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OCR for page 57
APPENDIX B
SURVEY OF CURRENT PRACTICE
A survey of current practice was conducted among a group of traffic engineers who deal regularly
with the design, implementation, and evaluation oftraffic-actuated signals. The results ofthe survey
served as a database to NC~P Project 3-48. The objectives of the survey were to establish the
range of operational configurations that should be considered in the research effort; to identify the
timing plan design and analysis procedures that are commonly employed; and to determine the interest
of individual agencies in providing data and/or sites for data collection.
A copy ofthe two-page survey form is included In Figure BE The responses to the survey are sum-
maIized in this appendix. The survey was sent to traffic operations and signal engineers of all 50 state
Departments of Transportation and 3 ~ large cities across the country. Thirty states and six cities (47
percent) responded to the request for information. A summary of responses by agency is included
in Table B-l, and a summary of responses by question is included in Table B-2.
NUMBER OF SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS
The 36 respondents to the survey indicated the number of signalized intersections by type of actuation
control as follows: 4, 127 isolated sem~-actuated signals, 14,446 isolated fi~ly-actuated signals, and
19,979 coordinated actuated signals. States are responsible for an average of 164 (range Dom 0 to
1643) isolated sem~-actuated signals, 481 (range Dom 0 to 3000) isolated finely actuated signals, and
580 (range from 0 to 2700) coordinated actuated signals. It should be noted, however, that six of
the states only reported information for coordinated actuated signals. Cities are responsible for an
average of 37 (range Dom 12 to 87) isolated sem~-actuated signals, 195 (range Tom 14 to 270)
isolated fiuDy-actuated signals, and 524 (range Tom 14 to 1400) coordinated actuated signals. The
primary difference between state and city responses was that states maintain a larger number of
isolated sem~-actuated and isolated fi~ly-actuated signals than cities.
Appendix B.: Page 1
OCR for page 58
NCHRP PROJECT ~48
Sunrey of Traffic-Actuated Control Analysis Practice
Agency
Title
Phone
Contact
Address
Fax
1. Please indicate the procedures that are used commonly for design and analysis of timing parameters for
traffic-actuated control. W~ely-used procedures are indicated by abbreviations: M= Manual
computations, H=HCM (including all software products that implement the HCM methodology),
T=TRANSYT P=PASSER Il. N=NETSiM, S=SOAP. Please circle all that apply. If you have developed
your own written procedures, Lease circle the FAT and provide a copy. If you are using procedures other
than those indicated, Lease describe them in the space provided, or give the program namers). If you
do not carry out any design or analysis in a specific category, just leave the box blank.
sooted, S e m i - ~ so! at ed, F u ~ ~ y-Actuated ~ T raffi c -Act u at ed
Actuated Control Control Controllers in
l I Coordinated Systems
Numberof signalmen | l
Intersections
| M H T P N S A M H T P N S A | M H T P N S A
Primary procedure(s)
for determining
operating parameters
(extension interval,
maximum,etc.) l l
| M H T P N S A M H T P N S A | M H T P N S A
Primary procedure(s)
for estimating
performance measures
(delay, LOS etc.)
2. Percent of focal controllers ~NEMA],
Other
[
Type 170 or similar],
3. Are you able to provWe data pie'6 studies or video tape) or data collection sites that may be useful to
this research project? ~ Yes]
~ No] 0/Ye will contact you if you answer Yes.
4. Please Indicate typica design configurations (i.e. those that represent more than 20 percent of your
traffic-actuated approaches) on the attached sheets. These will be an Important source of Information
for determining the range of operating conditions to be covered. Please reproduce the form ~ you have
more than three configurations to report.
5. We would welcome your comments on what features and capabilities are most important In a traffic-
actuated control analysis method. Please use a separate sheet.
Appendix B.: Page 2
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Appendix B.: Page ~
OCR for page 64
PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING OPERATING PARAMETERS
The primary procedures for determining operating parameters for the different types of actuated
controllers are shown in Figures B-2, B-3 and B-4. For isolated sem~-actuated control, states use
manual procedures 37 percent of the time, HCM procedures 33 percent of the time, SOAP 10 percent
of the time, and other methods 20 percent of the time. Cities used manual procedures 56 percent of
the time, HCM' PASSER II, SOAP, and other procedures each 11 percent of the time. Note,
however, that ~ ~ percent represents the response Tom a single city.
For isolated fully actuated control, states use manual procedures 34 percent of the time, HCM
procedures 25 percent of the time, SOAP 14 percent of the time, and other procedures 27 percent
of the time. Cities use manual procedures 55 percent of the time, and HCM, PASSER IT, SOAP,
TRANSYT-7F, and other procedures each 9 percent of the time. In this category, 9 percent
represents the response from a single city.
For coordinated actuated signals, states use manual procedures 22 percent of the time, HCM
procedures 19 percent ofthe time, PASSER IT 25 percent of the time, TRANSYT-7F 19 percent of
the time, and other procedures 15 percent of the time. Cities use manual procedures 24 percent of
the times HCM procedures 12 percent ofthe time, PASSER ~ 29 percent of the time, TRANSYT-7F
29 percent of the time, and other procedures 6 percent of the time. In this category, 6 percent
represents the response from a single city.
hn summary, the respondents reported that manual and HCM procedures are used 62 to 69 percent
of the time for dete~Tnining isolated actuated signal operating parameters, but only 40 percent of the
time for determining coordinated actuated signal operating parameters. It appears that as the level
of complexity increases from isolated intersections to coordinated systems the use of manual and
HCM procedures decreases, and the use of PASSER II and TRANSYT-7F increases. It should be
noted, however, that none of the traffic signal models estimate all of the parameters for actuated
control. Discussions with respondents suggest that this additional information is based on existing
guidelines or controller manufacturers literature.
Appendix B.: Page 8
OCR for page 65
14.1%
26.4%
3.7%
7.3%
STATES
CITIES
1 1.1 %
STATES and CITIES
1 1 %
4.~%
23.2%
1 1.1 %
36.696
Mlanud
[mind HCM
TRANSYT
PASSER II
NETSIM
~ SOAP
O OR
Figure B-2. Primary procedures for determining operating parameters
Isolated semi-actuated control
-
Appendix B: Page 9
OCR for page 66
1 r STATES ll CITIES
11.3% 9.1%
~*'
STATES an ~ CITIES l
11% 1 1 ~ IUanual
^~ _ ~HCM
1 13~4% ~ 1 - 36.6% 1 1 [lo THAI YT I
3773%%.~% ~1 ~
1 - 1
Figure B-3. Primary procedures for determining operating procedures
Isolated, fully actuated control
Appendix B.: Page 10
-
OCR for page 67
STATES
7.4%
3.2%
26.3
18.9%
18.9%
CITIES
6.g96
29.496
23.6%
29.496
1 1 .8%
STATES and CITIES
2.79[ ,%
3.696
20.Ei%
' 17.9%
~ Manual
am] HCM
TRANSYT
PASSER II
NETSIM
SOAP
O Odor
Figure B-4. Primary procedures for determining operating parameters
TrafO~c-actuated controllers in coordinated systems
-
Appendix B: Page 11
OCR for page 68
PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATING PERFORMANCE MEASURES
-
The primary procedures for estimating performance measures for the different types of actuated con-
trollers are shown in Figures B-5, B-6 and B-7. For isolated semi-actuated signals, states use manual
procedures 6 percent of the time, HCM procedures 58 percent of the time, and NETS~, PASSER
id, TRANSYT-7F, and other procedures each 8 percent of the time. Cities use manual procedures
29 percent ofthetime,HCMprocedures29 percent ofthetime, PASSERII 14 percent ofthetime,
and other procedures 28 percent of the time.
For isolated fully actuated signals, states use manual procedures 4 percent of the time, HCM
procedures 54 percent ofthetime,NETSIM 11 percent ofthe time, and other procedures 31 percent
of the time. Cities use manual and HCM procedures each 29 percent ofthe time, PASSERII 14
percent of the time, and other procedures 28 percent of the time. In this category, 20 percent
represents the response from a single city.
For coordinated actuated signals, states use manual procedures 6 percent of the time, HCM proce-
dures 30 percent of the time, PASSER II 25 percent of the time, TRANSYT-7F 23 percent of the
time, and other procedures 16 percent of the time. Cities use manual procedures 13 percent ofthe
time, HCM procedures 13 percent of the time, PASSER lI 25 percent ofthe time, TRANSYT-7F
31 percent ofthe time, and other procedures 18 percent of the time. In this category, 13 percent
represents the response Tom a single city.
In summary, the respondents reported that manual and HCM procedures are used 57 to 64 percent
ofthe time for estimating isolated actuated signal performance measures, but only 32 percent ofthe
time for estimating coordinated actuated signal performance measures. Thus, similar to determining
controller settings, it appears that, as the level of complexity increases from isolated intersections to
coordinated systems, the use of manual and HCM procedures decreases, and the use of PASSER IT
and TRANSYT-7F increases. Additionally, states use manual and HCM procedures more than cities,
cities use PASSER II and TRANSYT-7F more than states, and NETSIM is used about 10 percent
of the time when estimating performance measures of actuated controllers.
Appendix B.: Page 12
OCR for page 69
STATES
8.3% 6.6%
1 1.1 %
8.3%
rAl
I CITIES
28.6% ~
/ ~28.6%
14.3~~17
D
68.3%
28,8%
STATES and CITIES
1 2.8% 7.7%
7.7%
10.3%
7.7%
63.8%
~ Menus
mm HCM
TRANSYT
PASSER 11
NETSIM
~ SOAP
i Other
Figure B-5. Primary procedures for estimating performance measures
Appendix B.: Page 13
OCR for page 70
STATES
1 3% 4.3%
2.2%
I;4.3%
CITIES
28.6%
28.6%
28.6%
STATES and CITIES
~ 0.216
~ 6.3%
216 /
-
6.1%
Manual
PICA
TRANSYT
PASSER II
NETSIM
SOAP
Other
Figure B-6. Primary procedures for estimating performance measures
Isolated, fully actuated control
Appendix B.: Page 14
OCR for page 71
- -
~STATESl l CITIES
1.6~3% 6.3% 12.6% 12.~%
78` 83~ S
23.4%1
~ STATES a nd CITIES |
79~.
21
Figure B-7. Primary procedures for estimating performance measures
TrafD~c-actuated controllers in coordinated systems
-
AppendixB: Page 15
OCR for page 72
TYPICAL DESIGN CONFIGURATIONS
A summary of the typical traffic-actuated design configurations is included in Table B-3. The
summary contains information on principal applications, number of approaches, percent of signalized
approaches, detector types and sizes, detector location and setback from the stop line, initial interval,
allowable gap, maximum green, yellow plus all red, recall and coordinated phases. Loop sizes ranged
from 6-feet by 6-feet to 6-feet by 60-feet with the longer loops more commonly found in left-turn
lanes and the shorter loops more commonly found in through lanes. Detector set backs ranged from
0 to 60 feet, depending on approach speed and type of detector. Several agencies used multiple
detectors on high speed (greater than 45 mph) approaches.
Initial intervals ranged Dom 3 to 12 seconds for lefc-turn phases and from 4 to 17 seconds for through
phases. Allowable gaps ranged from 0 to 5 seconds with the majority in the 2 to 4 second range.
Maximum greens ranged from 15 to 40 seconds for lefc-turn phases to 20 to 90 seconds for through
phases. Yellow plus all-reds were in the 3 to 6 second range. Recall was generally off or set to
minimum, and when used, the coordinated phase serviced NEMA movements 2 and 6.
Appendix B.: Page 16
OCR for page 73
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
manual procedures
