CAPITALIZING ON INVESTMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1994
National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Ave., NW Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: This volume was produced as part of a project approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. It is a result of work done by the Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP) as augmented, which has authorized its release to the public. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by COSEPUP and the Report Review Committee. The development of this report was supported by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, and the National Research Council. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
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The National Academy of Engineering (NAE) was established in 1964, under the charter of NAS, as a parallel organization of distinguished engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of members, sharing with NAS its responsibilities for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of NAE.
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COSEPUP WORKING GROUP ON CAPITALIZING ON INVESTMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Gerald Dinneen (Chair), Retired Vice President,
Science and Technology, Honeywell, Inc.
Peter Diamond, Professor of Economics,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Mildred S. Dresselhaus, Institute Professor of Electrical Engineering and Physics,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
M.R.C. Greenwood, Chancellor,
University of California, Santa Cruz
Phillip A. Griffiths, Director,
Institute for Advanced Study
J. Tomas Hexner, President,
Hex, Inc.
Daniel L. McFadden, Professor of Economics,
University of California, Berkeley
Paul M. Romer, Professor of Economics,
Stanford University
Morris Tanenbaum, Retired Vice Chairman and Chief Financial Officer,
AT&T
William Julius Wilson, Lewis P. and Linda L. Geyser Professor,
Harvard University
Principal Project Staff
Thomas Arrison, Senior Staff Officer
Alan Anderson, Consultant Science Writer
Marion Ramsey, Administrative Associate
Carrie Langner, Research Assistant (until August 1998)
COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND PUBLIC POLICY
Phillip A. Griffiths (Chair), Director,
Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey
Bruce M.Alberts,* President,
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
Peter Diamond, Professor of Economics,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
Gerald Dinneen,* Retired Vice President,
Science and Technology, Honeywell, Inc., Edina, Minnesota
Mildred S. Dresselhaus, Institute Professor of Electrical Engineering and Physics,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
James J. Duderstadt, President Emeritus and University Professor of Science and Engineering,
Millennium Project, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Marye Anne Fox, Chancellor,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh
Ralph E. Gomory, President,
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, New York, New York
M.R.C. Greenwood, Chancellor,
University of California, Santa Cruz
Ruby P. Hearn, Vice President,
The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Princeton, New Jersey
Philip W. Majerus, Professor of Medicine, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biophysics and Director,
Division of Hematology-Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
Daniel M. McFadden, Professor of Economics,
University of California, Berkeley
Samuel Preston, Dean and Frederick J. Warren Professor of Demography,
The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
Kenneth I. Shine,* President,
Institute of Medicine, Washington, D.C.
Morris Tanenbaum, Retired Vice Chairman and Chief Financial Officer,
AT&T, Short Hills, New Jersey
Irving L. Weissman, Karel and Avice Beekhuis Professor of Cancer Biology,
Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California
Sheila Widnall, Abby Rockefeller Mauze Professor of Aeronautics,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
William Julius Wilson, Lewis P. and Linda L. Geyser Professor,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
William A. Wulf,* President,
National Academy of Engineering, Washington, D.C.
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Preface
This report explores how well the United States is capitalizing on its investments in science and engineering research, and how capitalization can be sustained and made more effective in the future. The study was undertaken during a period of intense debate over science and technology policy. The benefits of applying new knowledge are becoming more apparent in the economy and other areas of national life. At the same time, efforts are under way to extend this success to other pressing national needs, such as education. Because science, engineering, and patterns of capitalization are continually changing, improving U.S. ability to capitalize requires continued study, learning, and debate. We hope that this report contributes to the ongoing national discussion.
The production of the report was the result of hard work by the committee as a whole, and the extra effort of the working group consisting of Gerald Dinneen, Peter Diamond, Mildred Dresselhaus, M.R.C. Greenwood, J. Tomas Hexner, Daniel McFadden, Paul Romer, Morris Tanenbaum, William Julius Wilson, and me. Special thanks go to Gerald Dinneen, who chaired the working group.
This report has benefited from input from various individuals. COSEPUP acknowledges those who made presentations at the various workshops organized during the course of the study: Lawrence Rabiner, AT&T Bell Laboratories; Michael Cohen, Nuance Technologies and SRI International; Abeer Alwan, University of California, Los Angeles; David Mowery, University of California, Berkeley; Ashok Chandra, IBM Almaden Laboratory; Larry Smarr, University of Illinois; Richard Taylor, University of California, Irvine; Michael Cima, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Eric Cross, Pennsylvania State University; Bharat Rawal, AVX Corp.; Steven Freiman, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Michael Butler, Sandia National Laboratory; John Woodward, YSI Inc.; William Spencer, SEMATECH; Adam Jaffe, Brandeis University; Richard Nelson, Columbia University; Edgar Haber, Harvard Medical School; Joshua Lerner, Harvard Business School; Alexis T. Bell, University of California, Berkeley; Mark E. Davis, California Institute of Technology; Brian L. Goodall, BFGoodrich; Barbara Knight Warren, Union Carbide; Dale Drueckhammer, Stanford University; Burton J. McMurtry, Technology Venture Investors; Jeffrey Sohl, University of New Hampshire; James F. Gibbons, Stanford University; Kenneth P. Morse, MIT Entrepreneurship Center; Philip Horsley, Horsley-Bridge Associates; William Melton, CyberCash; J. Leighton Read, Aviron Inc.; Charles Hsu, Walden Group of Venture Capital Funds; Jerome Grossman, HealthQuality Inc.; Catherine Ailes, SRI International; Frank Hughes, Boeing; Paula Stephan, Georgia State University; Bernard O. Palsson, University of California at San Diego; Carlos Zamudio, Axiom Biotechnologies; Stephen Clark, Amgen; Robert Sproull, Sun Microsystems; David
Farber, University of Pennsylvania; Deborah Estrin, University of Southern California; Brian Reid, Digital Equipment; Ralph Cavin, Semiconductor Research Corp.; James Plummer, Stanford University; and Donald Wollesen, Advanced Micro Devices.
This report has been reviewed by persons chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council's Report Review Committee. The purposes of this independent review are to provide candid and critical comments that will assist COSEPUP in making its report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards of objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following for their participation in the review of this report: Erich Bloch, Kent Bowen, Alexander Flax, Robert Lucky, Ruben Mettler, Richard Nelson, Yoshio Nishi, Simon Ostrach, and Roland Schmitt. All those persons have provided many constructive comments and suggestions. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests solely with COSEPUP.
PHILLIP A. GRIFFITHS
CHAIR
COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND PUBLIC POLICY
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