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Index
A
Abatement, see Pollution abatement and control
Accounts and accounting, definition and purpose, 12, 19, 27, 207
Acid precipitation, 40, 113, 116, 119, 121, 122, 142, 143, 145, 147 , 148
Aggregation and disaggregation, 14, 19, 32, 36, 37, 39-40, 84, 123 , 152, 186
see also Gross domestic product;
Gross national product
Agriculture, 34, 115, 168, 199
air pollutants, 114, 144, 145, 146, 147
forests and, 132, 133, 135, 138-139
hedonic valuation, 118
IEESA, 3, 106, 109, 111-112, 118, 168, 169
land and structures valuation, 111-112, 168
production costs, 135
see also Department of Agriculture
Air quality and pollution, 8, 32, 113-116, 121-122, 126, 141-149, 152, 178-180, 199
acid precipitation, 40, 113, 116, 119, 121, 122, 142, 143, 145, 147 , 148
agriculture, impacts on, 114, 144, 145, 146, 147
BEA methodology, 148-149
carbon dioxide, 134, 135, 136, 176, 208
carbon monoxide, 142-143, 145, 208-209
chlorofluorocarbons, 143
data requirements/availability, 149, 171-172, 199
defined, 207
ecosystem impacts, 149, 156
forests, 34, 145, 147
climate change and, 34, 134, 135, 136, 158, 178
fossil fuels, general, 60
see also Climate change
historical perspectives, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148
IEESA, 3, 55, 110, 112, 156-157, 160, 171-172
market forces, 142, 144-145
nitrogen dioxide, 143, 144, 145
ozone, ground-level, 143, 144, 145, 147
ozone layer depletion, 23, 115, 121, 122, 143-144, 145, 149, 218
particulate matter, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 218
photochemical, 218
recreation and, 114, 149, 156
residuals, 7, 113-116, 119, 121, 147, 150
secondary, 220
SEEA, 112
sulfur dioxide, 143, 144, 145
see also ''acid precipitation" supra
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toxins, 144, 149
see also Ozone layer depletion
Air quality standards, 142-146
cost of, 23, 33, 146-147
defined, 207
dose-response relationship, 121-122
emission permits, 111
greenhouse gases, 34
see also Emission standards
Ambient concentrations, 122, 208
defined, 207
Assimilation
defined, 207
Associated capital, minerals, 5, 67, 68, 72, 73, 76, 79, 84, 87-89, 95, 96, 100, 101, 103, 174, 175
defined, 207
Augmented accounts, see Satellite accounts
Australia, 52, 96, 97-98, 140
B
BEA, see Bureau of Economic Analysis
Biodiversity, 39, 144-145, 178, 198
defined, 208
forests, 39, 132, 134, 135
Bureau of Census, 54, 80, 111, 151, 159, 176
Bureau of Economic Analysis, 1-2, 24, 51, 53-55, 208
air quality, 148-149
forests, 134-141
IEESA, 3, 16, 106, 112, 141, 167-168, 169, 171
health and safety regulations, 33
mineral resources, 4, 70-96, 102-105
foreign comparisons, 96-99
renewable resources, 106-113, 134-141, 148-149, 151-152
see also Integrated Environmental and Economic Satellite Accounts;
National Income and Product Accounts
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 151, 154
Bureau of Mines, 80
Bush Administration, 154
C
Canada, 17, 52, 96, 97, 98, 140
Capital, 117-119, 187-188
defined, 208, 185
forests, 136-137
Hicksian income, 24, 35, 188
mineral resources, 66, 67, 69, 72, 76, 78, 81-82, 87-88, 98
see also Associated capital, minerals
foreign countries, 96
see also Depreciation and depletion;
Human capital;
Investments and investment accounts
Capital accumulation, 15, 22, 31, 44, 56, 59, 116, 117
defined, 208
Capital consumption, 44 (n.10), 65, 187
defined, 208
Carbon dioxide, 176
defined, 208
forests, 134, 135, 136
see also Climate change
Carbon monoxide, 142-143, 145
defined, 208-209
Carter Administration, 154
Chlorofluorocarbons, 143, 209
see also Ozone layer depletion
Clean Air Act, 145-146
Clean Water Act, 45, 54
Climate change, 23, 29, 40, 60, 112, 116, 142, 143-145, 149, 200
cost-benefit analysis, 34-35, 57, 157-158
defined, 209
forests, 24, 134, 135, 136, 158, 178
Kyoto Protocol, 38, 136
public goods and, 128
Clinton Administration, 16
Coastal zones, 33, 116, 118, 125, 128, 131, 191
Commission of the European Communities, 51, 209
Consumer Price Index, 47
Consumer surplus, 47, 125, 128
defined, 209
Consumption
augmented accounts, general, see "satellite accounts" infra
defined, 209
environmental variables, 22, 113, 117, 119, 122, 128(n.5), 129, 133 , 145, 147, 150, 155, 162, 168, 176, 179
pollution abatement, 25, 53
foreign earnings and, 27
investment and, 13, 15, 25
mineral resources, 73-74
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nonmarket, 23, 31, 36, 43, 44
see also "environmental variables" supra and "satellite accounts" infra
recreation, public resources, 23, 43
renewable resources, 25, 117, 119, 122, 128(n.5), 129, 133, 145, 147, 150
rent methods, 73-74, 119
residuals, 116
patterns, 2
public vs private services, 22
satellite accounts, general, 22, 27, 31, 57, 117
see also Capital consumption;
Sustainability and sustainable development
Contingent valuation, 7, 38, 125-128, 131, 166
defined, 209
Core accounts, 8, 24, 27, 58, 112, 159, 160
defined, 12, 209
foreign countries, 51
forests, 131
Hicksian income, 24, 35, 188
IEESA, 161-163
near-market goods, 130
satellite accounts vs, general, 21
UN systems, 21, 49
see also Gross domestic product;
Gross national product
Cost and cost-benefit factors, 8, 30, 58, 173, 216
agricultural production, 135
air pollution regulations, 23, 33, 146-147
climate change, 34-35, 57, 157-158
cost of living, CPI, 47
defensive environmental costs, 210
defined, 209-210
depletion costs, 49, 210
economic instruments, 210-211
environmental degradation, 48
environmental restoration, 49, 220
IESSA, 170, 172, 173, 180
minerals,
exploration/extraction, 60, 61, 63-66, 68-69, 81-82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 95, 96, 97
imports, 105
replacement costs, 68-69, 76, 79, 89, 91
nonmarket activities, data collection, 23, 29
opportunity costs, 30, 63, 97, 218
pollution abatement, 22, 25, 30-31, 33-34, 45-46, 49, 53-54, 111, 146-147, 156, 157-158, 164, 178, 219
pollution expenditure accounting, 40, 45-46
public vs private goods, 7, 157
recreational services, 139
regulations, 15, 22, 32, 33, 46, 111, 157, 179
see also "air pollution regulations" and "pollution abatement" supra
replacement costs, 49
mineral resources, 68-69, 76, 79, 89, 91
sectoral breakdowns, 33, 157
timber production, 26, 134-135, 137, 139, 176, 203, 204, 205
transaction prices, 47
mineral resources, 60, 66-68, 69, 76, 77, 79, 84, 86, 87, 90
travel costs, 17, 124, 126-127, 150, 165, 177, 222
user costs, 222
Crime, see Illegal activities
Current rent method, 71-77 (passim), 79, 80, 84-85, 87, 88-89, 91, 95-101 (passim)
defined, 210
CV, see Contingent valuation
D
Data requirements and availability, general, 31-32, 34, 37-38, 170 -178, 196-201
air quality, 149, 171-172, 199
environmental accounting, general, 121-123, 157
hedonic valuation, 119
interagency cooperation, 80, 139, 141, 151, 171-173
mineral resources, 77-78, 80, 95, 103, 173-175
nonmarket activities, general, 19, 23, 29, 38
pollution abatement, 111
public good issues, 157
renewable resources, 121-123, 149, 150-152, 171-172, 175-178
Department of Agriculture, 111-112, 151, 159, 176, 196, 198
Forest Service, 135, 136, 139, 141, 196, 198, 199, 205-206
Department of Commerce, 1-2, 13, 53-54, 154
Bureau of Census, 54, 80, 111, 151, 159, 176
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NOAA, 131, 196, 199, 200
study at hand, methodology, 16-17
see also Bureau of Economic Analysis
Department of Energy, 80, 151
Department of Health and Human Services, 151, 196, 201
Depreciation and depletion, 25-26, 44-45, 48, 49, 50, 59
defined, 44, 65, 210
depletion vs, 87-89, 164
foreign systems, 50
forests, 139, 203-204
mineral resources, domestic, 45, 51, 53, 55, 59, 60, 65, 71-94 (passim), 101, 103, 104, 162, 168, 194
depreciation vs, 87-89, 164
scarcity and price, 92-95, 104-105
mineral resources, foreign countries, 96
recreational land, 112
Depression and recession, see Economic cycles
Discounting of natural assets, 44-45, 50, 173, 189, 202, 206
defined, 210
mineral resources, 69-71, 74, 75, 76, 86, 89, 90, 95, 96, 97, 101
renewable resources, 115, 138, 146
Doses and dose-response relationship, 121-122, 124, 126-127, 149
E
Earth Summit, see United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
Ecological impacts, 42, 156, 177-178, 180
air pollutants, 149, 156
defined, 210
see also Biodiversity;
Wildlife
Economic assets, 12-13, 14, 19-20, 150, 155
air pollutants, impacts on, 113, 148
defined, 12, 210-211
forests, 136-137
mineral resource stocks, 20, 25, 43, 49, 55, 59, 60, 61, 73, 75, 77, 80, 81-82, 84, 85, 92, 95, 96, 101, 103, 162
renewable resources, 113, 136-137, 148, 175-177
see also Depreciation and depletion;
Investments and investment accounts;
Valuation of natural assets
Economic cycles, 12, 13, 81
Great Depression, 13, 35
Economic profit/Economic rent, see Rent methods
Education and training, 14, 21, 22, 23, 54, 119
Emission standards, 142-145
defined, 211
foreign countries, 52
see also Air quality standards;
Water quality standards
Energy Information Administration, 211
Energy resources, production and consumption, 6, 50, 193-194
Department of Energy, 80, 151, 211
price factors, 25, 84
primary energy consumption, 219
renewable, 219
valuation, 59-60, 71, 76, 78, 81, 82, 84, 96
wood fuel, 133, 135
see also Fossil fuels
Environmental and Natural Resource Accounting Program, 42-43, 211
Environmental degradation, 11, 17, 25, 48
aggregation techniques, 40
foreign systems, 50-51
GDP and, 28
IEESA, 55, 112
recreational land, 112
SEEA, 112
see also Pollution abatement and control
Environmental Protection Agency, 23, 142-144, 145-146, 147, 151, 159, 172, 179, 196, 197, 199-200, 212
Environmental restoration
costs, 49, 220
defined, 212
foreign systems, 51
SEEA, 112
Equations
forest assets, 202-206
mineral resources valuation, 71, 72-73, 75, 77, 101
NNP, 190
sustainable income, 192
Europe, 17, 40, 50, 121
Commission of the European Communities, 51, 154, 209
fossil fuels, 50, 96, 97, 98
see also specific countries
European System for the Collection of Information on the Environment , 213
Exports and imports, see Foreign trade
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F
Farming and farmland, see Agriculture
Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board, 172, 213
Federal government, general
assets of, 31
budgetary accounts, 28
interagency cooperation, 80, 139, 141, 151, 171-173
mineral estate, 31, 34
see also Funding;
Legislation;
Regulatory issues;
specific departments and agencies
Fish and Wildlife Service, 196, 198, 200
Fisheries, 7, 25, 31, 156, 199
IEESA, 3, 16, 106, 167-168, 169, 171
Flow measures, 3, 38, 48, 51, 52, 57
environmental, 3, 22, 31, 37, 38, 44, 48, 52, 107, 113, 120-121, 122, 161-162, 165, 167, 170-171, 177, 178, 179, 186, 196
investment, 22
minerals, 59, 70, 74, 76, 79, 82, 84, 95, 96, 173
near-market, 130
nonmarket, general, 8, 151, 169, 178
public goods, 8, 151
renewable resources, 115, 116, 117, 121, 130, 132, 133, 135, 141, 149, 150, 151, 152, 161-162, 165, 167, 174, 177, 178, 186, 190, 196
SEEA, 48
sustainability, 186, 190
Ford Administration, 154
Foreign countries, see Europe;
International perspectives;
specific countries
Foreign direct investment, 24, 30
Foreign trade, 24, 159
mineral resources, 6, 104, 105
services, 24
Forests, 7, 20, 25, 26, 30, 34, 131-141, 152, 176, 177-178, 180, 202-206
agriculture and, 132, 133, 135, 138-139
air pollutants, 34, 145, 147
climate change and, 34, 134, 135, 136, 158, 178
BEA methodology, 134-141
IEESA, 3, 16, 106, 112, 141, 167-168, 169, 171
biodiversity and, 39, 132, 134, 135
foreign countries, 52
historical perspectives, 132(n.6), 133, 137
household accounts, 134, 135, 141
NIPA, 131-136
nonmarket goods and services, 135-136, 141
price factors, 137, 138, 139, 140, 202, 204
public goods issues, 133-134
recreational activities, 132, 135, 139, 141, 156
timber, 3, 6, 7, 16, 17, 23, 30, 31, 34, 37-38, 39, 42, 44, 50, 106 , 112, 118, 132-133, 134-135, 137-138, 141, 168, 169, 174, 176-177, 199, 203
production costs, 26, 134-135, 137, 139, 176, 203, 204, 205
regional factors, 139, 205
stumpage value, 31, 139, 156, 171, 204, 221
valuation, general, 39, 112, 132-141, 156, 167-168, 176-178, 202-206
wildlife, 39, 132, 134, 135
wood fuel, 133, 135
Forest Service, 135, 136, 139, 141, 196, 198, 199, 205-206
Fossil fuels, 6, 18, 50, 59-60, 71, 76, 78, 81, 82, 84, 96, 97, 174
defined, 214
Europe, 50, 96, 97, 98
see also Climate change
France, 38, 52
Funding
committee recommendations, 4, 8, 159, 160
satellite accounts, 4, 8, 54, 111, 159, 160, 170
G
Gas, see Fossil fuels
Geological Survey, 80, 200
Global environment, general, 11, 23, 112
ozone depletion, 23, 115, 121, 122, 143-144, 145, 149, 218
public goods, 128, 131
see also Climate change
Great Depression, 13, 35
Greenhouse effect, see Climate change
Gross domestic product, 14, 16, 25, 26-27, 57, 162, 187
defined, 12, 20, 56, 214
depreciation, 26
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environmental disasters, 28
foreign accounting, 51
forests, 136
mineral resources, 60, 79, 80, 81, 91-92, 102
nonmarket accounts, 14, 20
omissions, 26-27
pollution abatement, 53-54
pollution expenditure accounting, 45
US residents' foreign earnings, 26-27, 187
Gross national product, 13, 163
defined, 214
foreign accounting, 51
US residents' foreign earnings, 26-27
H
Health as a resource, 22, 25, 30-31, 33, 38, 114, 116, 119-120, 123 , 126-127, 179-180, 197, 201
air quality impacts, 142-144, 146, 147-149, 151, 156, 179-180, 197
Department of Health and Human Services, 151, 196, 201
pollutant doses and dose-response, 121-122, 124, 126-127, 149
public vs private goods, 128
see also Recreation activities and resources
Hedonic modeling and pricing, 7, 118-119, 124-125, 126-127, 150, 165-166, 167
defined, 214-215
Hicksian income, 24, 35, 188
Historical perspectives, 11, 20-24, 53-56, 154
air quality, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148
comprehensive economic accounts, 41-42
forests, 132(n.6), 133, 137
IEESA, 54-55, 56, 58, 154, 158
NIPA, 13-14, 19, 20, 35-37, 41-42, 53
satellite accounts, 14-15, 16, 20-37, 55
Hotelling rents
defined, 63, 215
mineral resources, 63, 64, 65, 69-70, 73, 74, 76, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, 95, 103, 137, 175, 203
timber, 137, 137-138, 203
Households, 150
air pollutants, 113, 146, 148
capital acquisition, 30
production, 11, 12, 14, 46, 48, 50, 129-130
forests, 134, 135, 141
see also Near-market goods and services;
Recreation activities and resources
Human capital, 3, 5, 22, 54, 57, 119, 191
doses and dose-response relationship, 121-122, 124, 126-127, 149
education and training, 14, 21, 22, 23, 54, 119
see also Health as a resource
I
IEESA, see Integrated Environmental and Economic Satellite Accounts
Illegal activities, 20
Incentives, general, 51, 174-175
Inflation, 24, 26, 97
Integrated Environmental and Economic Satellite Accounts, 1-3, 16-17, 18, 153-154, 155, 158-170
air quality and pollution, 3, 55, 110, 112, 156-157, 160, 171-172
asset accounts, by type of asset, 1987, 108-110
core accounts and, 161-163
cost-benefit analysis, 170, 172, 173, 180
environmental degradation, 55, 112
fisheries, 3, 16, 106, 167-168, 169, 171
forests, 3, 16, 106, 112, 141, 167-168, 169, 171
history of, 54-55, 56, 58, 154, 158
international perspectives, 2, 154, 163-165
land use, 109-110, 112
mineral resources, 3, 4-6, 16, 55, 61, 70-96, 102-105, 109, 156, 162, 167, 168, 169
near-market goods, 3, 161, 169
nonmarket goods and services, general, 16, 155-158, 161, 163
renewable resources, 3, 55, 107-113
study at hand, methodology, 17-18
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 136
International perspectives, 14-15, 24, 38, 40, 42-43, 50-53, 154, 160, 170
foreign direct investment, 24, 30
forests, 131, 136, 139, 140
IEESA, 2, 154, 163-165
mineral resources, 6, 96-99, 104, 105
US residents' foreign earnings, 26-27, 187
see also Climate change;
Foreign trade;
Global environment;
specific countries;
terms beginning "United Nations"
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Investments and investment accounts, 2, 12, 13-14, 22, 24, 25, 117 , 155
foreign direct investment, 24
gross, 12
human capital, 3, 5, 22, 30, 162
mineral resources, 81, 162
natural resources, 3
NDP, 15
omissions, 30, 31
public/private sector collaboration, 30
public vs private research, 32-33, 157, 161
technological innovation, 37
see also Capital;
Depreciation and depletion
J
Japan, 41-42
K
Kuznets, Simon, 13-14
Kyoto Protocol, 38, 136
L
La Follette, Robert, 13
Land use, 15, 57, 106, 111, 167-168, 199
classification, 215
foreign countries, 52
IEESA, 109-110, 112
see also Agriculture;
Forests;
Recreation activities and resources
Lead pollution, 143
Legislation
Clean Air Act, 145-146
Clean Water Act, 45, 54
national accounts, 13
Resource Planning Act, 199
see also Regulatory issues
Leisure activities, see Recreation activities and resources
M
Market forces, 37, 53, 56, 123, 124, 150
air quality impacts, 142, 144-145
contingent valuation, 7, 38, 125-128, 131, 166, 209
forests, 133
market valuation, 7, 216
mineral resources, 5, 63, 103
public goods, 7, 128-130
see Cost and cost-benefit factors;
Near-market goods and services;
Price factors
Measurement of Economic and Social Performance Project, 42
Measure of Economic Welfare, 41
Minerals and mining, 4-6, 17, 30, 34, 45, 59-105, 156, 180
alternative methodologies, 99-102
associated capital, minerals, 5, 67, 68, 72, 73, 76, 79, 84, 87-89, 95, 96, 100, 101, 103, 174, 175, 207
BEA methodologies, 4, 70-96, 102-105
foreign comparisons, 96-99
stocks/reserves, 20, 25, 43, 49, 55, 59, 60-65, 70-96 (passim), 101 , 103, 167, 168, 173-174
see also "depletion" infra
capital, 66, 67, 69, 72, 76, 78, 81-82, 87-88, 98
see also Associated capital, minerals
foreign countries, 96
costs
exploration/extortion, 60, 61, 63-66, 68-69, 81-82, 83, 84, 85, 88 , 95, 96, 97
replacement, 68-69, 76, 79, 89, 91
data requirements/availability, 77-78, 80, 95, 103, 173-175
definitions, 61, 216-217, 219, 221
depletion, domestic, 45, 51, 53, 55, 59, 60, 65, 71-94 (passim), 101, 103, 104, 162, 168, 194
depreciation vs, 87-89, 164
scarcity and price, 92-95, 104-105
depletion, foreign countries, 96
discounting of assets, 69-71, 74, 75, 76, 86, 89, 90, 95, 96, 97, 101
federal estate, 31, 34
flow measures, 59, 70, 74, 76, 79, 82, 84, 95, 96, 173
foreign countries, 52, 96-99, 104, 105
GDP, 60, 79, 80, 81, 91-92, 102
IEESA, 3, 4-6, 16, 55, 61, 70-96, 102-105, 109, 156, 162, 167, 168 , 169
market forces, 5, 63, 103
national forests, 135
NDP, 79, 80, 89, 92, 101-102
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net present value, 69-70, 74-75, 76, 88, 95, 99
NIPA, 59-60, 80-82, 102-105
omitted from BEA accounts, 86-87, 90
option values, 64, 65
price factors, 5, 25, 34, 60, 63-72 (passim), 76, 77, 80, 82-92 (passim), 103, 104-105, 160-161, 180
foreign countries, 97, 98-99
revaluation effects, 65, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 82, 85, 90-91, 92 , 94, 99, 162
scarcity, 92-95, 104-105
transaction prices, 60, 66-68, 69, 76, 77, 79, 84, 86, 87, 90
regional factors, 5, 60, 63(n.3), 175
rents, 64, 65, 71-74, 79, 84-85, 87-89, 91, 95, 96-100
see also Hotelling rents
replacement costs, 68-69, 76, 79, 89, 91
royalties, 67-68, 90, 98, 99, 220
social factors, 5, 103
stocks/reserves
alternative, 99-102
BEA, 20, 25, 43, 49, 55, 59, 60-65, 70-96 (passim), 101, 103, 167, 168, 173-174
see also "depletion" supra
foreign countries, 52, 96-99
strip mining, 221
sustainability, 5, 91, 92, 101, 102, 104-105
see also "depletion" and "stocks/reserves" supra
replacement costs, 68-69, 76, 79, 89, 91
taxes, 67-68, 78, 90, 98, 99
timber harvest vs, 137
transaction prices, 60, 66-68, 69, 76, 77, 79, 84, 86, 87, 90
valuation, 61, 64, 65-105, 167, 168
equations, 71, 72-73, 75, 77, 101
see also Energy resources, production and consumption;
Fossil fuels
N
National Accounting Matrix Including Environmental Accounts, 38, 40
National Bureau of Economic Research, 13
National Center for Health Statistics, 196, 201
National Income and Product Accounts, general, 2, 12-14, 19-58, 155
committee recommendations, 2-3, 4, 6, 7-8, 9, 102-105
defined, 1, 12, 14, 217
forests, 134-141
history of, 13-14, 19, 20, 35-37, 41-42, 53
investment, 25, 26
mineral resources, 59-60, 80-82, 102-105
sectoral breakdowns, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 42, 43
sustainability, 187, 188, 189, 195
see also Core accounts;
Gross domestic product;
Gross national product;
Satellite accounts
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 131, 196, 199, 200
National parks, 8, 20, 23, 26
as public goods, 128(n.5), 130
National Performance Review, 40
National Science Foundation, 42
National Toxins Inventory, 146
Natural gas, see Fossil fuels
Near-market goods and services, 7, 11, 20, 23, 37-38, 46, 150, 152
forest products, 135
IEESA, 3, 161, 169
public vs private goods, 129-130
see also Households
Net domestic product
defined, 15, 217
environmental degradation, 48
mineral resources, 79, 80, 89, 92, 101-102
sustainable income, general, 36-37, 189, 190, 192-193, 195
Netherlands, 38, 40, 52, 98
Net national income, 26, 31, 43
Net national product, 26, 27, 31, 35, 163, 184, 187-188, 189-190
defined, 184
environmental degradation, 48
forests, 136
Net National Welfare, 41-42
Net present value, 44, 45
defined, 217
forests, 140
mineral resources, 69-70, 74-75, 76, 88, 95, 99
NIPA, see National Income and Product Accounts
Nitrogen dioxide, 143, 144, 145
Nonmarket accounts, general, 3, 7-8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 23, 29, 36, 113 , 123-131, 165-169, 190
air quality impacts, 142
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climate change, 34-35
consumption measures, 23, 31, 36, 43, 44
contingent valuation, 7, 38, 125-128, 131, 166, 209
CPI, 47
data collection costs, 19, 23, 29, 38
defined, 218
flow measures, 8, 151, 169, 178
forests, 135-136, 141
hedonic modeling and pricing, 7, 118-119, 124-125, 126-127, 150, 165-166, 167, 214-215
IEESA, 16, 155-158, 161, 163
NIPA lacking, 13
travel-cost valuation, 7, 124, 126-127, 150, 165, 177, 222
see also Air quality and pollution;
Biodiversity;
Health as a resource;
Households;
Near-market goods and services;
Recreation activities and resources;
Satellite accounts;
Water resources and pollution
Norway, 38, 52, 96, 98
NPV, see Net present value
O
Office of Management and Budget, 172
Oil and gas, see Fossil fuels
Opportunity costs, 30, 63, 97, 218
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 154(n.1), 218
Ozone, ground-level, 143, 144, 145, 147
Ozone layer depletion, 23, 115, 121, 122, 143-144, 145, 149
defined, 218
P
Parks, see National parks
Particulate matter, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147
defined, 218
Petroleum, see Fossil fuels
Petty, Sir William, 13
Philippines, 42-43, 140
Photochemical air pollution, 113-114, 218
Physical accounting, general, 3, 7, 8, 19, 23, 34, 37, 38-41, 47, 48, 120, 165, 167
defined, 218
environmental accounting, 113, 120-121, 123
mineral resources, 88, 96, 97, 98
see also Flow measures
Pollutant transport, 113, 119, 121, 122, 221
Pollution, general, see Air quality and pollution;
Doses and dose-response relationship;
Environmental degradation;
Health as a resource;
Residuals, pollutants;
Water resources and pollution
Pollution abatement and control, 18, 22, 25, 30-31, 45-46, 49, 53-54, 108, 111, 146-147, 156, 157-158, 164, 178, 219
defined, 219
foreign systems, 50, 52
GDP, 53-54
see also Air quality standards;
Regulatory issues
Pollution expenditure accounting, 40, 45-46
President's Council on Sustainable Development, 40
Price factors, 8, 24, 27, 43, 118, 150, 160-161, 166, 188
complement, 209
CPI, 47
energy resources, 25, 84
forest resources, 137, 138, 139, 140, 202, 204
hedonic, 7, 118-119, 124-125, 126-127, 150, 165-166, 167, 214-215
inflation, 24, 26, 97
mineral resources, 5, 25, 34, 60, 63-72 (passim), 76, 77, 80, 82-92 (passim), 103, 104-105, 160-161, 180
foreign countries, 97, 98-99
revaluation effects, 65, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 82, 85, 90-91, 92 , 94, 99, 162
scarcity, 92-95, 104-105
transaction prices, 60, 66-68, 69, 76, 77, 79, 84, 86, 87, 90
nonmarket services, 43
public vs private goods, 7, 129, 150
residual pollutants, 116
revaluation effects, 30, 37, 44, 189, 192-193, 195, 206
mineral resources, 65, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 82, 85, 90-91, 92, 94, 99, 162
timber, 137, 138
transaction prices, 47, 204
mineral resources, 60, 66-68, 69, 76, 77, 79, 84, 86, 87, 90
Public goods, 23, 128-130, 150, 152, 169
CPI and, 47
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data requirements/availability, 157
defined, 128, 219
forests as, 133-134
national parks as, 128(n.5), 130
near-market, 129-130
price factors, 7, 129, 150
private vs, 7, 128-129, 134, 150
recreation resources, 128(n.5), 130, 131
see also Air quality and pollution;
Water resources and pollution
Q
Quality of life
CPI and, 47
defined, 219
standard of living, 15, 28, 36, 185, 186, 187, 193, 194
R
Recession, see Economic cycles
Recreation activities and resources, 20, 23, 28, 30, 39, 156, 160, 177, 197, 198, 201
air pollutants, 114, 149, 156
consumption measures, 23, 43
defined, 219
forests, 132, 135, 139, 141, 156
IEESA, 55
national parks, 8, 20, 23, 26, 128(n.5), 130
pollution abatement, 31
public goods issues, 128(n.5), 130, 131
valuation of land, 112, 167-168
Regional factors, 27, 29, 152
mineral resources, 5, 60, 63(n.3), 175
timber, 139, 205
Regulatory issues, 39, 155, 196
air quality, 142
see also Air quality standards
costs of, 15, 22, 32, 33, 46, 111, 157, 179
air pollution regulations, 23, 33, 146-147
pollution abatement and control, 22, 25, 30-31, 33-34, 45-46, 49, 53-54, 111, 146-147, 156, 157-158, 164, 178, 219
health and safety, 33
satellite accounts, 15, 22, 31, 56-57
see also Environmental Protection Agency;
Standards
Renewable resources, general, 6-8, 106-152, 161
BEA methodology, 3, 106-113, 134-141, 148-149, 151-152
consumption measures, 25, 117, 119, 122, 128(n.5), 129, 133, 145, 147, 150
data requirements/availability, 121-123, 149, 150-152, 171-172, 175 -178
defined, 219
depreciation, 45
discounting, 115, 138, 146
flow measures, 115, 116, 117, 121, 130, 132, 133, 135, 141, 149, 150, 151, 152, 161-162, 165, 167, 174, 177, 178, 186, 190, 196
IEESA, 3, 55, 107-113
see also Agriculture;
Air quality and pollution;
Fisheries;
Forests;
Sustainability and sustainable development
Rent methods
defined, 219-220
forests, 202
mineral resources, 64, 65, 71-74, 79, 84-85, 87-89, 91, 95, 96-100
see also Hotelling rents
Replacement costs, 49
mineral resources, 68-69, 76, 79, 89, 91
Residuals, pollutants, 7, 113-116, 119, 121, 147, 150
see also Ozone layer depletion
Resource Planning Act, 199
Revaluation effects, 30, 37, 44, 189, 192-193, 195, 206
mineral resources, 65, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 82, 85, 90-91, 92, 94, 99, 162
Ricardian rents, mineral resources, 64, 65, 87
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, see United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
Risk assessment and management, 36, 186, 220
Royalties, mineral resources, 67-68, 90, 98, 99, 220
S
Satellite accounts, 3-4, 7, 17, 21, 46, 48, 151, 153, 154-158
air quality, 148-149, 151
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capital assets, 117-118
comprehensive economic accounts, 41
consumption measures, 22, 27, 31, 57, 117
defined, 3-4, 22, 220
foreign countries, 53, 58
funding, 4, 8, 54, 111, 159, 160, 170
history of, 14-15, 20-37, 55
mineral resources, 55, 61
regulatory issues, 15, 22, 31, 56-57
sustainability, 183-184
see also Integrated Environmental and Economic Satellite Accounts;
Nonmarket accounts
Savings, 22, 28, 30
Scorekeeping, 27-28, 39, 40, 119
defined, 119
foreign countries, 53
Sectoral factors, general
air quality as sector, 8
cost-benefit analysis by sector, 33, 157
ENRAP, 42, 43
IEESA, 3
NIPA, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 42, 43
sustainability, 186-187, 194
see also specific sectors
SEEA, see System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting
SERIEE, see European System for the Collection of Information on the Environment
Smog, see Photochemical air pollution
SNA, see System of National Accounts
Social factors, 11, 25, 54, 180, 188, 191, 193
mineral resources, 5, 103
quality of life, 15, 28, 36, 47, 185, 186, 187, 193, 194, 219
see also Health as a resource;
Human capital
Soils, 6, 61, 118, 148, 165, 167, 198, 201
acid precipitation, 40, 113, 116, 119, 121, 122, 142, 143, 145, 147 , 148
see also Agriculture
Standard of living, 15, 28, 36, 185, 186, 187, 193, 194
Standards
data collection/classification, 51, 84, 163-164, 173
see also Air quality standards;
Emission standards;
Regulatory issues
State government and state-level factors, 29
mineral resources, 5
see also Regional factors
Subsoil assets,
see also Minerals and mining
Sulfur dioxide, 143, 144, 145
see also Acid precipitation
Survey of Current Business, 16
Sustainability and sustainable development, 2, 26-27, 28, 35-37, 44, 57, 155, 162, 183-195
defined, 15, 28, 36, 183, 221
flow measures, 186, 190
mineral resources, 5, 91, 92, 101, 102, 104-105
NDP, 36-37, 189, 190, 192-193, 195
NIPA, 187, 188, 189, 195
replacement costs, 49, 68-69, 76, 79, 89, 91
satellite accounts, 183-184
see also Quality of life
Sweden, 98-99
System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting, 48, 49 -50, 81, 112, 154, 163-165, 221
System of National Accounts, 21, 47-50, 58, 80, 221
T
Taxation, 22, 155
ecological, 51
indirect, 12
mineral resources, 67-68, 78, 90, 98, 99
Technological change, 37, 186, 191, 194, 195
defined, 221
mineral extraction, 63
pollution abatement, impact on, 111
Timber resources, 3, 6, 7, 16, 17, 23, 30, 31, 34, 37-38, 39, 42, 44, 50, 106, 112, 118, 132-133, 134-135, 137-138, 141, 168, 169, 174, 176-177, 199, 203
production costs, 26, 134-135, 137, 139, 176, 203, 204, 205
regional factors, 139, 205
stumpage value, 31, 139, 156, 171, 204, 221
wood fuel, 133, 135
Trade, international, see Foreign trade
Transaction prices, 47
mineral resources, 60, 66-68, 69, 76, 77, 79, 84, 86, 87, 90
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Transport of pollutants, see Pollutant transport
Travel-cost valuation, 7, 124, 126-127, 150, 165, 177, 222
U
United Kingdom, 52, 98, 99
United Nations, 38, 154
core accounts, 21, 49
System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting, 48, 49 -50, 81, 112, 154, 163-165, 221
System of National Accounts, 21, 47-50, 58, 80, 221
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 222
United Nations Environment Program, 222
Utility, 82, 162, 189, 222
defined, 222
V
Valuation of natural assets, 3, 26, 38, 44-45, 46-47, 123-131, 154 , 163-167
contingent valuation, 7, 38, 125-128, 131, 166, 209
defined, 222
energy resources, 59-60, 71, 76, 78, 81, 82, 84, 96
forests, 39, 112, 132-141, 156, 167-168, 176-178, 202-206
hedonic modeling and pricing, 7, 118-119, 124-125, 126-127, 150, 165-166, 214-215
mineral resources, 61, 64, 65-105, 167, 168
equations, 71, 72-73, 75, 77, 101
net present value, 44, 45, 140, 217
mineral resources, 69-70, 74-75, 76, 88, 95, 99
private vs public goods, 7, 128-129, 134, 150
recommendations, 7, 102-103, 150
recreation resources, 112, 167-168
travel-cost valuation, 7, 124, 126-127, 222, 150, 165, 222
see also Depreciation and depletion;
Discounting of natural assets;
Market forces;
Price factors;
Revaluation effects
W
Water quality standards, 29, 223
Water resources and pollution, 8, 20, 32, 126-127, 156-157, 178-180, 197, 199-200, 223
acid precipitation, 40, 113, 116, 119, 121, 122, 142, 143, 145, 147 , 148
foreign countries, 52
forested watersheds, 133, 135
human exposure, 151
IEESA, 3, 16, 55, 112, 160, 169, 171-172
pollution abatement, 46
wetlands, 113, 118, 123, 197, 198, 200
Western Europe, see Europe
Wetlands, 113, 118, 123, 197, 198, 200
Wildlife, 177, 198, 200
air quality, 144-145
forests, 39, 132, 134, 135
see also Biodiversity;
Fisheries
Willingness to pay, see Contingent valuation
World Bank, 43, 140
World Resources Institute, 43
Representative terms from entire chapter:
satellite accounts
