National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
×

Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics

Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology

Committee on Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics
Board on Physics and Astronomy

Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications
National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1999

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
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Page ii

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

This project was supported by the Department of Commerce under Contract No. 50SBNB5C8819, the Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-FG02-96-ER45613, and the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DMR-9632837. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number 0-309-06349-3
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 99-62179

Front cover: A scanning-tunneling microscope image that shows the wave nature of electrons con-
fined in a "quantum corral" of 48 individually positioned atoms. See page 233. (Courtesy of IBM
Research.)

Additional copies of this report are available from National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution
Avenue, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, D.C. 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the
Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu; and

Board on Physics and Astronomy, National Research Council, HA 562, 2101 Constitution Avenue,
N.W., Washington, DC 20418

Copyright 1999 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
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Page iii

COMMITTEE ON CONDENSED-MATTER AND MATERIALS PHYSICS

VENKATESH NARAYANAMURTI, Harvard University, Chair

JAMES B. ROBERTO, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Vice Chair

GABRIEL AEPPLI, NEC Research Institute

J. MURRAY GIBSON, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

STEVEN GIRVIN, Indiana University

MARK KETCHEN, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center

EDWARD J. KRAMER, University of California, Santa Barbara

JAMES S. LANGER, University of California, Santa Barbara

CHERRY ANN MURRAY, Lucent Technologies, Bell Laboratories

V. ADRIAN PARSEGIAN, National Institutes of Health

PAUL S. PEERCY, SEMI/SEMATECH

JULIA M. PHILLIPS, Sandia National Laboratories

ROBERT C. RICHARDSON, Cornell University

FRANS SPAEPEN, Harvard University

KATEPALLI R. SREENIVASAN, Yale University

DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director

DANIEL F. MORGAN, Program Officer (until June 1, 1998)

KEVIN D. AYLESWORTH, Program Officer (as of September 7, 1998)

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
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Page iv

BOARD ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY

ROBERT C. DYNES, University of California, San Diego, Chair

ROBERT C. RICHARDSON, Cornell University, Vice Chair

STEVEN CHU, Stanford University

VAL FITCH, Princeton University

IVAR GIAEVER, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

JOHN HUCHRA, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

R.G. HAMISH ROBERTSON, University of Washington

KATHLEEN TAYLOR, General Motors Research and Development Center

J. ANTHONY TYSON, Lucent Technologies, Bell Laboratories

GEORGE WHITESIDES, Harvard University

DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director

ROBERT L. RIEMER, Associate Director

KEVIN D. AYLESWORTH, Program Officer

NATASHA CASEY, Senior Administrative Associate

GRACE WANG, Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
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Page v

COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND APPLICATIONS

PETER M. BANKS, Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, Co-chair

W. CARL LINEBERGER, University of Colorado, Co-chair

WILLIAM BROWDER, Princeton University

LAWRENCE D. BROWN, University of Pennsylvania

MARSHALL H. COHEN, California Institute of Technology

RONALD G. DOUGLAS, Texas A&M University

JOHN E. ESTES, University of California, Santa Barbara

JERRY P. GOLLUB, Haverford College

MARTHA HAYNES, Cornell University

JOHN L. HENNESSY, Stanford University

CAROL JANTZEN, Westinghouse Savannah River Company

PAUL KAMINSKI, Technovation, Inc.

KENNETH H. KELLER, University of Minnesota

MARGARET G. KIVELSON, University of California, Los Angeles

DANIEL KLEPPNER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

JOHN KREICK, Sanders, a Lockheed Martin Company

MARSHA I. LESTER, University of Pennsylvania

M. ELISABETH PATÉ-CORNELL, Stanford University

NICHOLAS P. SAMIOS, Brookhaven National Laboratory

CHANG-LIN TIEN, University of California, Berkeley

NORMAN METZGER, Executive Director

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Page vii

Preface

In the spring of 1996, the National Research Council's Board on Physics and Astronomy established the Committee on Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics to prepare a scholarly assessment of the field as part of the new survey of physics, Physics in a New Era, that is now in progress. This assessment has five objectives.

1. Identify future opportunities and priorities in the field.

2. Articulate the fundamental scientific challenges in the field.

3. Assess related infrastructure, institutional, resource, and educational issues.

4. Provide evidence of the societal impact of the field.

5. Provide a forum for coordinated community-wide communications with federal agencies, policy makers, and the public.

The committee was composed of individuals whose backgrounds reflect the diversity of the field and its close connections with related branches of science, including chemistry, biology, and engineering. The field spans research environments from principal investigators carrying out benchtop studies in universities to large collaborations carrying out experiments at major national facilities. It also spans the forefronts of many-body theory, the behavior of complex materials and fluids, and the design of semiconductor devices and circuits. Condensed-matter and materials physics research is carried out in various institutional settings, including university, government, and industrial research laboratories.

In the course of the study, the committee held two workshops on research frontiers and policy issues. These workshops brought together leading research-

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
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Page viii

ers in the field as well as leading policy makers from government, industry, and universities. The committee met several times to plan its work, debate the issues, and formulate its report. An early output of the study was the report The Physics of Materials: How Science Improves Our Lives, a short, colorful, and easy-to-read pamphlet illustrating how research in the field affects our daily lives. The committee generated several progress reports and held public forums at materials-related meetings of the American Physical Society and the Materials Research Society. The committee also sought input from the general science and engineering communities. We are particularly grateful to our colleagues in biology, chemistry, and materials and electrical engineering for their support and help in carrying out this study.

The committee would like to thank Donald C. Shapero, Daniel F. Morgan, and Kevin D. Aylesworth from the Board on Physics and Astronomy for their efforts throughout the course of this study. Special thanks also to Arthur Bienenstock, who served on the committee until the fall of 1997, when he assumed responsibilities at the Office of Science and Technology Policy. The committee gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the following individuals who provided material or particular advice that influenced its study: David Abraham, Eric J. Amis, Bill Appleton, Meigan Aronson, David Aspnes, John Axe, Arthur P. Baddorf, Samuel Bader, A. Balazs, N. Balsara, Troy Barbee, F. Bates, Bertram Batlogg, Robert Behringer, Jerzy Bernholc, Arthur Bienenstock, Jörg Bilgram, Howard Birnbaum, Stephen G. Bishop, Steve Block, Lynn A. Boatner, Eberhardt Bodenschatz, Greg Boebinger, William Boettinger, Bill Brinkman, R. Bubeck, David Cannell, Federico Capasso, G. Slade Cargill, John Carruthers, Robert Cava, Robert Celotta, David Ceperley, Paul Chaikin, Albert Chang, S.S. (Leroy) Chang, Eric Chason, Daniel Chemla, Shiyi Chen, S. Cheng, B. Chmelka, Alfred Cho, John R. Clem, Daniel Colbert, Piers Coleman, George Crabtree, George Craford, Harold Craighead, Roman Czujko, Elbio Dagatto, Adriaan de Graaf, Satyen Deb, Patricia Dehmer, Cees Dekker, David DiVincenzo, Russ Donnelly, Robert Doremus, J. Douglas, Mildred S. Dresselhaus, Bob Dunlap, J. Dutcher, Bob Dynes, Robert Eisenstein, Chang-Beom Eom, Evan Evans, Ferydoon Family, Matthew P.A. Fisher, Zachary Fisk, Paul Fleury, Mike Fluss, Judy Franz, Jean Fréchet, Glenn Fredrickson, Hellmut Fritsche, William Gallagher, E. Giannelis, Allen M. Goldman, Jerry Gollub, Matt Grayson, P. Green, G. Grest, Peter Grüter, Richard Hake, Thomas Halsey, Donald Hamann, Christopher Hanna, Bill Harris, Beverly Hartline, Kristl Hathaway, Lance Haworth, Frances Hellman, George Hentschel, Jan Herbst, Pierre Hohenberg, Susan Houde-Walter, Evelyn Hu, Robert Hull, David Huse, Eric Isaacs, Nikos Jaeger, Adam B. Jaffe, Sungho Jin, David Johnson, James Jorgensen, Malvin H. Kalos, A. Karin, Marc Kastner, Efthimios Kaxiras, Jeffrey Koberstein, Carl C. Koch, Kei Koizumi, J. Kornfield, Mark Kryder, Max Lagally, David V. Lang, Robert Laudise, G. Leal, Manfred Leiser, Ross Lemons, Joseph Levitzky, Peter Levy, David Litster, T. Lodge, Gabrielle Long, Steven Louie, Michael

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
×

Page ix

Lowenberg, Tom Lubensky, C. Macosko, Richard Martin, Denis McWhan, Jim Meindl, Jim Merz, Burkhard Militzer, Andrew Millis, S. Milner, David Moncton, Jagadeesh Moodera, Donald Murphy, M. Muthukumar, Sidney Nagel, Al Narath, David Nelson, Jeff Nelson, Robert J. Nemanich, Robert Newnham, K.L. Ngai, William Oosterhuis, Stuart Parkin, Seevak Parpia, Michelle Parrinello, Kumar Patel, Eva Pebay-Peyroula, Stephen J. Pennycook, V. Percec, Pierre Petroff, Tom Picraux, Gary Prinz, Itamar Procaccia, Peter Pusey, R. Ramesh, R. Register, James Rice, Kevin Robbie, Mark Robbins, Jack Rowe, Michael Rowe, John M. Rowell, M. Rubinstein, Jack Rush, Robert Schafrik, Hans Scheel, Sheldon Schultz, Lyle Schwartz, Pabitra Sen, James Sethna, Don Shaw, K. Shull, Jerry Simmons, John Slonczewski, James Speck, Gene Stanley, Galen Stucky, Harold Swinney, Bruce Taggart, Andrew Taylor, Philip Taylor, Zlatko Tešanovi, Iran Thomas, Carl V. Thompson, David Tirrell, Matt Tirrell, Robert Trew, Ruud Tromp, Jeffrey Tsao, Dan Tsui, David Turnbull, Paul Umbanhowar, Priya Vashishta, Stephan von Molnar, Jim Voytuk, James Warren, John Weaver, Eicke Weber, Tom Weber, David Weitz, Steven White, Hollis Wickman, John Wilkins, Ellen D. Williams, Stan Williams, T. Witten, Horst Wittmann, Victor Yakhot, Sidney Yip, Andrew Zangwill, Richard Zare, Z. Zhang, and Thomas Zipperian. The committee also thanks Janet Overton, who edited the final production draft of the report.

The committee's work was supported by grants from the U.S. Department of Commerce, the U.S. Department of Energy, and the National Science Foundation. The committee thanks them for their support.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
×

Page x

Acknowledgment of Reviewers

This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council's (NRC's) Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the authors and the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The contents of the review comments and the draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report:

Phillip W. Anderson, Princeton University,
Steven Chu, Stanford University,
Esther Conwell, University of Rochester,
Robert Dynes, University of California, San Diego,
Val Fitch, Princeton University,
Paul Fleury, University of New Mexico,
Jerry P. Gollub, Haverford College,
David Moncton, Argonne National Laboratory,
Thomas Russell, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and
Thomas Theis, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center.

Although the individuals listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, the responsibility for the final content of this report rests solely with the authoring committee and the NRC.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
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Page xi

Contents

Executive Summary

1

Overview

5

Introduction,

5

A New Era,

7

The Science of Modern Technology,

8

New Materials and Structures,

10

Novel Quantum Phenomena,

11

Nonequilibrium Physics,

15

Complex Fluids and Macromolecular and Biological Systems,

17

New Tools for Research: From the Benchtop to the National Laboratory,

19

Findings and Recommendations,

24

Research Infrastructure,

25

Major Facilities,

26

Partnerships,

27

Education,

28

Research Themes,

29

1
Electronic, Optical, and Magnetic Materials and Phenomena: The Science of Modern Technology

31

Electronic Materials and Phenomena,

38

Materials and Physics That Drive Today's Technology,

38

Challenges, Priorities, and Frontiers of Electronic Materials and Phenomena,

55

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
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Page xii

Optical Materials and Phenomena,

56

Materials and Physics That Drive Today's Technology,

56

Challenges, Priorities, and Frontiers of Optical Materials and Phenomena,

75

Science and Technology of Magnetism,

75

Technology Pull,

76

The Physics of Magnetism,

82

Major Outstanding Materials and Physics Questions and Issues in Magnetism,

89

Future Directions and Research Priorities,

90

Major Outstanding Scientific and Technological Questions,

92

Priorities,

92

2
New Materials and Structures

93

Complex Oxides,

98

Electroceramics,

106

New Forms of Carbon,

109

Nanoclusters,

114

Thin Films, Surfaces, and Interfaces,

120

Artificially Structured Materials,

126

Future Directions and Research Priorities,

131

Materials Properties by Design: Complexity,

132

Synthesis and Processing: Control,

135

Physics: Understanding,

135

Technology: Relevance,

135

Outstanding Scientific Questions,

136

Research Priorities,

136

3
Novel Quantum Phenomena

137

Superfluidity and Superconductivity,

140

Bose-Einstein Condensation in Atom Traps,

145

Quantum Spin Chains and Ladders,

148

The Quantum Hall Effect,

155

Composite Particles,

158

Edge States,

160

Magnetic Order of Spins and Pseudospins,

162

Summary,

166

Future Directions and Research Priorities,

166

4
Nonequilibrium Physics

168

Pattern Formation and Turbulence in Fluid Dynamics,

170

Nonequilibrium Phenomena in Fluids,

170

Pattern Formation,

171

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
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Page xiii

Turbulence,

173

Processing and Performance of Structural Materials: Metallurgical Microstructures,

176

Processing and Performance of Structural Materials: Solid Mechanics,

178

Brittle and Ductile Solids,

180

Instabilities in Dynamic Fracture,

180

Polymers and Adhesives,

183

Friction,

184

Granular Materials,

187

Length Scales, Complexity, and Predictability,

189

Further Prospects for the Future,

190

Nonequilibrium Phenomena in the Quantum Domain,

190

Nonequilibrium Phenomena in Biology,

191

Future Directions and Research Priorities,

192

5
Soft Condensed Matter: Complex Fluids, Macromolecular Systems, and Biological Systems

194

Complex Fluids,

197

Liquid Crystals and Microemulsions,

197

Colloidal and Macromolecular Interactions,

200

Polyelectrolytes,

202

Polysaccharides,

203

Macromolecules and Macromolecular Films,

204

Phase Separation and Ordering in Thin Polymer Films,

204

New Macromolecular Materials,

205

Structural Polymers: Controlling Properties of New Polymers from Old Monomers,

210

Biological Connections,

211

Biological Systems,

211

Two Traditions of Learning Must Merge to Allow Systematic Progress,

212

Physics and Structural Biology,

213

Molecular Conformation and Protein Folding,

215

Single-Molecule Motions and Mechanics,

215

Molecular Association,

219

Consequences of the Human Genome Project and Other Genome Determinations,

221

Directions and Priorities,

222

Priorities,

223

6
New Tools for Research

225

Atomic Visualization Through Microscopy,

227

Atomic Structure,

229

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
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Page xiv

Electronic Structure,

231

Nanoproperties of Materials,

231

Atomic Manipulation,

233

Conclusions,

234

Neutron Scattering,

234

The Past Decade,

235

The Next Decade,

242

Synchrotron Radiation,

244

The Past Decade,

247

The Next Decade,

252

The Reinvention of Traditional Condensed-Matter Experiments,

253

Man-Made Extreme Conditions,

255

Matter at Very Low Temperatures,

256

Matter at Very High Pressures,

257

Matter in Large Magnetic Fields,

260

The Next Decade,

262

Computational Materials Physics,

262

Progress in Algorithms,

264

Computational Physics in a Teraflop World,

267

Quantum Computers,

269

Future Directions and Research Priorities,

270

Outstanding Scientific Questions,

272

Priorities,

273

7
Changes in the R&D Landscape

274

From the Cold War to the Global Economy,

274

A Decade of Change,

275

Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics Today,

282

Measuring Performance and Economic Impacts,

284

8
The Next Decade

288

Making the Right Investments,

288

Human Capital,

289

Facilities and Infrastructure,

290

Redefining Roles and Relationships,

295

Role of Research Universities,

296

Role of Government Laboratories,

297

Interactions with Industry,

298

The Importance of Partnerships,

299

Integrating Research and Education,

302

A Research Strategy for Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics,

303

Discovery,

304

Scientific Themes,

304

Excellence with Relevance,

307

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
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Page xv

Condensed-Matter and Material Physics

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This book identifies opportunities, priorities, and challenges for the field of condensed-matter and materials physics. It highlights exciting recent scientific and technological developments and their societal impact and identifies outstanding questions for future research. Topics range from the science of modern technology to new materials and structures, novel quantum phenomena, nonequilibrium physics, soft condensed matter, and new experimental and computational tools.

The book also addresses structural challenges for the field, including nurturing its intellectual vitality, maintaining a healthy mixture of large and small research facilities, improving the field's integration with other disciplines, and developing new ways for scientists in academia, government laboratories, and industry to work together. It will be of interest to scientists, educators, students, and policymakers.

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