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Suggested Citation:"A P P E N D I X E REFERENCES." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 1999. Evaluating Federal Research Programs: Research and the Government Performance and Results Act. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6416.
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Suggested Citation:"A P P E N D I X E REFERENCES." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 1999. Evaluating Federal Research Programs: Research and the Government Performance and Results Act. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6416.
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Page 80

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A P P E N D I X E REFERENCES American Enterprise Institute, Brookings Institution, and National Science Foundation Directorate for Social and Behavior Sciences, “Conference on the Contributions of Research to the Economy and Society,” (Washington, D.C. October 3, 1994). Anderson, Richard C., F. Narin, Paul McAllister “Publication Ratings versus Peer Ratings of Universities” Journal of the American Society for Information Science March (1978) 91-103. Atkinson, Richard C. and William A. Blanpied, Peer Review and the Public Interest, Issues in Science and Technology, vol 1. no. 4, 1985. Bozeman, B. and J. Melkers, “Peer Review and Evaluation of R&D Impacts,” Evaluating R&D Impacts, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, Mass., (1993) 79-98. Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology, and Government. Enabling the Future: Linking Science and Technology to Societal Goals (Carnegie Commis- sion: New York, NY 1992). Cole, J. and S. Cole, Peer Review in the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1981. Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications, (1995) Research Restructuring and Assessment, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, (1982) The Quality of Research in Science, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, (1993) Science, Technology, and the Federal Government: National Goals for a New Era, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, (1997) International Benchmarking of U.S. Mathematics, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, (1998) International Benchmarking of U.S. Material Sciences and Engineering Research, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Landau, Ralph, Technology, Economics, and Public Policy. In Landau, Ralph and Dale W. Jorgensen, eds. Technology and Economic Policy. Cambridge, Ballinger Publ. Co., 1986. Nadiri, M. Ishaq. “Innovations and Technological Spillovers,” Working Paper No. 4423 (National Bureau of Economic Research: Cambridge, MA, August 1993). National Academy of Sciences, 1996, Beyond Discovery: The Path from Research to Human Benefit, The Global Positioning System: The Role of Atomic Clocks, http://www2.nas.edu/bsi/2132.html. 79

EVALUATING FEDERAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS National Science and Technology Council, (1996) Assessing Fundamental Science, Washington, D.C. Small, Henry G. “A Co-Citation Model of a Scientific Specialty: A Longitudinal Study of Collagen Research” Social Studies of Science Vol. 7 (1977), 139-66. U.S. Government Accounting Office, Peer Review; Reforms Needed to Ensure Fairness in Federal Agency Grant Selection, June 1984. U.S. General Accounting Office, (1997) The Government Performance and Results Act: 1997 Governmentwide Implementation Will Be Uneven,Washington, D.C. Agency Strategic and Performance Plans Web Locations Government Wide Performance Plan: http://www.whitehouse.gov/WH/EOP/OMB/html/gpptoc.htm General Accounting Office http://www.gao.gov/special.pubs/publist.htm General Pages of Some Agencies: http://www.ombwatch.org/www/ombw/gpra/gprasp.html http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0997/090897b1.htm http://server.conginst.org/conginst/results/index.html Department of Agriculture Strategic Plan: http://www.usda.gov/ocfo/strat/ Performance Plan: http://www.usda.gov/ocfo/annlplan/index.html Department of Defense Strategic Plan: http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/qdr/ Performance Plan: http://www.dtic.mil/execsec/adr98/apdx_j.html Department of Energy Strategic Plan: http://www.doe.gov/policy/doeplan.html Performance Plan: http:// www.doe.gov/policy/sol98/index.htm Department of Health and Human Services Strategic Plan: http://aspe.os.dhhs.gov/hhsplan/intro.htm Performance Plan: http://www.hhs.gov/progorg/asmb/budget/fy99budget Department of Transportation Strategic Plan: http://www.dot.gov/hot/dotplan.html Performance Plan: http://ostpxweb.dot.gov/budget/perfp99.htm Environmental Protection Agency Strategic Plan: http://www.epa.gov/ocfopage/plantoc.htm Performance Plan: http://www.epa.gov/ocfo/99budget/1999bib.htm National Aeronautics and Space Administration Strategic Plan: http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/nsp/ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Strategic Plan: http://www.noaa.gov/str-plan/ Performance Plan: http://www.doc.gov/bmi/budget/strtgc/strtone.htm National Institute of Standards and Technology Strategic Plan: http://www.doc.gov/bmi Performance Plan: http://www.doc.gov/bmi/budget/strtgc/strtone.htm National Science Foundation Strategic Plan: http://www.nsf.gov/od/gpraplan/gpraplan.htm Performance Plan: http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1998/nsf99gprapp/start.htm 80

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The Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA), passed by Congress in 1993, requires that federal agencies write five-year strategic plans with annual performance goals and produce an annual report that demonstrates whether the goals have been met. The first performance reports are due in March 2000.

Measuring the performance of basic research is particularly challenging because major breakthroughs can be unpredictable and difficult to assess in the short term. This book recommends that federal agencies use an "expert review" method to examine the quality of research they support, the relevance of that research to their mission, and whether the research is at the international forefront of scientific and technological knowledge. It also addresses the issues of matching evaluation measurements to the character of the research performed, improving coordination among agencies when research is in the same field, and including a human resource development component in GPRA strategic and performance plans.

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