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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. Page 127 INDEXAAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 78, 86, Plate XIV Aerosol-borne toxins, 2, 11, 60, 67 Air pollution, see Global warming Aircraft, weather forecasting, 24, 25 seafood, toxins in, 6, 7, 15, 18, 60-66 toxins, cost-effective detection, 6, 7, 70 toxins, general, 6, 7, 15, 17, 18, 27, 59-70 see also Harmful algal blooms; Plankton Amnesic shellfish poisoning, 11, 60, 61, 65-66 Animal modes, 3-4, 11, 60, 71, 72, 74-75, 81-82, 83-95 Anoxia, 2 see also Dissolved oxygen levels Antibiotics, 6, 50, 74, 81, 87 Atmospheric processes, see Climate; Weather BBacteria, general, 3, 10, 44-45, 46, 50, 78 antibiotics, 6, 50, 74, 81, 87 coliform bacteria, 6, 46-48, 49, 57 vibrios, 3, 10, 27, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51-52, 57 see also specific and bacterial diseases Bioassays, 48, 50, 57, 72, 74, 77, 80, 82, 94 Biodiversity, 71-95 Biomedical sciences, 1, 6-7, 9, 15, 43-70, 83-95 biodiversity and, 6-7, 11, 71-95 biotechnology, general, 48, 72 see also Pharmaceuticals fluorescence, 11, 46, 48, 79, 80, Plate XIV marine organisms as models, 3-4, 11, 60, 71, 72, 74-75, 81-82, 83-95 see Cellular biology;Diseases and disorders; Health services; Immunology; Neurobiology Brevetoxins, 63, 64, 67, 68, 71 Bryostatin, 76 CCalcium, 60, 79-80, 88, 89, 94 Cancer drugs, 3, 7, 9, 74, 75-76, 78, 81 Cellular biology, 11, Plate XIV calcium, 60, 79-80, 88, 89, 94, Plate XVI marine organisms as models, 4, 7, 79-80, 83-95 pharmaceuticals, 7, Plate X, Plate XI see also Cancer drugs; Immunology; Neurobiology
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Plate I: Arteries of the ocean circulation carry
warm water to the North Atlantic where it is cooled by the Arctic
cold air masses. This cooling makes the water denser and it sinks
to the bottom, forming a southward-moving water mass that flows
around Antarctica, then filling the world ocean basins and
gradually returning to the surface. Nutrients brought up to the
sunlit surface layers can then support the growth of plankton
(after Schmitz, 1996)
Plate II
Plate II: Snapshot from a preliminary simulation
of the 1998 New Guinea tsunami illustrating the concentrated surge
as the wave hit the coastline (USGS, 1998).
Plate III
Plate III: Satellite image of Hurricane Bonnie
off the coast of Florida on August 24, 1998. Image taken by
NASA/GSFC SeaWIFS satellite. Hurricanes are fueled by the warm
tropical ocean, and are sensitive to ocean temperatures along their
paths.
Plate IV
Plate IV: Storm track of Hurricane Opal in the
Gulf of Mexico showing the pressure drop as the storm passed over
the Loop Current warm core ring (red, WCR). The atmospheric
upper-level trough (blue) influenced the steering of the hurricane
as it approached landfall. The diagram is based upon TOPEX
altimetry data and post-storm AVHRR images. (Adapted from Marks and
Shay, 1998: Shay et. al., 1998)
Plate V
Plate V: Patients suffering from cholera in a
Bangladesh hospital. Photo courtesy of D.J. Grimes.
Plate VI
Plate VI: Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) data
near the western coast of South America show the temperature
started rising quickly in November 1997, and remained high
throughout the spring of 1998. This chart was generated as part of
an EPA funded project: ''Global Climate Change and Infectious
Disease: Application of Remote Sensing in Cholera Prediction,"
involving R. Colwell, A. Huq, J. Patz, A. Gil, B. Sack, B. Lobitz,
and B. Wood. SST data source: JPL Physical Oceanography DAAC AVHRR
Multi-channel SST.
Plate VII
Plate VII: While Plate VI showed the warm water
persisting through the spring of 1998, the elevation of this water
mass (Sea Surface Height. SSH) off the coast of Equador (4°S
latitude) peaked in December 1997, true to its namesake. "El
Niño." This chart was generated as part of an EPA funded
project: "Global Climate Change and Infectious Disease: Application
of Remote Sensing in Cholera Prediction," involving R. Colwell, A.
Huq. J. Patz, A. Gil, B. Sack, B. Lobitz, and B. Wood. SSH data
source: University of Texas TOPEX Sea Surface Anomalies.
Plate VIII
Plate VIII: Reverse colored (warmest is deepest
blue; coldest is red) sea surface temperature image that shows the
strong shoreward intrusion of Gulf Stream water (darkest blue, 28
°C) into the nearshore regions of the North Carolina coast. The
Gulf Stream and meanders of Gulf Stream water serve as a transport
mechanism for Gymnodinium breve red tide cells onto the
continental shelf in the U.S. South Atlantic Bight. Image from the
NOAA-9 polar orbiting satellite (AVHRR advanced very high
resolution radiometer) on October 31, 1987; image provided by Tom
Leming, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMES), NSTI. MS.
Plate IX
Plate IX: These maps depict the HAB outbreaks
known before (top) and after (bottom) 1972. This is not meant to be
an exhaustive compilation of all events, but rather an indication
of major or recurrent HAB episodes. Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
= NSP, paralytic shellfish poisoning = PSP, and amnesic shellfish
poisoning = ASP (Anderson, 1995).
Plate X
Plate X: In densely populated habitats, marine
plants and animals produce chemicals to protect them from predation
and overgrowth. Some of these bioactive chemicals have potential
value as pharmaceuticals. Photo courtesy of William Fenical.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
Plate XI
Plate XI: Sponges are dominant components of
many marine ecosystems and provide a source of unique chemicals
with pharmaceutical potential. This bright orange sponge is called
Teichaxinella morchella and was photographed in the Bahamas
at a depth of 100 feet on a deep water reef. This species has
several interesting bioactive compounds, one of which has antitumor
activity. Photo by John K. Reed, Harbor Branch Oceanographic
Institution.
Plates XIIa-XIIc
Plate XIIa: The deep-water marine sponge.
Discodermia dissoluta, from which the compound discodermolide
is obtained. This sponge was collected at a depth of approximately
500 feet. Photo courtesy of Harbor Branch Oceanographic
Institution, Inc., ©1998.
Plate XIIb: Untreated human cancer cells stained
with fluorescently labeled anti-alphatubulin antibody. The
individual, green hair-like structures are microtubules which form
an organized meshwork or cellular skeleton (cytoskeleton) in cells.
Microtubules also assist in the segregation of chromosomes during
cell division. Photo courtesy of Harbor Branch Oceanographic
Institution, Inc., ©1998.
Plate XIIc: Human cancer cells treated with
discodermolide. The microtubule network has become reorganized due
to the activity of discodermolide. This results in the formation of
microtubule bundles, disruption of cell division, and death of the
cancer cells. Photo courtesy of Harbor Branch Oceanographic
Institution, Inc., ©1998.
Plate XIII
Plate XIII: Pseudopterogorgia
elisabethae, a Caribbean gorgonian, is the source of potent
anti-inflammatory compounds. Photo courtesy of William Fenical,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
Plate XIV
Plate XIV: Two mutants of Green Fluorescent
Protein (GFP), derived from a jellyfish, are fused to HIV genes
encoding a cytoplasmic protein (green) and a nuclear protein
(blue). GFP can be linked to a variety of genes to monitor protein
expression and subcellular localization (Stauber et al., 1998).
Plate XV
Plate XV: Photo of the sea urchin Lytichinus
pictus spawning. The female is inverted on top of the beaker
and the plentiful orange eggs drop to the bottom. A spawning male
appears to the side of the beaker—the white foam on the top of
the urchin contains the sperm. Photo courtesy of Chris Patton,
Hopkins Marine Station. Stanford University.
Plate XVI
Plate XVI: Confocal microscope images taken at
5-second intervals of a fertilization-induced calcium wave in a
Pisaster ochraceus starfish oocyte. The color spectrum
indicates the relative concentration of calcium where blue-green
represents low calcium and yellow-red represents high calcium.
Photo provided courtesy of Stephen A. Stricker. Department of
Biology, University of New Mexico.
