportation Research (CUTR) to
prepare and present three training workshops to
Florida's rural transportation providers under the Florida
Rural Transit Assistance Program. This report
presents the highlights of the project.
Florida.
5-17. Regional Mobility Program. Technical
Assistance Brief.
Federal Transit Administration. (Washington, DC).
1992.
The bulletin provides an introduction to the Regional
Mobility Program of the Office of Mobility
Enhancement. The goals of the program are: (1) To
mitigate metropolitan and extra-urban congestion in
cost-effective ways that make efficient use of existing
highway and transit capacity; and (2) To increase
mobility for all transportation market segments in urban,
suburban, and rural areas. The four program
elements, each representing a focus area or set of
methods and concepts designed to enhance mobility
are: Transportation Demand Management; Innovative
Transportation Services; Entrepreneurial Services; and
Rural and Specialized Transportation Services.
5-18. Rural Applications of IVHS In Minnesota.
Sobolewski, M. and J. L. Wright. Proceedings of the
IVHS America 1993 Annual Meeting. Surface
Transportation: Mobility, Technology, and Society, Apr
14 1993, Washington, DC. Pp35-38.
The application of advanced technologies in a rural
highway environment continues to gain an increasingly
significant degree of exposure within the IVHS
community. As part of the Minnesota Guidestar IVHS
program, emphasis will be placed on an investigation of
rural applications of advanced technology in the state.
This emphasis has Eliminated in the development of a
major program to operationally test and evaluate
advanced technologies in a rural environment. This
paper outlines some of the concepts proposed in this
program.
Minnesota.
5-19. Rural Public and Intercity Bus
Transportation: A Bibliography With Abstracts.
128
OCR for page 129
Section 5 - Rural Planning
_
Federal Transit Administration. (Washington, DC). Sep
1 993.
This bibliography was prepared for the 11th National
Conference on Rural Public and Intercity Bus
Transportation held in Park City, Utah on 26-29
September 1993. The references included in this
bibliography have been retrieved from the Urban Mass
Transportation Information Service (UMTRIS)
database, a subtile of TRIS, the Transportation
Research Information Service. It contains a TRIS
literature search on rural and specialized transportation,
1988-1993. The bibliography contains both abstracts
of completed research and summaries of ongoing
research. The abstracts are categorized by topic, and
each topic field is divided into FTA-sponsored research
and non FTA-sponsored research.
5-20. Rural Public Transportation In Alaska:
Present and Future Options.
Botha, J. L. Transportation Research Record 1338.
1992, Pp 37~5.
Environmental conditions and the isolation of
communities in Alaska impose unique constraints on
transportation. As a result, public transportation plays a
more important role than would be experienced
elsewhere. The objectives of this paper are to report
on a study conducted to obtain general information on
the type of transit and paratransit service options
currently utilized in rural Alaska and to discuss issues
related to future implementation of public transportation
as well as future studies and information exchange. It
was found that a wide range of options was utilized.
Although it is not surprising that a taxi service is found
in very small communities, the existence of a regular
bus service there is unexpected. However, there is
room for further implementation of public transportation
in Alaska. Documentation on the use of public
transportation in rural Alaska is largely nonexistent.
Communities in Alaska could benefit greatly from the
dissemination of public transportation case studies.
These studies include the organization and regulation
of public transportation, joint use of vehicles, and
increased use of public transportation during
emergencies and periods of inclement weather. The
Rural Technology Transfer Program of the Federal
Transit Administration could play a valuable role in the
exchange of useful information.
Alaska.
5-21. Rural Transit Level of Service in Regional
Planning.
Miranda, Lynn E. (Henigar & Ray, Inc., Seattle, WA).
Submitted to Transportation Planning Methods
Applications Conference, Apr 17 1995, Seattle,
Washington.
5-22. Transportation Analysis Needs for Small and
129
Medium Sized Urban Areas.
DeCorla-Souza, Patrick. (Federal Highway
Administration, Washington, DC). Transportation
Research Board 74th Annual Meeting, Jan 221995,
Washington, DC.
Many small urban areas do not currently have four-step
travel demand models, and may not need to develop
full-blown four-step models. A good traffic monitoring
program supplemented by manual analysis techniques
for demand analysis may be all that is needed, in many
cases; or a simple demand modeling computer
package, such as ORS 11, may be adequate. This
paper focuses on those areas which currently have
four-step models, or are required to have them
because of air quality, conformity requirements. When
travel models were first developed in the 1 950s, their
purpose was to provide a means to evaluate major
highway and transit investments and transportation
system plans. Only a crude level of accuracy of
forecasts was necessary. Today, however, these
models are being called upon to evaluate, in addition,
demand management policy impacts as well as
pollutant emissions impacts. These uses require a finer
level of accuracy as well as sensitivity to new variables
which were not incorporated into the models of most
small and medium sized urban areas which currently
have models. The expansion of the role of travel
models has resuked primarily from mandates in the
Clean A'` Act Amendments (CAM) of 1990 and the
intermoda' Surface Transportatin Efficiency Act
(ISTEA) of 1991. Conformity regulations issued in
November 1993 pursuant to the CMA have spelled
out certain "standards" that travel models are required
to meet for conformity analyses. Planning and
Congestion Management regulations also issued in the
Fall of 1993 pursuant to the ISTEA will require many
(not all) urban areas to develop enhanced modeling
and technical analysis capabilities to address
multimodal evaluation issues, as well as issues relating
to land use and demand management and evaluation
of social, environmental and economic impacts of
transportation alternatives.
5-23. Transportation in Rural America: A Policy
Backgrounder.
Agricultural Marketing Service. (Washington, DC). Apr
1991.
Transportation policy, whether at Federal, State or local
levels, is critical to U.S. agriculture and the rural
communities which agriculture supports. Rural roads
for transport of passengers and commerce, and rail
transportation are discussed as key transportation
policy areas. Condition and service, issues of concern
to transportation providers and users, and future policy
options are outlined for each focus area. Common
issues are identified which cut across the three areas.
OCR for page 130
Project Bibliography - NCHRP 8-32 (1 )
Major conclusions are summanzed.
5-24. Transportation Solutions for 'today,
Tomorrow And Beyond".
Minnesota Department of Transportation. (St Paul,
MN). Proceedings of the 4th National Conference for
Small and Medium-Sized Areas, May 25 1994, Duluth,
Minnesota.
The purpose of this conference was to bring together a
broad representation from small and medium-sized
communities to share their solutions to common
transportation problems and to discuss the
implementation of the Intermodal Surface
Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) in their
communities. The conference was divided into three
tracks which ran concurrently through each of the four
sessions. The tracks were as follows: TRACK-A -
Policy, Administration and Financial; TRACK-B-
Transportation Issues; and TRACK-C - Planning
Issues. The majority of the papers presented at the
conference are included in these Proceedings and are
arranged by session number and track as follows:
TRACK 1A - New Partnerships and Influences; TRACK
1 B - Environmental; TRACK 1 C - Travel Demand
Management (TDM); TRACK 2A - Education; TRACK
2B - Land Use; TRACK 2C - System Planning; TRACK
3A - Project and Agency Administration; TRACK 3B -
Intermodal; TRACK 3C - Environmental Process;
TRACK 4A - Management Systems; TRACK 4B -
Mobility; TRACK 4C - Modeling and Data
Management; and General Sessions.
Minnesota.
130
Representative terms from entire chapter:
transportation planning
