Index
A
Access to care, 81-82, 85, 109, 110, 114-115, 190
medically underserved persons, defined, 9, 39, 44-45
special populations, general, 44, 45
see also Health insurance
monitoring and reporting, 8, 138
NCI, 7, 129, 134, 138-140, 140-141, 152, 174
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,
see AIDS
Adolescents, 30, 101, 102-103, 120-121
Advisory bodies, 6, 11, 12, 100, 103, 156, 158-159, 166, 169-174, 184, 185, 186
Advisory Committee on Research on Minority Health, 100
African Americans, 14, 74, 117, 121-123, 215, 283
Black Leadership Initiative on Cancer, 18, 24, 128, 129, 160
breast cancer, 1, 14, 28, 30, 57, 69, 72-73, 111, 112, 115, 116, 119, 126, 128-129, 163-164, 165, 201, 204, 215, 224, 302, 308
cancer incidence, 1, 52, 53, 60, 91, 111-113 (passim), 116-118, 142, 166, 200, 201
Cancer Prevention Awareness Program, 18
cervical and uterine cancer, 29, 53, 54, 56, 57, 116, 119, 123, 250, 303, 310
classification of, 3, 36, 82, 248
clinical trials, 14, 122-123, 124, 165, 188, 191, 195, 197-198, 200-211 (passim), 213
colorectal cancer, 58, 122-123
genetic research, 149-150, 166, 189
historically black colleges and universities, 135-136, 149, 153, 164, 165-166, 286, 288
human T-cell lymphotrophic virus, 114, 116
journal articles on, 224, 226-227, 239, 240-241
lung cancer, 52, 53, 115, 122-123
men, 1, 52, 53, 58, 109, 112, 163, 188, 197-198, 203, 206, 300-313
mortality, 1, 24, 28, 29, 30, 53, 58, 69, 72-73, 91, 129, 142, 163, 166, 252, 253, 300-313
pancreatic cancer, 118, 301, 309
patient education, 128
preventive measures, general, 18, 118-119, 136, 142, 207-211 (passim)
prostate cancer, 53, 69, 109, 111-113, 115, 122, 197-198, 201, 224, 305, 312
public education, 18, 128, 129, 142
research involvement by professionals, 132, 134, 145, 156, 166, 172
rural areas, 9, 48-49, 53, 78, 113, 143-144
surveillance, 3, 74, 109, 111-113, 115-118 (passim), 126, 128-129, 143-146, 149
SEER, 9, 24, 47, 48-49, 53, 58, 59, 60, 78, 82, 108, 111-112, 206, 210
survivorship, 57, 59, 82, 91, 111, 129, 142
women, 1, 14, 28, 30, 69, 112, 115, 116, 123, 126, 128-129, 163-164, 165, 201, 204, 205, 206, 210, 215, 250, 300-313
Aged persons,
see Elderly persons
Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 115
Agricultural workers, 114, 117, 143-144
funding, 97, 99, 101, 102-103, 145
Alaska Natives,
see American Indians/Alaska Natives
Alcohol consumption, 116-117
Alternative therapies,
see Natural remedies
American Anthropological Association, 34, 83
American Cancer Society, 28, 40, 59, 60, 80, 120, 193, 194, 225, 240
American College of Surgeons, 59, 80
American Digestive Health Foundation, 117
American Indians/Alaska Natives, 19, 24, 123, 128, 130-131
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, 73
cancer incidence, 52, 61-62, 64, 65, 66-67, 113
cancer sites, various, 61-64, 66-67, 68, 109, 113, 114, 123
cervical and uterine cancer, 53, 54, 56, 57, 67, 303, 310
classification of, 3, 9, 34, 36, 44, 65, 82
clinical trials, recruitment, 124, 194-195 199, 201, 204, 208-209
defined, 36
Indian Health Service, 64, 65, 112, 113, 199
journal articles on, 224-225, 226-227, 239, 240-241
leadership initiative, 24
mortality, 61, 62-64, 252-254, 300-313
preventive measures, 61, 111, 119, 121, 130-131, 142, 208-209
public education, 121, 128, 129, 130-131, 216, 284
research by and professional training for, 131, 132, 134, 156, 172
surveillance, 61-64, 69, 74, 75, 111, 112, 113, 131
SEER, 9, 49, 52, 61-64, 65, 79, 107-108, 201
women, 62-63, 64, 65, 67, 75, 204, 205, 300-313
American Stop Smoking Intervention Study, 120
Appalachia, 2, 9, 20, 24, 48, 52, 53, 61, 78, 128, 130, 155, 160, 165, 281
Appalachian Leadership Institute, 20, 24, 128, 130, 155, 160, 281
Asians/Pacific Islanders, 89, 114, 116, 117, 118, 189
cancer incidence, 1, 3, 53, 54, 60
cancer sites, 12, 55-56, 57, 116-117
Chinese, 49, 50, 52, 54-57, 83, 89, 107, 108, 116, 117, 123, 163
classification of, 34, 36, 44, 82, 83, 168
clinical trials, recruitment, 122, 123, 124, 196, 197, 201, 204, 208-209, 210
hepatitis and liver cancer, 12
journal articles on, 224, 226-227, 239, 240-241
leadership initiative, 131
mortality, 28, 55-56, 60, 253, 296, 300-313
professional education, 132
women, 1, 28, 75-76, 116, 129, 164
fatalism, 14-15, 164, 196, 197-198, 240, 243
mistrust of research community, 188-189, 191, 195, 198, 210, 211-212, 229
poor persons, 41-42
research recommendations, 4, 7
survivors of cancer, 231, 240, 243, 244
see also Cultural factors
B
Behavioral risk factors, 15, 70, 73, 85, 282
alcohol consumption, 116-117
''ethnic group" defined, 8-9
genetic vs, 4, 8, 44, 82-84, 85, 86, 89, 92
NCI programs, 5, 6, 10, 89-90, 110-111, 115, 151-153, 176
NIH, general, 15
poor persons, 40
see also Attitudes;
Cultural factors;
Diet and nutrition;
Smoking;
Social factors
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, 73
Black Leadership Initiative on Cancer, 18, 24, 128, 129, 160
Blacks,
see African Americans
Black/White Cancer Survival Study, 111
African Americans, 1, 14, 28, 30, 57, 69, 72-73, 111, 112, 115, 116, 119, 126, 128-129, 163-164, 165, 201, 204, 215, 224, 302, 308
attitudes about, 128-129
clinical trials, 14, 30, 122, 124, 164, 165, 204, 208, 210
genetics of, 85-86
Hispanics, 30, 69, 75, 76, 126, 164, 250, 302, 303, 308, 310
mortality, 1, 28-29, 56, 72-73, 250, 302, 308
research, 54, 57, 62, 65, 67, 109, 111, 113, 115-116
screening, 219
see also Mammography
tamoxifen, 14, 30, 122, 208, 210
treatment, 14, 30, 122, 208, 218
Breast Cancer Prevention Trial, 30, 122, 193
Breast Cancer Resource Committee, 163-164
Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium, 81, 109, 122
Bronchial cancer, 52, 54-57, 60, 61, 66-67, 300, 307
Brownfields National Partnership Action Agenda, 144
Bureau of the Census, 110, 200, 252
C
Cancer Control Review Group, 78, 84-85
Cancer Cooperative Group Trials, 32, 105, 106, 124, 125, 192, 193, 197, 200-206
Cancer Facts & Figures, 225
Cancer Incidence and Mortality, 1973-1995: A Report Card for the United States, 60
Cancer Information Service, 107, 127-128, 222-224, 238
CancerNet, 127
Cancer Prevention Awareness Program, 18
Cancer registries, 249-250
state, 4, 58-60, 64, 68, 79-80, 81
see also Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program
Cancer Survivorship Studies in Established Epidemiologic Cohorts, 235
Case-control studies, 109, 115, 116, 117, 118
Center for Scientific Review, 100
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3, 28, 35, 60, 110, 208
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, 73
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 73-74, 110
National Health Interview Survey, 110, 233, 244-245
state tumor registries, 58-60, 80
Cervical and uterine cancer, 50, 54, 56, 57, 60, 62, 116, 129, 152, 250, 303, 310
African Americans, 29, 53, 54, 56, 57, 116, 119, 123, 250, 303, 310
American Indians, 53, 54, 56, 57, 67, 303, 310
Hispanics, 29, 30, 53, 54, 56, 57, 75, 76, 116, 164, 303, 310
Pap smears, 30, 40, 50, 70, 73, 75, 76, 89, 115, 123, 129, 164, 167, 208, 219, 254, 256
quality of life, 233
Chemotherapy, 14, 30, 122, 196, 207-208
tamoxifen, 14, 30, 122, 208, 210
adolescents, 30, 101, 102-103, 120-121
clinical trials, 124, 200, 202-203, 204, 211
Chinese, 49, 50, 52, 54-57, 83, 89, 107, 108, 116, 117, 123, 163
Clinical Investigator Award for Research on Special Populations, 133
Clinical practice guidelines, 214, 216, 217-222, 224, 228
survivorship, 233-234
Clinical trials, 13-14, 31, 104, 106, 115, 122, 124-125, 127, 187
African Americans, 14, 122-123, 124, 165, 188, 191, 195, 197-198, 200-211 (passim), 213
American Indians/Alaska Natives, 124, 194-195, 199, 201, 204, 208-209
Asians/Pacific Islanders, 122, 123, 124, 196, 197, 201, 204, 208-209, 210
breast cancer, 14, 30, 122, 124, 164, 165, 204, 208, 210
Cancer Cooperative Group Trials, 32, 105, 106, 124, 125, 192, 193, 197, 200-206
children, 124, 200, 202-203, 204, 211
Community Clinical Oncology Program, 106, 124-125, 192, 206-207, 210
cultural factors, 188-189, 191, 194-199, 210, 211-212, 213, 229
elderly persons, 196, 201, 205, 212
evaluation of data, 221
funding/financing, 7, 14, 97, 99, 101, 125, 189, 190, 191, 193, 195, 198, 199, 211, 229
Hispanics, 123, 124, 146, 196-197, 200-203 (passim), 208-210 (passim)
informed consent, 7, 14, 188-189, 192, 196, 198-199, 212, 229
insurance financing, 195, 211, 229
literacy issues, 191, 192, 199, 214
men, 188, 197-198, 203, 204-205, 206
minority group recruitment, 123, 124-125, 128, 192-194, 202, 206-214
see also specific groups supra
mistrust of research community, 188-189, 191, 195, 198, 210, 211-212, 229
NIH policy, 187, 190-191, 211, 279
PLCO Cancer Screening Trial, 115, 122-123, 137, 193, 208, 213
poor persons, 112, 124, 189, 195, 211, 214
preventive interventions, 7, 14, 206, 207-211
professional education and, 213-214
recruitment and retention of minorities, 2, 7, 14, 19, 21, 98, 101 -102, 112, 123, 124-125, 128, 146-147, 164, 165, 177-178, 187-214, 225-226, 228-229
costs of, 190, 191, 195, 198, 199, 211, 229
NCI efforts, 123, 124-125, 128, 192-194, 202, 206-214, 225-226, 228 -229, 279
proportional representation, general, 193, 199-200
survivors of cancer, 196, 197-198
rural areas, 7, 124, 188, 214, 229
socioeconomic status, 190, 229
survivors of cancer, recruitment, 196, 197-198
urban areas, 7, 189, 197-198, 207, 229
women, 19, 112, 177, 178, 190, 191, 199, 200, 203, 204-205, 210
Clinical Trials Cooperative Group program, 106, 192, 193
Cohort studies, 109
Colorectal cancer, 29, 52, 54-57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66-67, 117-118, 250, 302, 308
African Americans, 58, 122-123
clinical trials, 201, 204, 208
screening, 115, 122-123, 137, 193, 208, 213, 218
Community-based programs, 17, 73, 103-107 (passim), 119, 120, 121, 124-125, 128, 129, 130, 141-142, 161-165, 168, 213, 287
professional education, 31, 187, 197, 198, 217-219
Community Clinical Oncology Program, 106, 124-125, 192, 206-207, 210, 219
Comprehensive Minority Biomedical Section, 18, 131-132
Consortium Cancer Center, 18
Consumer information,
see Public education
Continuing Surveys of Food Intakes by Individuals, 110
Cooperative Minority Biomedical Program, 18
Cost and cost-benefit factors, 114-115, 168
breast cancer screening, 114-115
cancer, national cost, 45
clinical trials, recruitment, 190, 191, 195, 198, 199, 211, 229
survivors of cancer, 236
see also Funding;
Health insurance
Cultural factors, 111, 142, 176, 216, 260
clinical trials, 188-189, 191, 194-199, 210, 211-212, 213, 229
ethnicity defined, 8-9, 34, 35, 38
fatalism, 14-15, 164, 196, 197-198, 240, 243
genetic/behavioral vs, 4, 8, 44, 82-84, 85, 86, 89, 92
mistrust of research community, 188-189, 191, 195, 198, 210, 211-212, 229
public education and outreach, 128, 167, 284
religious factors, 35, 83, 121, 195-198 (passim), 213, 216, 230, 233
researchers' understanding of, 7, 10-11, 89-90, 194-199
survivors of cancer, 168, 233, 240-242
see also Attitudes;
Language factors;
Social factors
Current Population Survey, 110
D
Databases, 4, 9, 111, 127, 214, 225, 250, 280
clinical trials, 191
MEDLINE, 214
see also Cancer registries;
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program
Data collection and surveillance, 3-4, 33-92
African Americans, 3, 74, 109, 111-113, 115-118 (passim), 126, 128 -129, 143-146, 149
classification of African Americans, 3, 36, 82, 248
SEER, 9, 24, 47, 48-49, 53, 58, 59, 60, 78, 82, 108, 111-112, 206, 210
American Indians/Alaska Natives, 61-64, 69, 74, 75, 111, 112, 113, 131
classification of American Indians, 3, 9, 34, 36, 44, 65, 82
Indian Health Service, 64, 65, 112, 113
SEER, 9, 49, 52, 61-64, 65, 79, 107-108, 201
Asians/Pacific Islanders, 60, 110
SEER, 49, 53, 60, 79, 107, 201
classification of, minority groups, 3, 8-9, 33-38, 44, 49-50, 65, 77, 82, 83, 196, 248-249, 254, 260
cultural factors in survey instruments, 75, 110
Hispanics, 74, 82, 90, 110, 114, 216
classification of Hispanics, 34, 36, 83, 196, 249, 254
SEER, 9, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 60, 78-79, 107, 108, 111-112, 206, 210
"medically undeserved" defined, 38-39
National Center for Health Statistics, 28, 46, 58, 60, 80, 108, 109, 250, 251-254
National Coordinating Council for Cancer Surveillance, 8, 80
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 73-74, 110
National Health Interview Survey, 40, 74-75, 110, 233, 244-245
National Medical Expenditure Survey, 75
National Survey of Family Growth, 75-76
NCI, 3-4, 35, 78, 81, 107-112, 279
"special populations" defined, 4, 44-45, 80, 91, 162, 287
special studies by independent researchers, 65-70
survivorship, 111-112, 129, 142, 244
see also Cancer registries;
Clinical trials;
Monitoring and reporting;
Research;
Research recommendations;
Statistical analyses;
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program
Department of Agriculture, 110
Department of Defense, 3, 125, 166
Department of Health and Human Services, 51, 216
see also National Cancer Institute;
National Institutes of Health;
other DHHS agencies
Department of Veterans Affairs, 3, 109, 117-118, 166
Detroit Education and Early Detection program, 197-198
Diagnosis,
see Mammography; Pap smears; Screening
Diet and nutrition, 70, 110, 112-113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120-122, 283-284
African Americans, 112-113, 121-122, 283
historical perspectives, 26, 30
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 73-74, 110
research recommendations, 4, 89, 92
Director's Consumer Liaison Group, 169, 170-171, 172, 185, 235, 237, 243
Division of Cancer Control and Population Science, 84, 88-89, 90, 108, 110, 111, 112, 152
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, 108, 112, 113, 115-116
Division of Cancer Prevention, 104, 114, 115
Division of Clinical Sciences, 124
Drew-Meharry-Morehouse Consortium Cancer Center, 24
E
Economic factors,
see Cost and cost-benefit factors; Funding; Health insurance; Income; Poverty; Socioeconomic status
Educational attainment, 39, 41, 42, 69, 75, 109, 111-112, 176
clinical trial representation, 205-206, 209
Education and training,
see Patient education; Professional education; Public education
Elderly persons, 115, 136, 254
African Americans, 123
breast cancer, 111
clinical trials, 196, 201, 205, 212
Medicare, 109, 115, 196, 211, 220
Employment and unemployment, 39, 42, 69
occupational risk factors, 24, 47, 69, 109, 114
Environmental exposure
brownfields, 144
environmental justice, 142-143, 168
historical perspectives, 23-24, 26
occupational, 24, 47, 69, 109, 114
research, general, 4, 113-118, 143, 144, 165, 168
Superfund sites, 144
see also Smoking
Environmental justice, 142-143, 168
Environmental Protection Agency, 117, 143
Esophageal cancer, 26, 113, 117
Ethnic groups,
see Minority groups
Etiology,
see Risk factors
F
Families of cancer patients, 25, 90, 93, 107, 114, 119, 121, 128, 196, 212, 230
Farm workers,
see Agricultural workers
Federal government role,
see Funding; Legislation; specific departments and agencies
Females,
see Women
Food and Drug Administration, 192
Funding, 9, 20, 94-103, 108, 129
AIDS, 97, 99, 101, 102-103, 145
clinical trials, 7, 14, 97, 99, 101, 125, 189, 190, 191, 193, 195, 198, 199, 211, 229
evaluation of research, 6
grant writing, 168
Health Care Financing Administration, 7, 109, 115, 229
historical perspectives, 17, 20, 21, 23
minority recruitment, 19, 20, 21
NCI, 7, 9-10, 12-13, 17, 94-97, 99, 108, 109-110, 134-142, 152
NIH, 10, 94-103, 137, 140-142, 145, 146, 148-149, 151, 211, 246-247
percent relevancy accounting, 10, 129, 139, 140-141, 152
prioritizing research, 103, 154-169, 174-186
professional education, 6, 10, 19, 20, 21, 94-96, 101-102, 106, 131 -134, 146-147
reporting, 246-247
research, general, 7, 9-10, 12-13, 17, 94-95, 134-142, 145, 146, 148-149, 161
special populations, general, 109-110, 136
state tumor registries, 58-59
see also Accountability;
Health Care Financing Administration
G
Gallbladder cancer, 66-67
see also Men;
Women
Genetic factors, 44, 45-46, 85-89, 106, 115, 116-117, 118, 126, 166, 237
African Americans, 149-150, 166, 189
attitudes regarding inferiority, 189
clinical trials, 189, 191, 214
cultural/behavioral vs, 4, 8, 44, 82-84, 85, 86, 89, 92
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, 108, 112, 113, 115-116
environmental exposure and, 168
historical perspectives, 23, 25, 189
"racial groups" defined, 8-9
Genome research, 88, 101, 126, 149-150
Government role,
see Federal government role; State government role
Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 216
H
Health Care Financing Administration, 7, 109, 115, 229
Health insurance, 41, 111-112, 115
clinical trials, 195, 211, 229
Health Care Financing Administration role, 7
managed care, 115, 168-169, 211
Medicare, 109, 115, 196, 211, 220
uninsured/underinsured persons, 2, 9, 39, 41, 44, 189
Health maintenance organizations, 115, 211
Health United States, 1998, 250
Healthy People 2000, 29-30, 31, 254
Heckler Report, 18
Hepatitis, 12
Hispanic Cancer Network, 281
Hispanic Leadership Initiative on Cancer, 24, 128, 129-130, 160
Hispanic persons, 19, 74, 110, 114, 121, 122, 142
AIDS, 146
breast cancer, 30, 69, 75, 76, 126, 164, 250, 302, 308, 303, 310
cancer incidence, 1, 28, 44, 52, 53, 60, 116, 200, 201
cervical and uterine cancer, 29, 30, 53, 54, 56, 57, 75, 76, 116, 164, 303, 310
classification of, 34, 36, 83, 196, 249, 254
clinical trials, 123, 124, 146, 196-197, 200-205 (passim), 208-210 (passim)
Hispanic Leadership Initiative on Cancer, 24, 128, 129-130, 160
journal articles on, 224, 226-227, 239, 240-241
mortality, 29, 44, 253, 254, 300-313
preventive interventions, 118-120, 121, 128, 136, 142, 208-210 (passim)
public education, 14, 20, 127-130, 136
research professionals, 132, 134, 147, 162
surveillance, 74, 82, 90, 110, 114, 216
SEER, 9, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 60, 78-79, 107, 108, 111-112, 206, 210
uninsured, 43
see also Mexican Americans
Historical perspectives, viii, 16-32
black educational institutions, 135-136, 149, 153, 164, 165-166, 286, 288
clinical trials, 90, 188-189, 190
data collection categories, 3, 8, 33-34
mortality rates, 16, 26, 27, 28
National Cancer Program, 18-22
NCI, 16, 17, 19-22, 23, 27-32, 93-103
preventive interventions, 18, 24-25, 26-27
professional education, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 93-94
smoking, 18, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29-30, 31
special populations, 21-22, 24, 27
see also Projections
Human papillomavirus, 114, 116
Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus, 114, 116
I
Illiteracy,
see Literacy
African Americans, 1, 52, 53, 60, 91, 111-113 (passim), 116-118, 142, 166, 200, 201
American Indians/Alaska Natives, 52, 61-62, 64, 65, 66-67, 113
Asians/Pacific Islanders, 1, 3, 53, 54, 60
clinical trial representation, 200, 201, 207, 208, 209-210
Hispanics, 1, 28, 44, 52, 53, 60, 116, 200, 201
methodological difficulties, 46, 77-78
minorities, general, 1, 44, 52-53, 54, 60-61, 76-77, 116, 150-151, 173, 174, 246-247, 250, 255
see also specific groups supra
NIH reporting, 8, 9, 246-247, 260
reporting, 8, 9, 246-247, 250, 255, 260
SEER, 9, 46, 50, 52-53, 54, 58, 255
"special populations" defined, 45
see also Poverty
Indian Health Service, 64, 65, 112, 113, 199
Information dissemination,
see Patient education; Professional education; Public education
Informed consent, 7, 14, 188-189, 192, 196, 198-199, 212, 229
Insurance,
see Health insurance
Intercultural Cancer Council, 29, 281
International Cancer Information Center, 107, 127
Investigator-initiated, 94, 105, 137, 147, 181, 183, 185, 186, 234, 257
K
Kidney cancer, 61, 62, 63, 304, 311
L
Language factors, 10-11, 14, 110, 125, 164, 192, 196, 213, 216, 240-241, 284
see also Literacy
Legislation
historical perspectives, 16-17
National Cancer Act, vii, 17, 18, 93
National Cancer Institute Act, vii, 16, 18
National Health Planning Resources Act, 17
NIH Revitalization Act, 19, 25, 97-98, 177, 190, 191
Public Health Service Act, 17
Life expectancy, 16
see also Survivorship and survival rates
Lifestyle risk factors,
see Behavioral risk factors
clinical trials, 191, 192, 199, 214
research, understanding of, 7
hepatitis and, 12
Low-income persons,
see Poverty
Lung cancer, 57, 115, 124, 201
African Americans, 52, 53, 115, 122-123
funding, 97
historical perspective, 16, 26, 27
incidence, 52, 54, 60, 61-62, 66-67, 250
mortality rates, 27, 31, 55, 56, 63, 300, 307
PLCO Cancer Screening Trial, 115, 122-123, 137, 193, 208, 213
poor persons, 2
screening, 122-123
see also Smoking
M
Mammography, 26, 28-29, 30, 70, 75, 81, 89, 109, 111, 113, 119, 129, 164, 215, 217, 219, 254, 256, 284
poor persons, 40
health maintenance organizations, 115, 169
Mapping by Admixture Lineage Disequilibrium, 126
Measuring the Progress Against Cancer, 31
Media campaigns, 121, 128, 222
Medical services,
see Access to care; Health insurance; Treatment
Medicare, 109, 115, 196, 211, 220
MEDLINE, 214
African Americans, 1, 52, 53, 58, 109, 112, 163, 188, 197-198, 203, 206, 300-313
clinical trials, 188, 197-198, 203, 204-205, 206
statistics by race/ethnicity and cancer site, 55, 253, 300-313
see also Gender differences;
Prostate cancer
Mentored Career Development Awards, 133
Mentored Research Scientist Development Award, 133-134
Metropolitan areas,
see Urban areas
Mexican Americans, 1, 34, 38, 42, 43, 44, 49, 69, 89, 102, 108, 109, 111, 112, 164, 224, 227, 239, 247
Minority-Based Community Clinical Oncology Programs, 106, 124-125, 192, 206-207, 210
Minority Access to Research Careers Summer Research Training Program, 133
Minority Adolescent HIV Prevention and Treatment Project, 101, 102-103
Minority groups, general, 53
advisory bodies, 11, 12, 100, 103, 156, 158-159, 166, 169-173, 174, 184, 185, 186
classification of, 3, 8, 33-38, 44, 49-50, 77, 82-84, 248-249, 260
clinical trials, recruitment, 123, 124-125, 128, 192-194, 202, 206-214
costs of, 190, 191, 195, 198, 199, 211, 229
NCI efforts, 123, 124-125, 128, 192-194, 202, 206-214, 225-226, 228-229, 279
proportional representation, general, 193, 199-200
data collection and surveillance, 3-4, 35, 78, 81, 107-112
other than SEER, 58-78, 107-112
SEER, 46-69, 107-108, 109, 111-112
geographic distribution of cancers, 108-109
historical perspectives, 18-32
incidence, 1, 44, 52-53, 54, 60-61, 76-77, 116, 150-151, 173, 174, 246-247, 250, 255
journal articles on, 224-225, 226-227, 239, 240-241, 294
mortality, 1, 16, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 44, 52-53, 54, 55, 60-61, 76-77, 116, 150-151, 173, 174, 246-247, 250, 252-255, 296-313
NCI research review, viii, 2-3, 9-16, 23-32, 89-92, 93-97, 104-126,135-141
see also "data collection …" supra
NIH research review, other than NCI, 96-104, 141-150
poverty and, 42-44, 71-72, 123, 165
prioritizing research, 103, 154-169, 174-186
professional education, representation and recruitment, 6, 11, 19, 20, 21, 22, 101-102, 131-135, 143, 145, 146-147, 153, 159-160, 285-286
survivorship, 1-2, 4, 7-8, 9, 15, 46, 50, 51, 53, 57, 58, 65, 68-69, 72, 81-82, 104, 110, 111, 128, 130, 131, 154, 162, 167-168, 198, 234-245
see also Cultural factors;
Office of Research on Minority Health;
Special populations;
specific groups
Minority Health Initiative project, 5, 100-101, 104, 151
Minority Oncology Leadership Academic Award, 133
Mississippi Delta Project, 144
Monitoring and reporting, 228, 246-260
incidence, general, 8, 9, 246-247, 250, 255, 260
mortality, general, 250-255, 256, 257-258, 260
NCI role, 246, 248, 249, 257-258, 260
NIH, 8, 15, 228, 246-247, 257, 260
annual reports on research, viii, 4, 92, 138
preventive interventions, 251, 258, 260
racial/ethnic classifications, 3, 8-9, 33-38, 44, 49-50, 65, 77, 82, 83, 196, 248-249, 254, 260
treatments, 251, 255-256, 258, 260
see also Data collection and surveillance
cervical cancer, 208
special populations defined, 45
see also Quality of life
Mortality rates, 208
African Americans, 1, 24, 28, 29, 30, 53, 58, 69, 72-73, 91, 129, 142, 163, 166, 252, 253, 300-313
American Indians/Alaska Natives, 61, 62-64, 252-254, 300-313
Asians/Pacific Islanders, 28, 55-56, 60, 253, 296, 300-313
breast cancer, 1, 28-29, 56, 72-73, 250, 302, 308
general population, 1, 16, 28, 29, 45, 55, 58
Hispanics, 29, 44, 253, 254, 300-313
historical perspectives, 16, 26, 27, 28
methodology, 296-299
minorities, general, 1, 16, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 44, 52-53, 54, 55, 60-61, 76-77, 116, 150-151, 173, 174, 246-247, 250, 252-255, 296-313
oral cancer, 30
poor persons, general, 2, 24, 32
reporting, 250-255, 256, 257-258, 260
SEER, 9, 46, 50-51, 53, 55, 58, 60-61
"special populations" defined, 45
see also Life expectancy;
Survivorship and survival rates
Multiethnic/Minority Cohort Study, 112-113
N
Nasopharyngeal cancer, 63, 116, 305, 312
National Association of Central Cancer Registries, 79-80
National Black Leadership Initiative on Cancer, 18, 24, 128, 129, 160
National Cancer Act, vii, 17, 18, 93
National Cancer Advisory Board, 17, 18, 174, 194
National Cancer Institute (NCI), vii, viii, 2-3
accountability, 7, 129, 134, 138-140, 140-141, 152, 174
advisory bodies, 6, 11, 12, 100, 103, 156, 158-159, 166, 169-174, 184, 185, 186
behavioral research, 5, 6, 10, 89-90, 110-111, 115, 151-153, 176
cancer centers, 31, 105-106, 193
clinical practice guidelines, 216, 218
clinical trials, minority recruitment, 123, 124-125, 128, 192-194, 202, 206-214, 225-226, 228-229, 279
data collection and surveillance, 3-4, 35, 78, 81, 107-112, 279
see also Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program
environmental exposure, 113-118, 168
extramural research, 104, 105-107, 136-137
funding, 7, 9-10, 12-13, 17, 94-97, 99, 108, 109-110, 134-142, 152
see also "prioritizing research" infra
historical perspectives, 16, 17, 19-22, 23, 27-32, 93-103
intra-agency coordination, 9-10, 97, 174
preventive interventions, 24-25, 30, 93, 118-124, 126
prioritizing research, 2, 5, 12-13, 172-186, 278
professional education, 10, 19, 20, 21, 22, 93-96, 101-102, 104-105, 106, 107, 131-135, 215, 279-280
Cancer Information Service, 107, 127-128, 222-224, 238
public information and outreach, 14-15, 93, 94, 107, 127-131, 215, 283-284
reporting by, 246, 248, 249, 257-258, 260
research review, viii, 2-3, 9-16, 23-32, 89-92, 93-97, 104-126, 278
social factors, general, 5, 6, 10-11, 151-152
Special Action Committee, 12
special populations, 44-45
survivorship efforts, 15, 110, 111, 128, 130, 131, 234-235, 237-239, 243-245, 280, 293-294
see also subordinate units
National Cancer Institute Act, vii, 16, 18
National Cancer Plan, 3
National Cancer Program, 3, 17
historical highlights, 18-22
National Cancer Registrars Association, 59, 80
National Center for Health Statistics, 28, 46, 58, 60, 80, 108, 109, 250, 251-254
National Coalition of Cancer Survivorship, 233-234
National Coalition of Hispanic Health and Human Service Organizations, 130
National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 221
National Conference on the Recruitment and Retention of Minority
Participants in Clinical Cancer Research, 20
National Coordinating Council for Cancer Surveillance, 8, 80
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 73-74, 110
National Health Interview Survey, 40, 74-75, 110, 233, 244-245
National Health Planning Resources Act, 17
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 148-149
National Hispanic Leadership Initiative on Cancer, 24, 128, 129-130, 160
National Human Genome Research Institute, 149-150, 153
National Institute for General Medical Sciences, 133, 135
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 109
National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases, 97, 117, 145-147, 148
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, 149
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 114
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 97, 141-147
National Institute of Mental Health, 147
National Institute on Aging, 115, 149
National Institute on Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 97, 117, 147-148
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
advisory bodies, 6, 11, 12, 100, 103, 156, 158-159, 166, 169-174, 184, 185, 186
agency coordination, 5, 6, 8, 9-10, 97-98, 100, 103, 130, 151, 174
clinical trials, policy, 187, 190-191, 211, 279
environmental risk factors, 168
funding, 10, 94-103, 137, 140-142, 145, 146, 148-149, 151, 211, 246-247
historical perspective, 18-23
peer review, 105, 147, 157-159
prioritizing research, 103, 154-169, 174-186, 278, 286-287
professional training, 11, 132, 153, 159-160, 279-280
reporting, 8, 15, 228, 246-247, 257, 260
annual reports on research, viii, 4, 92, 138
research review, viii, 2-3, 9-16, 93-153, 278-279
special populations defined, 44-45, 162
survivorship policy, 104, 154, 162, 230-231, 236, 239-244, 293-294
see also National Cancer Institute;
other specific agencies
National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act, 19, 25, 97-98, 177, 190, 191
National Medical Expenditure Survey, 75
National Panel of Consultants on the Conquest of Cancer, 17
National Program of Cancer Registries, 79
National Survey of Family Growth, 75-76
Native Americans,
see American Indians/Alaska Natives
Network for Cancer Control Research, 19, 130-131
North American Association of Central Cancer Registries, 4, 59, 79, 92
Nutrition,
see Diet and nutrition
O
Office of Cancer Communications, 127, 129
Office of Cancer Information, Communication, and Education, 107, 127, 128, 243
Office of Cancer Survivorship, 234, 243, 293
Office of Management and Budget, 3
data collection, racial groups defined, 8-9, 33-34, 36-37, 82, 248-249
Office of Protection from Research Risks, 19, 192
Office of Research on Minority Health (ORMH), 97-104, 117, 125, 147, 151, 192
funding, 98, 100, 101-103, 150
historical perspectives, 19-20, 97-98
research prioritizing, 169-170
research recommendations, 5, 12-13, 103-104
Office of Research on Women's Health, 19, 193, 194
Office of Special Populations Research, 6, 13, 132, 153, 169, 170, 174, 184, 186
Ovarian cancer, 62, 97, 115, 122, 124, 193, 206, 237, 301, 309
PLCO Cancer Screening Trial, 115, 122-123, 137, 193, 208, 213
P
Pacific Islanders,
see Asians/Pacific Islanders
Pain and pain management, 179, 180, 230, 231, 232, 236
Pancreatic cancer, 113, 118, 301, 309
African Americans, 118, 301, 309
Pap smears, 30, 40, 50, 70, 73, 75, 76, 89, 115, 123, 129, 164, 167, 208, 219, 254, 256
Partnerships for Communication, 142-143
Patient education, 128, 191-193, 217, 221-222, 233-234
informed consent, 7, 14, 188-189, 192, 196, 198-199, 212, 229
Peer review, 105, 147, 157-159
Percent relevancy accounting, 10, 129, 139, 140-141, 152
Political factors
clinical trials, 213
data collection categories, 3, 8, 82
Poverty, 2, 39-44, 69-70, 91, 163
African Americans, 43, 49, 71-72, 91, 123
Asians/Pacific Islanders, 43, 71-72
clinical trials, 112, 124, 189, 195, 211, 214
diet, 120
environmental exposure, 142-143, 168
insurance, other than Medicaid, 2, 218
"medically underserved persons" defined, 9, 39, 44
minority status and, 42-44, 71-72, 123, 165
preventive interventions, 40, 142
prioritizing research, 163, 165, 176
smoking and, 119-120
by state, 71-72
treatment of poor persons, 40, 41-42
uninsured/underinsured persons, 2, 9, 39, 41, 44, 189
President's Cancer Panel, 17
President's Commission on Heart Disease, Cancer, and Stroke, 17
Preventive interventions, 50, 70, 81, 84-85, 93, 118-123, 127, 142
African Americans, 18, 118-119, 136, 142, 207-211 (passim)
American Indians, 61, 111, 119, 121, 130-131, 142, 208-209
Asians/Pacific Islanders, 120, 121
breast cancer, 14, 30, 122, 208, 210
clinical trials, 7, 14, 206, 207-211
Hispanics, 118-120, 121, 128, 136, 142, 208-210 (passim)
historical perspectives, 18, 24-25, 26-27
NCI role, 24-25, 30, 93, 118-124, 126
smoking, 118-120, 161, 197, 254
see also Public education;
Risk factors;
Screening
Preventive Services Task Force, 216
Professional education, 6, 214-229
clinical practice guidelines, 214, 216, 217-222, 224, 228, 233-234
clinical trials, 213-214
community-based providers, 31, 187, 197, 198, 217-219
databases, 127, 128, 191, 214, 225
environmental exposures, 143
funding, 6, 10, 19, 20, 21, 94-96, 101-102, 106, 131-134, 146-147
historical perspective, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 93-94
journals, 219, 224-225, 226-227, 235, 238-239, 240-241
minority representation, 6, 11, 19, 20, 21, 22, 101-102, 131-135, 143, 145, 146-147, 153, 159-160, 285-286
NCI efforts, 10, 19, 20, 21, 22, 93-96, 101-102, 104-105, 106, 107, 131-135, 215, 279-280
Cancer Information Service, 107, 127-128, 222-224, 238
NIH efforts, not NCI, 11, 132, 153, 159-160, 279-280
regional medical programs, 17
SEER, 47
Projections
Healthy People 2000, 29-30, 31, 254
Prostate cancer, 28, 52, 53, 55, 61, 62, 66, 69, 109, 112-113, 115, 122, 124, 222, 250, 305, 312
African Americans, 53, 69, 109, 111-113, 115, 122, 197-198, 201, 224, 305, 312
clinical trials, 115, 122-123, 137, 183, 193, 201, 208, 209-210, 213
Prostate Cancer Clinical Trial, 122, 183
Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study, 111-112
Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial, 193, 208, 209-210
Prostate, Lung, Colon, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial, 115, 122-123, 137, 193, 208, 213
Public education, 2-3, 7, 13, 14-15, 93, 94, 107, 127-131, 141-142, 214, 228
African Americans, 18, 128, 129, 142
American Indians, 121, 128, 129, 130-131, 216, 284
Cancer Information Service, 107, 127-128, 222-224, 238
clinical trials, outreach, 191-193
cultural factors, 128, 167, 284
Hispanics, 14, 20, 127-130, 136
historical perspectives, 16, 20, 27
media campaigns, 121, 128, 222
NCI role, 14-15, 93, 94, 107, 127-131, 215, 283-284
survivors of cancer, 15, 167, 238, 240-245
telephone services, 107, 119, 122, 127-128, 222-224, 238
see also Patient education
Public Health Service Act, 17
Q
Quality of life, 26, 27, 46, 111-112, 173, 198, 230, 231, 232-233, 235, 236, 244, 255, 256, 258
see also Morbidity rates
R
Race/ethnicity,
see Minority groups
Racial/Ethnic Patterns of Cancer in the United States, 1988-1992, 248, 255
Regional factors, 17, 35, 47, 49, 78-79, 108-109
Appalachia, 2, 9, 20, 24, 48, 52, 53, 61, 78, 128, 130, 155, 160, 165, 281
clinical trials, 204-206
smoking, 19
see also Rural areas;
Urban areas
Registries,
see Cancer registries
Religious factors, 35, 83, 121, 195-198 (passim), 213, 216, 230, 233
quality of life, 233
Reporting,
see Monitoring and reporting
Research, past and present, viii, 17, 226-229
advisory bodies, 11, 12, 100, 103, 156, 158-159, 166, 169-174, 184, 185, 186
case-control studies, 109, 115, 116, 117, 118
cultural factors, individual researchers' understanding of, 7, 10-11, 89-90, 194-199
dissemination of, 2-3, 13, 17, 24, 27, 107, 129, 187, 214-229
see also Patient education;
Professional education;
Public education
environmental exposure, general, 4, 143, 113-118, 144, 165, 168
funding, general, 7, 9-10, 12-13, 17, 94-95, 134-142, 145, 146, 148-149, 161
historical summary, 18-32
investigator-initiated, 94, 105, 137, 147, 181, 183, 185, 186, 234, 257
minority involvement, 20, 106, 133-139, 146-148, 149, 150, 153, 161-162, 169-174, 186, 194, 198, 257, 260
African-American educational institutions, 135-136, 149, 153, 164, 165-166, 286, 288
African Americans, 132, 134, 145, 156, 166, 172
American Indians, 131, 132, 134, 156, 172
Asians/Pacific Islanders, 131, 132, 156, 171, 172
NCI review, viii, 2-3, 9-16, 23-32, 89-92, 93-97, 104-126, 278
peer review, 105, 147, 157-159
prioritizing, 103, 154-169, 174-186, 286-287
report at hand, methodology, vii-viii, 2-3, 155-157, 236, 238-239, 246, 277-281, 289-292, 296-299
risk factors, general, 84-91
survivorship, general, 2, 21, 110, 236
see also Clinical trials;
Data collection and surveillance;
Statistical analyses
Research Centers in Minority Institutions, 146
Research Enhancement Awards Program, 12, 103, 151
Research recommendations, 4-8, 79, 80, 82, 91-92, 140, 151-153, 260, 282
accounting, 140
advisory bodies, 172-174
clinical trials, 211-214
cultural factors, 4, 83-84, 91
evaluation of research, 5, 6, 7, 10
minority professionals involved in research, 6, 11, 161-162, 166, 198, 260, 285-288
patient understanding/consent, 7, 212, 229
prioritizing research, 2, 5, 12-13, 165-169, 172-186
reporting of results, 260
''special population" defined, 91
Research Supplements for Under-represented Minorities, 146
Risk factors, general, 3, 4-5, 10, 27, 70, 78
occupational, 24, 47, 69, 109, 114
SEER, 47
see also Behavioral risk factors;
Environmental exposure;
Genetic factors;
Screening
Rural areas, 9, 39, 114, 136, 144
African Americans, 9, 48-49, 53, 78, 113, 143-144
agricultural workers, 114, 117, 143-144
Appalachia, 2, 9, 20, 24, 48, 52, 53, 61, 78, 128, 130, 155, 160, 165
brownfields, 144
cervical cancer, 53
clinical trials, 7, 124, 188, 214, 229
diagnosis and treatment, 115
prioritization of research, 155, 160, 163, 165, 171
S
Sampling, 14, 34, 49, 74, 77, 139, 155-156, 197, 205, 206, 216, 234
see also "minority group recruitment" under "Clinical trials"
Science Enrichment Program, 132-133
Screening, 25-26, 28-29, 68, 69, 70, 72-75, 81, 85, 109, 110, 122-126, 128, 219, 242, 251, 282
clinical practice guidelines, 217-218, 219
followup services, 167
PLCO Cancer Screening Trial, 115, 122-123, 137, 193, 208, 213
rural areas, 115
see also Mammography;
Pap smears;
Risk factors
SEER,
see Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program
Setting Research Priorities at the National Institutes of Health, 179
Small business grants, 136
Smoking, 70, 110, 116, 118, 161
African Americans, 29-30, 118-119, 120
Asians/Pacific Islanders, 30, 120, 197
historical perspectives, 18, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29-30, 31
minorities, general, 29-30, 110, 118-119
poverty and, 119-120
preventive interventions, 118-120, 161, 197, 254
secondhand, 26
women, 50
Social factors, 42
data collection categories, 3, 8, 82
environmental justice, 142-143
NCI program, 5, 6, 10-11, 151-152
see also Cultural factors;
Families of cancer patients
Socioeconomic status, 39-44, 69-70, 85, 109, 111, 114, 176
clinical trial participants, 190, 229
medically underserved defined, 39
see also Educational attainment;
Income;
Poverty
Special populations, general
definition of, 4, 44-45, 80, 91, 162, 287
historical perspectives, 21-22, 24, 27
NIH receptivity to research, 159, 166
Office of Special Populations Research, 6, 13, 132, 153, 169, 170, 174, 184, 186
research prioritization, 12, 21-22, 154-155, 174-185, 186
see also Elderly persons;
Minority groups;
Poverty;
Rural areas
State government role
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, 73
clinical practice guidelines, 214, 216, 217-221, 224, 228, 233-234
tumor registries, 4, 58-60, 64, 68, 79-80, 81
Statistical analyses, 29, 248-249
classification of minority groups, 3, 8-9, 33-38, 44, 49-50, 65, 77, 82, 83, 196, 248-249, 254, 260
clinical trial data, 221
data collection standards, general, 79
genetic factors, 86-88
sampling, 14, 34, 49, 74, 77, 139, 155-156, 197, 205, 206, 216, 234
see also "minority group recruitment" under "Clinical trials"
"special populations" defined, 4, 44-45, 80, 91, 162, 287
Stomach cancer, 52, 53, 54-56, 63, 66-67, 109, 117, 303, 310
Surgeon General of the U.S., 16, 18
Surveillance,
see Data collection and surveillance
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, 4, 9, 46-69, 78-80, 82, 91-92, 107-108, 109
African Americans, 9, 24, 47, 48-49, 53, 58, 59, 60, 78, 82, 108, 111-112, 206, 210
American Indians/Alaska Natives, 9, 49, 52, 61-64, 65, 79, 107-108, 201
Asians/Pacific Islanders, 49, 53, 60, 79, 107, 201
classification of minority groups, 49-50, 248
clinical trials, minority representation, 199-200, 201, 205, 206
data collection methods, 111-112, 129, 142, 244
geographic scope, 47-48, 107, 108
goals, 46-47
Hispanics, 9, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 60, 78-79, 107, 108, 111-112, 206, 210
historical perspectives, 18, 19, 24, 31
incidence, 9, 46, 50, 52-53, 54, 58, 255
"medically underserved" persons, defined, 9
mortality, 9, 46, 50-51, 53, 55, 58, 60-61
NIH monitoring, 15
poor persons, 9, 40, 49, 52, 78-79
preventive interventions, 50, 51
research recommendations, 4, 79-80, 91
special populations, general, 46, 78-80
state registries and, 4, 59-60, 64, 68, 79-80
survivorship, 9, 46, 50, 51, 53, 57, 58, 65-66, 82, 255
Surveillance Implementation Review Group, 78, 81
Survivorship and survival rates, 2, 15, 21, 58, 110, 111, 136, 167-168, 230-245
African Americans, 57, 59, 82, 91, 111, 129, 142
American Indians/Alaska Natives, 2, 61, 68, 88
Asians/Pacific Islanders, 57, 111
children, 211
clinical practice guidelines, 233-234
clinical trials, recruitment, 196, 197-198
cultural factors, 168, 233, 240-242
defined, 231
fatalism, 14-15, 164, 196, 197-198, 240, 243
minorities, general, 1-2, 4, 7-8, 9, 15, 46, 50, 51, 53, 57, 58, 65, 68-69, 72, 81-82, 104, 110, 111, 128, 130, 131, 154, 162, 167-168, 198, 234-245
National Coalition of Cancer Survivorship, 233-234
NCI role, 15, 110, 111, 128, 130, 131, 234-235, 237-239, 243-245, 280, 293-294
NIH role, not NCI, 104, 154, 162, 230-231, 236, 239-244, 293-294
pain and pain management, 179, 180, 230, 231, 232, 236
prioritizing research, survivor involvement, 154, 162-169, 171
public education, 15, 167, 238, 240-245
quality of life, 26, 27, 46, 111-112, 173, 198, 230, 231, 232-233, 235, 236, 244, 255, 256, 258
recommendations, 7-8, 171, 242-245
reporting, 255-256
SEER, 9, 46, 50, 51, 53, 57, 58, 65-66, 82, 255
social factors, general, 231, 243
"special populations" defined, 45
see also Families of cancer patients;
Morbidity rates;
Mortality rates
T
Tamoxifen, 14, 30, 122, 208, 210
Telephone services, 107, 119, 122, 127, 223, 238
Cancer Information Service, 107, 127-128, 222-224, 238
Tobacco,
see Smoking
Training,
see Patient education; Professional education; Public education
Treatment, 69-70, 81, 93, 126, 212, 231, 242
AIDS-related cancers, 103, 146
American Indians, 61
chemotherapy, 14, 30, 122, 196, 207-208, 210
clinical practice guidelines, 217, 218
databases, 127
historical perspectives, 26, 27
informed consent, 7, 14, 188-189, 192, 196, 198-199, 212, 229
reporting on, 251, 255-256, 258, 260
reproductive and fertility problems, 236
SEER, 46
see also Chemotherapy;
Clinical trials;
Health insurance
U
Urban areas, 39, 74, 120, 171, 218
African Americans, 49, 119, 129
American Indians, 64
brownfields, 144
clinical trials, recruitment and retention, 7, 189, 197-198, 207, 229
V
Veterans,
see Department of Veterans Affairs
W
What Are Clinical Trials All About?, 192
Women, 19, 20, 25, 54, 56, 75, 109, 123, 204, 252, 253, 300-313
African Americans, 1, 14, 28, 30, 69, 112, 115, 116, 123, 126, 128-129, 163-164, 165, 201, 204, 205, 206, 210, 215, 250, 300-313
American Indians/Alaska Natives, 62-63, 64, 67, 75, 204, 205, 300-313
Asians/Pacific Islanders, 1, 28, 75-76, 116, 129, 164
clinical trials, 19, 112, 177, 178, 190, 191, 199, 200, 203, 204-205, 210
Hispanics, 75, 89, 210, 300-313
Office of Research on Women's Health, 19, 193, 194
reproductive and fertility problems, 236
see also Breast cancer;
Cervical and uterine cancer;
Gender differences;
Ovarian cancer
Women's Health Initiative, 26, 148-149
Women's Health Trial: Feasibility Study in Minority Populations, 112
Y
Yarborough Commission, 17