Capitalizing on Investments in Science and Technology (1999)

GERALD P. DINNEEN (working group chair) was Foreign Secretary of the National Academy of Engineering from 1988 until 1995. He was previously Vice President of Science and Technology at Honeywell Corporation and, from 1977 to 1981, he was the Assistant Secretary of Defense and Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering. He has had a long affiliation with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) since 1953 when he joined the MIT Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, Massachusetts. He advanced through many positions to become the Director, 1970-77, and concurrently, a Professor of Electrical Engineering, 1971-81. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1975 and serves on many advisory committees and boards for the National Research Council and in government. He has been elected to the Engineering Academy of Japan, the Swiss Academy of Technological Sciences, and the Royal Academy of Engineering of the United Kingdom.

PETER DIAMOND is an Institute Professor at MIT, where he has taught since 1966. He received his B.A. in Mathematics from Yale University in 1960 and his Ph.D. in Economics from MIT in 1963. He is a member of the Board of the National Academy of Social Insurance, for which he has been President and Chair of the Board. He has been President of the Econometric Society and Vice-President of the American Economic Association. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Member of the National Academy of Sciences, and a Founding Member of the National Academy of Social Insurance. He was the recipient of the 1980 Mahalanobis Memorial Award and the 1994 Nemmers Prize. He has written on public finance, social insurance, uncertainty and search theories, and macroeconomics.

MILDRED S. DRESSELHAUS is currently an Institute Professor of Electrical Engineering and Physics at MIT. She has been active in the study of a wide range of problems in the physics of solids, especially topics related to carbon-based materials such as carbon fibers, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes. Millie was awarded the National Medal of Science in November 1990, was elected to the National Acad-

emy of Engineering (NAE) in 1974, and to the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1985, and the Engineering Academy of Japan. She has been a member of both Councils of NAE and NAS, the Governing Board, and has served on numerous committees and as NAS Treasurer from 1992 to 1996. She has served as President of the American Physical Society and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

M.R.C. GREENWOOD is Chancellor of the University of California, Santa Cruz, a position she has held since July 1, 1996. As chief executive, Chancellor Greenwood oversees a comprehensive teaching and research institution with combined undergraduate and graduate enrollments of approximately 10,850 matriculated students and an annual total budget of $265 million. In addition to her position as Chancellor, Dr. Greenwood also holds a UCSC appointment as Professor of Biology.

Prior to her UCSC appointments, Chancellor Greenwood served as Dean of Graduate Studies and Vice Provost for Academic Outreach at the University of California, Davis, taught at Vassar College, and served as Associate Director for Science at the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) in the Executive Office of the President. During 1998, she served as President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and also has served on the National Science Board. She received her undergraduate degree at Vassar College and her Ph.D. from The Rockefeller University. Her research interests are in developmental cell biology, genetics, physiology, and nutrition.

PHILLIP A. GRIFFITHS (COSEPUP Chair) has been Director of the Institute for Advanced Study since 1991. He was the Provost and James B. Duke Professor of Mathematics of Duke University from 1983 to 1991. In 1983, he was the Dwight Parker Robinson Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University. Dr. Griffiths, who served as a member of the National Science Board, became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1979. He chaired the Board on Mathematical Sciences from 1986 to 1991 and chaired the Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications in 1992. He was the recipient of the LeRoy Steele Prize given by the American Mathematical Society and the Dannie Heineman Prize of the Academy of Sciences at Gottingen.

J. TOMAS HEXNER is president of Hex, Inc. Mr. Hexner brings an entrepreneurial approach to government and business. He was the business founder of the Genetics Institute and the business catalyst for the founding of Thinking Machines Corp. Mr. Hexner was one of the first Harvard MBAs to focus on economic development and has consulted on privatization, external debt, and the effectiveness of state enterprises.

DANIEL MCFADDEN is Director of the Department of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley. His university experience includes E. Morris

Cox Chair and Professor of Economics at UC-Berkeley, Sherman Fairchild Distinguished Scholar at Cal Tech, and Director for the Statistics Center and Economics Professor at MIT. His memberships include Economic Advisory Panel of NSF, Executive Committee of TRB, President of Econometric Society, Executive Committee Member and Vice-President of American Economics Association (AEA). He was the recipient of the John Bates Clark Medal from AEA and the Frisch Medal, and is member of the National Academy of Sciences.

PAUL M. ROMER studied mathematics and physics as an undergraduate at the University of Chicago and received his Ph.D. in economics from there in 1983. He has been a faculty member in the Department of Economics at the University of Rochester, the University of Chicago, and the University of California, Berkeley. Since July 1996, he has been a Professor of Economics in the Graduate School of Business at Stanford. He is a fellow of the Econometric Society, a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research, a Senior Research Fellow of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, and the Royal Bank Fellow of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research.

Professor Romer's Ph.D. thesis was the opening shot in a new round of debate about growth and government policy. When he wrote his thesis, most work in macroeconomics focused on government policies that would encourage capital accumulation or fine-tune aggregate demand with adjustments to monetary and fiscal policy. This neoclassical approach to macroeconomics treated scientific discovery, technological change, innovation, and productivity growth as peripheral concerns in national economic policy. New growth theory moves these concerns back toward the center of macroeconomic analysis. It suggests that for a developing country, the most important government policies may be those that determine the rate of technology transfer from the rest of the world. For an advanced economy, the most important policies may be the ones that influence the rate of technological innovation in the private sector.

MORRIS TANENBAUM was the Vice-Chairman of the Board and Chief Financial Officer of AT&T from 1988 to 1991. He began his career at Bell Telephone Labs on the technical staff, held various positions at Western Electric Company, including Vice-President of the Engineering Division and Vice-President of Manufacturing, before returning to Bell Labs in 1975 as Executive Vice President. In 1978, he became President of New Jersey Bell Telephone Company, returned to AT&T as Executive Vice-President, Corporate Affairs and Planning in 1980, becoming the first Chairman and CEO of AT&T Communications in 1984.

WILLIAM JULIUS WILSON is the Lewis P. and Linda L. Geyser University Professor at Harvard University. He was formerly Lucy Flower University Professor of Sociology and Public Policy at the University of Chicago. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Education, former member of the President's Committee

on the National Medal of Science, and past President of both the American Sociological Association and the Consortium of Social Science Associations. He was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1998.

BRUCE ALBERTS (ex-officio), President of the National Academy of Sciences, is a respected biochemist, recognized for his work in both biochemistry and molecular biology. He is noted particularly for his extensive study of the protein complexes that allow chromosomes to be replicated, as required for a living cell to divide. Bruce is a past Chair of the Commission on Life Sciences. He has served on the faculties of Princeton University, and as Vice-Chair and Chair of the University of California, San Francisco, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics. Being committed to the improvement of science education, he has dedicated much of his time to education projects in San Francisco elementary schools.

JAMES J. DUDERSTADT is President Emeritus and University Professor of Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan. He received his B.A. from Yale University in 1964 and his doctorate in engineering science and physics from the California Institute of Technology in 1967. He joined the faculty of the University of Michigan in 1968 and has served as Professor of Nuclear Engineering, Dean of the College of Engineering, and then as Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs. He was elected President of the University of Michigan in 1988 and served in that role until July 1996. He received the National Medal of Technology for exemplary service to the nation, the E.O. Lawrence Award for excellence in nuclear research, and the Arthur Holly Compton Prize for outstanding teaching. He has served as Chair of the National Science Board, Chair of the Board of Directors of the Big Ten Athletic Conference, and Chair of the Executive Board of the University of Michigan Hospitals. He also serves as a director of the Unisys Corporation and CMS Energy Corporation. He has been a member of the National Academy of Engineering since 1987, and a member of the Executive Council since 1997.

MARYE ANNE FOX, a chemist and member of the National Academy of Sciences, is North Carolina State University's twelfth chancellor. Before this appointment, Marye Anne was the M. June and J. Virgil Waggoner Regents Chair in Chemistry and Vice President for Research at the University of Texas at Austin. Her research interests include physical organic chemistry; organic photochemistry; organic electrochemistry; chemical reactivity in nonhomogeneous systems; heterogeneous photocatalysis; and electronic transfer in anisotropic macromolecular arrays. Marye Anne currently serves on the Council of the NAS, its Executive Committee, and the Committee on Science, Education, and Public Policy. After U.S. Senate confirmation in 1990 of her nomination to the National Science

Board, she served as its Vice-Chairman (1994-96) and chaired its Committee on Programs and Plans (1991-94). She has served on the Texas Governor's Science and Technology Council, has chaired the Chemistry Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and advises its Center for Science, Technology and the Congress. She has served on advisory panels for the U.S. Army, the Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, and the National Institutes of Health and on 14 editorial boards, including a stint as associate editor of the Journal of the American Chemical Society. She has served on boards of the Texas Environmental Defense Fund, Texas Agribusiness Council, Texas Food and Fiber Commission, W.R. Grace, and Oak Ridge Associated Universities.

RALPH E. GOMORY has been President of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation since 1989. Following his university position as Higgins Lecturer and Assistant Professor at Princeton, he joined IBM in 1959, becoming Vice-President in 1973, and Senior Vice-President for Science and Technology from 1985 to 1989. A member of both NAS and NAE, he has received the Lanchester Prize in 1963, the John von Neumann Theory Prize in 1984, the IEEE Engineering Leadership Recognition Award in 1988, and the National Medal of Science in 1988, the Arthur M. Bueche Award of the National Academy of Engineering in 1993, and the Heinz Award for Technology, the Economy and Employment in 1998. He was named to the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology in 1990 and served until March 1993.

RUBY P. HEARN is Senior Vice-President of The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the largest health care philanthropy in the United States. The Foundation has awarded over two billion dollars in grant funds since its inception as a national philanthropy in 1972. As a member of the executive management team, Dr. Hearn participates in strategic program planning with the president and executive vice-president and serves as a special advisor to the president and as the Foundation's liaison within the nonprofit community. Dr. Hearn has had the major responsibility for oversight and program development of initiatives in maternal, infant, and child health; AIDS; substance abuse; and minority medical education. Dr. Hearn received her M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in biophysics from Yale University and is a graduate of Skidmore College. She is a Fellow, Yale Corporation. She served on the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors for the 1995 Special Olympics World Summer games in Connecticut, among others. Dr. Hearn is a member of the Institute of Medicine and its governing Council, the National Academy of Sciences Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, the Board of Directors of the Council on Foundations, and the Science Board for the Food and Drug Administration, and is also serving on the Advisory Committee to the Director, National Institutes of Health.

PHILIP W. MAJERUS has been Co-Director of the Division of Hematology Oncology at the Washington University School of Medicine since 1973. He holds

concurrent positions as Professor of Biochemistry and Professor of Medicine at the Washington University School of Medicine, as Chairman of the James S. McDonnell Foundation's Program for Molecular Medicine in Cancer Research, as Chairman of NAS Section 41, Medical Genetics, Hematology, and Oncology, and as Chairman of the Board of Scientific Advisors National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. He was Chairman of the Searle Scholars Program (1989-1993), President of the American Society of Clinical Investigation (1981-1982) and of the American Society of Hematology (1991). Philip is an NAS and IOM member and is a Fellow with the American College of Physicians, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is on the editorial board of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

SAMUEL PRESTON became Dean of the School of Arts and Sciences of the University of Pennsylvania in January 1998 and has been a faculty member in Sociology since 1979. He is a scholar of population studies with expertise in technical demography and the analysis of mortality and family structure. He has served twice as Chair of the Penn's Department of Sociology, three times as Chair of the Graduate Group in Demography, and as Director of Penn's Population Studies Center and Population Aging Research Center. Dr. Preston is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and its Institute of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Philosophical Society. Earlier in his career he served as a faculty member at the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Washington. He was Acting Chief of the Population Trends and Structure Section of the United Nations Populations Division from 1977 to 1979. Dr. Preston holds a B.A. from Amherst College and a Ph.D. in Economics from Princeton.

KENNETH SHINE (ex-officio) is President of the Institute of Medicine and Professor of Medicine Emeritus at the University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine. He is UCLA School of Medicine's immediate past Dean and Provost for Medical Services. He was Director of the Coronary Care Unit, Chief of the Cardiology Division, and Chair of the Department of Medicine at the UCLA School of Medicine. Dr. Shine has served as Chairman of the Council of Deans of the Association of American Medical Colleges, and was President of the American Heart Association. His research interests include metabolic events in the heart muscle, the relation of behavior to heart disease, and emergency medicine.

IRVING L.WEISSMAN is Karel and Avice Beekhuis Professor of Cancer Biology, Professor of Pathology, and Professor of Developmental Biology at Stanford University. Dr. Weissman was a member of the Scientific Advisory Board, Amgen (1981-1989), the Scientific Advisory Board, DNAX (1981-1992), the Scientific Advisory Board, T-Cell Sciences (1988-1992). He cofounded SyStemix in 1988. He was also Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Board, SyStemix from 19881997 and he was a member of the Board of Directors, SyStemix from 1988 to

1997. His main research interests are hema topoletic stem cells, lymphocyte differentiation, lymphocyte homing receptors, and phylogeny of the immune system.

SHEILA E. WIDNALL received her B.Sc. (1960), M.S. (1961), and Sc.D (1964) in Aeronautics and Astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She was appointed Abby Rockefeller Mauze Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1986. She served as Associate Provost, MIT from 1992 to 1993 and as Secretary of the Air Force from 1993 to 1997. Professor Widnall stepped down from her position as Secretary of the Air Force on October 31, 1997, to return to her faculty position at MIT. As Secretary of the Air Force, Dr. Widnall was responsible for all the affairs of the Department of the Air Force including recruiting, organizing, training, administration, logistical support, maintenance, and welfare of personnel. During this time, the Air Force issued its long-range vision statement: Global Engagement: A Vision for the 21st Century Air Force, which defined the path from the Air and Space Force of today to the Space and Air Force of the next century. Dr. Widnall was also responsible for research and development and other activities prescribed by the President or the Secretary of Defense. She cochaired the Department of Defense Task Force on Sexual Harassment and Discrimination.

Since returning to MIT, she has been active in the Lean Aerospace Initiative with special emphasis on the space and policy focus teams.

WILLIAM A. WULF (ex officio) is President of the National Academy of Engineering. The former NAE Councilor, Dr. Wulf was AT&T Professor of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Virginia. He has served as Assistant Director of the National Science Foundation, Chairman and CEO of Tartan Laboratories, Inc., and as Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. Dr. Wulf has been a member of NAE since 1993, and has served as Chair of the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board.