References
Alley, W. M. 1984. The Palmer Drought Index: Limitations and assumptions. J. Climate Appl. Meteor. 23:1100–1109.
Baker, V. R. 1998. Paleohydrology and the hydrological sciences. Pp.1–10 in Paleohydrology and Environmental Change, G. Benito, V. R. Baker, and K. J. Gregory, eds. Chichester, England: Wiley and Sons.
Barros, A. P., and R. J. Kuligowski. 1998. Orographic effects during a severe wintertime storm in the Appalachian Mountains. Monthly Weather Review 126:2648–2672.
Barros, A. P., and D. P. Lettenmaier. 1994. Dynamic modeling of orographically-induced precipitation . Rev. Geophysics 32:265–284.
Booy, C., and D. R. Morgan. 1985. The effect of clustering of flood peaks on a flood risk analysis for the Red River. Can. J. Civil Eng. 12:150–165.
Bosch, J. M., and J. D. Hewlett. 1982. A review of catchment experiments to determine the effects of vegetation changes on water yield and evapotranspiration. J. Hydrol. 55:3–23.
Bradley, A. A. 1998. Regional frequency analysis methods for evaluating changes in hydrologic extremes. Water Resour. Res. 34(4):741–750.
Burton, I., R. W. Kates, and G. F. White. 1993. The Environment as Hazard, Second Edition. New York: Guilford Press.
Canadian Electricity Association (CEA). 1994. Circulation Patterns for Streamflow and Temperature Predictions in Canadian Surface Climate. R&D Report 9206 g 931. CEA, Montréal, Québec.
Cayan, D. R., and Webb, R. H. 1992. El Niño/Southern Oscillation and streamflow in the western United States. Pp. 29–68 in El Niño, Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation, H. F. Diaz and V. Markgraf, eds. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Changnon, S. A. 1989. Midwestern drought conditions-1988. Pp. 17–40 in Drought and Climate Change: Miscellaneous Papers on the 1988 Drought and the Issue of Future Climate Change by the Staff Members of the Midwestern Climate Change Center. Research Report 89–02. Champaign, Illinois.
Cleave, M. K., and D. W. Stahle. 1989. Tree ring analysis of surplus and deficit runoff in the White River, Arkansas. Water Resour. Res. 25:1391–1401.
Clement, R. W. 1987. Floods in Kansas and Techniques for Estimating Their Magnitude and Frequency. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 87-4008.
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). 1992. U.S. Annotated Code of Federal Regulations, 57FR60848. P. 60916. Dec. 22. Washington, D.C.
Cohn, T. A., and J. R. Stedinger. 1987. Use of historical information in a maximum likelihood framework. J. Hydrol. 96(1–4):215–223.
Collier, M., R. H. Webb, and J. C. Schmidt. 1996. Dams and Rivers, A Primer on the Downstream Effects of Dams. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1126. Reston, Virginia.
Costa, J. E. 1986. A history of paleoflood hydrology in the United States, 1800–1970. EOS 67:425–430.
Curtis, G. W. 1987. Techniques for estimating flood-peak discharges and frequencies on rural streams in Illinois. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4207. Reston, Virginia.
Dalrymple, T., and M. A. Benson. 1967. Measurement of peak discharges by the slope-area method. U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Book 3, Chap. A2. Reston, Virginia.
Dracup, J. A., and E. Kahya. 1994. The relationships between U.S. streamflow and the La Niña events. Water Resour. Res. 30A(7):2133–2141.
Dracup, J. A., K. S. Lee, and E. G. Paulson, Jr. 1980. On the definition of droughts. Water Resour. Res. 16(2):297–302.
Dyson, L. K. 1988. History of Federal Drought Relief Programs, Report No. AGES880914. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Ely, L. L. 1997. Response of extreme floods in the southwestern United States to climatic variations in the late Holocene. Geomorphology 19:175–201.
Ely, L. L., Y. Enzel, V. R. Baker, and D. Cayan. 1993. A 5000-year record of extreme floods and climate change in the southwestern United States. Science 262:410–412.
Ely, L. L., Y. Enzel, and D. Cayan. 1994. Anomalous North Pacific circulation and large winter floods in the southwestern United States. J. Climate 7:977–987.
Ely, L. L., Y. Enzel, V. R. Baker, V. S. Kale, and S. Mishra. 1996. Paleoflood evidence of changes in the magnitude and frequency of monsoon floods on the Narmada River, central India. Geo. Soc. Am. Bull. 108:1134–1148.
Enzel, Y., L. L. Ely, P. K. House, V. R. Baker, and R. H. Webb. 1993. Paleoflood evidence for a natural upper bound to flood magnitudes in the Colorado River Basin. Water Resour. Res. 29:2287–2297.
Enzel, Y., L. L. Ely, P. K. House, and V. R. Baker. 1996. Magnitude and frequency of Holocene paleofloods in the southwestern United States: A review and discussion of implications. Pp. 121–137 in Global Continental Changes: The Context of Paleohydrology, J. Branson, A. G. Brown, and K. J. Gregory, editors. Geological Society of London Special Publ. 115.
Federal Interagency Floodplain Management Task Force (FIFMTF). 1992. Floodplain Management in the United States: An Assessment Report. Washington, D.C.
Ferguson, B. K., and P. W. Suckling. 1991. Changing rainfall-runoff relationships in the urbanizing Peachtree Creek watershed, Atlanta, Georgia. Water Resour. Bull. 26(2):313–322.
Fulford, J. M. 1994. User's Guide to SAC, A Computer Program for Computing Discharge by the Slope-Area Method. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-360. Reston, Virginia.
Godschalk, D. R., T. Beatley, P. Berke, D. J. Brower, and E. J. Kaiser. 1997. Making Mitigation Work: Recasting Natural Hazards Planning and Implementation. Final report to the National Science Foundation, Center for Urban and Regional Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Graf, J. B., R. H. Webb, and R. Hereford. 1991. Relation of sediment load and flood-plain formation to climatic variability, Paria River drainage basin, Utah and Arizona. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 103:1405–1415.
Grigg, N. S. 1993. Drought and water-supply management: Roles and responsibilities. J. Water Resour. Plan. Mgmt. 119(5):531–541.
Grigg, N. S. 1996. Water Supply Management: Principles, Regulations, and Cases. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Grimm, M. M., E. E. Wohl, and R. D. Jarrett. 1995. Coarse-sediment distribution as evidence of an elevation limit for flash flooding, Bear Creek, Colorado . Geomorphology 14(12): 199–210.
Guimaraes, W. B., and L. R. Bohman. 1991. Techniques for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in South Carolina, 1988. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4157. Reston, Virginia.
Hirsch, R. M. 1978. Risk analyses for a water-supply system—Occoquan Reservoir, Fairfax and Prince William counties, Virginia. Hydrol. Sci. 23(4):475–505.
Hirschfield, D. M., and W. T. Wilson. 1960. A comparison of extreme rainfall depths from tropical and nontropical storms. J. Geophy. Res. 65:959–982.
Holnbeck, S. R., and C. Parrett. 1997. Method for rapid estimation of scour at highway bridges based on limited site data. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 96-4310. Reston, Virginia.
Hrezo, M. S., P. G. Bridgeman, and W. R. Walker. 1986. Managing droughts through trigger mechanisms. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. (June):46–51.
Interagency Floodplain Management Review Committee (IFMRC). 1994. Sharing the Challenge: Floodplain Management into the 21st Century. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office.
Jarrett, R. D. 1990. Paleohydrology used to define the spatial occurrence of floods. Geomorphology 3(2):181–195.
Jarrett, R. D. 1991. Paleohydrology and its value in analyzing floods and droughts. U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2375. Pp. 105–116. Reston, Virginia.
Jarrett, R. D. 1993. Flood elevation limits in the Rocky Mountains. Pp. 180–185 in Engineering Hydrology, C. Y. Kuo, ed. Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the Hydraulics Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers, San Francisco, July 25–30. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers.
Jennings, M. E., W. O. Thomas, and H. C. Riggs. 1994. Nationwide Summary of U.S. Geological Survey Regional Regression Equations for Estimating Magnitude and Frequency of Floods for Ungaged Sites, 1993. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4002. Reston, Virginia.
Karl, T. R. 1983. Some spatial characteristics of drought duration in the United States. J. Climate and Appl. Meteorol. 22:1356–1366.
Kirby, W. H. 1981. Annual flood frequency analysis using U.S. Water Resources Council guidelines (program J407). U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1336-I, WATSTORE User's Guide, vol. 4, Chap. I. Reston, Virginia.
Klemes, V. 1986. Dilettanism in hydrology: Transition or destiny? Water Resour. Res. 22(9): 177S–188S.
Kunkel, K. E., and J. R. Angel. 1989. Perspective on the 1988 midwestern drought. EOS. Sept. 5.
Kunkel, K. E., S. A. Changnon, and P. J. Lamb. 1989. The 1988 midwestern drought: Key elements and impacts. Paper presented at the Fifteenth Annual Illinois Crop Protection Workshop, Cooperative Extension Service. Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Landers, M. N., and K. V. Wilson, Jr. 1991. Flood characteristics of Mississippi streams. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4037. Reston, Virginia.
Landwehr, J. M., and J. R. Slack. 1990. Evidence of climate change or climate variation in discharge records from the United States. Paper presented at the Chapman Conference on Hydrologic Aspects of Global Climate Change, Lake Chelan, Wash. June 12–14 American Geophysical Union.
Liu, S., and J. R. Stedinger. 1991. Low flow frequency analysis with ordinary and tobit regression. Pp. 27–31 in Water Resources Planning and Management and Urban Water Resources, Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference and Symposium, J. L. Anderson, ed. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers.
Lott, N. 1993. The Summer of 1993: Flooding in the Midwest and Drought in the Southeast. TR 93-04 National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration National Climate Data Center. Washington, D.C.
Ludwig, A. H., and G. E. Tasker. 1993. Regionalization of low flow characteristics of Arkansas streams. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4013. Reston, Virginia.
Matalas, N. C. 1991. Drought description. Stoch. Hydrol. Hydraul 5:255–260.
McNab, A. L. 1989. Climate and drought. EOS 70(40):873, 882–883.
Medina, K. D., and G. D. Tasker. 1985. Analysis of Surface Water Data Network in Kansas for Effectiveness in Providing Regional Information. U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2203. Reston, Virginia.
Moody, J. A., and R. H. Meade. 1990. Channel changes at cross sections of the Powder River between Moorhead and Broadus, Montana, 1975–88. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89–407. Reston, Virginia.
Moss, M. E., and G. D. Tasker. 1991. An intercomparison of hydrological network-design technologies. Hydrol. Sci. J. 36:201–213.
Moss, M. E., and G. D. Tasker. 1995. HYNET—An intercomparison of hydrologic network-design technologies in World Meteorological Organization. Tech. Rep. Hydrol. Water Resour. 50:17.1–17.5.
Namias, J. 1985. Factors responsible for droughts. Pp. 27–64 in Hydrologic Aspects of Drought, M. A. Beran and J. A. Rodier, eds. United National Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Paris, France.
National Drought Mitigation Center (NDMC). 1995. Understanding and defining drought. http://enso.unl.edu/ndmc/enigma/def2.htm.
National Drought Mitigation Center (NDMC). 1996. Drought indices. http://enso.unl.edu/ndmc/enigma/indices.htm.
National Drought Mitigation Center (NDMC). 1997. Understanding ENSO and forecasting drought. http://enso.unl.edu/ndmc/enigma/elnino.htm.
National Research Council. 1988. Estimating Probabilities of Extreme Floods: Methods and Recommended Research. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
National Research Council. 1989. Improving Risk Communication. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
National Research Council. 1991. Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
National Research Council. 1992. Regional Hydrology and the USGS Stream Gaging Network. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
National Research Council. 1995. Flood Risk Management and the American River Basin: An Evaluation. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
National Weather Service (NWS). 1994. The Great Flood of 1993. Washington, D.C.: NWS. O'Connor, J. E., L. L. Ely, E. E. Wohl, L. E. Stevens, T. S. Melis, V. S. Kale, and V. R. Baker. 1994. 4500-year record of large floods on the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, Arizona. J. Geology 102:1–9.
O'Grady, K., and L. Shabman. 1994. Uncertainty and time preference in shore protection. Pp. 136–154 in Risk Based Decision Making in Water Resources, Y. Haimes et al., eds. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers.
Pizzuto, J. E. 1994. Channel adjustments to changing discharges, Powder River, Montana: Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 106:1494–1501.
Riebsame, W. E., S. A. Changnon, Jr., and T. R. Karl. 1991. Drought and Natural Resources Management in the United States. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
Ruddy, B. C., and K. J. Hitt. 1990. Summary of Selected Characteristics of Large Reservoirs in the United States and Puerto Rico, 1988. Open File Report No. 90–163. Denver, Colo.: U.S. Geological Survey.
Salas, J. D., E. E. Wohl, and R. D. Jarrett. 1994. Determination of flood characteristics using systematic, historical, and paleoflood data. Pp. 111–134 in Coping with Floods. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Schoemaker, P. J. H., and H. C. Kunruther. 1979. An experimental study of insurance decisions. J. Risk Ins. 46:608–618.
Seaburn, G. E. 1969. Effects of Urban Development on Direct Runoff to East Meadow Brook. U.S. Geological Survey Professional paper 627-B. Reston, Virginia
Slack, J. R., and J. M. Landwehr. 1992. Hydro-Climatic Data Network (HCDN): A U.S. Geological Survey Streamflow Data Set for the United States for the Study of Climate Variations, 1874–1988. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92–129. Reston, Virginia.
Slovic, P. 1977. Preference for insuring against probable small losses: Insurance and implications. J. Risk In. 44:237–258.
Stedinger, J. R. 1996. Expected probability and annual damage estimators. J. Water Resour. Plan. Mgmt. Pp. 125–135.
Stedinger, J. R., and V. R. Baker. 1987. Surface water hydrology: Historical and paleoflood information. Rev. Geophysics 25:119–124.
Stedinger, J. R., and G. D. Tasker. 1985. Regional hydrologic analysis 1. Water Resour. Res. 21(9): 1421–1432.
Stedinger, J. R., and G. D. Tasker. 1986. Regional hydrologic analysis 2. Water Resour. Res. 22(10): 1487–1499.
Stockton, C. W., W. R. Boggess, and D. M. Meko. 1985. Climate and Tree Rings in Paleoclimate Analysis and Modeling, A. D. Hecht, ed. New York: Wiley.
Tasker, G. D. 1991a. Evaluating drought risks for large highly regulated basins using monthly water-balance modeling. Pp. 317—322 in Proceedings of the U.S.-China Bilateral Symposium on Droughts and Semi-Arid Region Hydrology. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91–244. Reston, Virginia.
Tasker, G. D. 1991b. Identifying stream gages to operate for regional information. Bridge Hydrol. Res. 1319:131–136.
Tasker, G. D. 1993. Some hydrologic effects of climate change for the Appalachicola, Chattahoochee, and Flint River basins. Pp. 61-61 in Georgia Water Resources Conference, Athens, Georgia, K. J. Hatcher, ed. University of Georgia, Institute of Natural Resources.
Tasker, G. D., and R. M. Slade, Jr. 1994. An interactive regional regression approach to estimating flood quantiles. Pp. 782–785 in Water Policy and Management: Solving the Problems, D. G. Gontane and H. N. Tuvel, eds. 21st Annual Conference Proceedings. American Society of Civil Engineers .
Tasker, G. D., and J. R. Stedinger. 1989. An operational GLS model for hydrologic regression. J. Hydrol. 111:361–375.
Tasker, G. D., and J. R. Stedinger. 1992. Generalized least squares analyses for hydrologic regionalization. Pp. 7–12 in Hydraulic Engineering: Saving a Threatened Resource in Search of Solutions, M. Jennings and N. G. Bhowmik, eds. Proceedings of the Hydraulic Engineering Sessions at Water Forum 1992, Baltimore.
Tasker, G. D., M. Ayers, D. Wolock, and G. McCabe. 1991. Sensitivity of drought risks in the Delaware River basin to climate change. Pp. 153–159 in Technical and Business Exhibition and Symposium. Huntsville, Alabama: Huntsville Association of Technical Societies.
Tasker, G. D., S. A. Hodge, and C. S. Barks. 1996. Region of influence regression for estimating the 50-year flood at ungaged sites. Water Resour. Bull. 32(1):163–170.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1994. National Study of Water Management During Drought—Report to Congress. Report No. IWR 94-NDS-12. Fort Belvoir, Va.: Institute for Water Resources.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1990. DFLOW User's Manual. EPA 600/8-90/ 051. Washington, D.C.: USEPA.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Technical Support Document for Water Quality-Based Toxics Control. EPA/505/2-90-001. Washington, D.C.: USEPA.
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 1996. Strategic Plan for the U.S. Geological Survey: 1996 to 2005. Reston, Va.: USGS.
U.S. Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data (USIACWD). 1982. Guidelines for Determining Flood Flow Frequency. Bulletin 17-B of the Hydrology Subcommittee. Reston, Va.: U.S. Geological Survey, Office of Water Data Coordination.
Vogel, R. M., and C. N. Kroll. 1990. Generalized low-flow frequency relationships for ungaged sites in Massachusetts. Water Resour. Bull. 26(2):241–253.
Wahl, K. L., W. O. Thomas, Jr., and R. M. Hirsch. 1995. The Stream-Gaging Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1123. Reston, Virginia.
Wallace, J. R. 1971. The Effects of Land Use Changes on the Hydrology of an Urban Watershed. OWRR Report Project C-1786. Atlanta, Georgia: School of Civil Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology.
Waylen, P., and M. K. Woo. 1982. Prediction of annual floods generated by mixed processes . Water Resour. Res. 18(4):1283–1286.
Webb, R. H., and J. L. Betancourt. 1990. Climatic effects on flood frequency: An example from southern Arizona. Pp. 61–66 in Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Pacific Climate (PACLIM) Workshop, Asilomar, California, March 5–8, 1989, J. L. Betancourt and A. M. MacKay, eds. California Department of Water Resources, Interagency Ecological Studies Program, Technical Report 23.
Webb, R. H., and J. L. Betancourt. 1992. Climatic Variability and Flood Frequency of the Santa Cruz River, Pima County, Arizona. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2379. Reston, Virginia.
Wilhite, D. A. 1993. Drought Assessment, Management, and Planning: Theory and Case Studies. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Wolock, D. M., G. J. McCabe, G. D. Tasker, and M. E. Moss. 1993. Effects of climate change on water resources in the Delaware River Basin. Water Resour. Bull. 29(3):475–486.