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JEROME NAMIAS
249
clear en c! easily iclentifiecI. Isentropic trajectories often car-
riec! the high-level moisture southwarc! into the southern
states, even though the surface wincis were blowing from
the south. Thunderstorms occurrec! where the creep moist
air enhancer! convection, which normally is impeclec! by
entrainment of ciry air aloft. Summer thunderstorms over
the Great Plains of the Uniter! States clic! not occur haphaz-
arcIly, but they frequently mover! in clusters in upper-air
moist currents that flower! in great anticyclonic systems in
micI-troposphere. Eliassen (1986) notes! later that he en c!
his contemporaries, who hac! stucliec! Namias's aerological
papers before the war, were amazes! to see that someone
their age (twenty-three) hac! written such extraordinary pa-
pers. Eliassen further notes! that isentropic analysis has pro-
viclec! the basis for much of moclern meteorological insta-
bility theory developed later by Charney and others.
EXTENDED-RANGE FORECASTS
It was another aspect of Namias's research, though, that
was to capture his attention en c! eventually become part of
his identity. Namias was the junior member Graduate assis-
tant) of the team that was trying to clevelop extenclec! fore-
casting on time scales on the order of a week. According to
Hecht (1986), this was reporter! in the New York Times as:
"The weather bureau has enTistec! the air! of experts from
several universities in starting a study of long-range fore-
casting." According to Namias (1986), "It soon became clear
that none of us knew what we were cloing, other than color-
ing charts with rec! en c! blue crayons." In fact, Namias was
instrumental in cleveloping the scientific basis for experi-
mental forecasts for times (then) as far as five clays into the
future.~3
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
WORLD WAR II
The military services became especially interested in MIT's
extenclec! forecast work (1941), en c! it was eventually cle
ciclec! to shift the extenclec! forecasting project to Washing-
ton, where it wouIc! be closer to defense preparations for
the looming war. Namias was asker! to take a one-year leave
of absence from MIT en c! heat! up the controversial project.
According to Namias (1986), "Our reception by some of
the weather bureau personnel was not exactly corclial . . .
attempting forecasts for a perioc! of five clays in advance
was Thought to be] utterly foolish." Namias was to heat!
the extenclecI-range forecast ct~v~s~on tor the next thirty years,
en c! he wrote a monograph on extenclec! forecasting tech-
niques, which was promptly stamper! conficlential. A few
years later, this monograph was declassified, brought up to
ciate, en c! printer! for general distribution ~947).
During the war, Namias supervisec! an historical sea-level
map project,~4 lectured Air Force cadets, Navy officers, and
civilians at various university training centers, en c! macle
extenclec! predictions for many wartime events. Namias re-
ceivec! a citation from Navy Secretary Frank Knox for his
sea-state forecasts for the North African invasion.~5 Namias
also macle forecasts for favorable periods for the transfer of
clisablec! vessels to other ports for repair, estimates of the
likely course of incendiary balloons from Japan, favorable
en c! unfavorable conditions for the possible invasion of {a-
pan, and certain aspects of the meteorology for bombing
raids. i6
~ . . . ~ . .. . .
NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION
After the war, meteorology changer! to a more computa-
tional science. At the Institute of Acivancec! Stucly in
Princeton, Johnny von Neumann initiates! a project in nu
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JEROME NAMIAS
25
merical forecasting with the use of the supercomputer of
the clay. This project involves! rule Charney, Phil Thomp-
son, Johnny Freeman, Hans Panofsky, Ragnar Fjortoft, Arnt
Eliassen, Joe Smagorinsky, Norm Phillips, en c! many others.
Charney clevelopec! the first successful numerical forecast
using the barotropic moclel, which Namias hac! been em-
ploying for several years following Rossby's classical 1939
work. Namias (1986) was font! of noting that "at the first
meeting to discuss the new Princeton endeavor, to which
about 35 of the nation's top meteorologists were invites! to
give acivice, no one suggested, as a starting point, the
barotropic model!" Although Namias was photographed with
the group that macle the first forecast (see Namias, 1986),
he was really only peripherally involvecI. His role was mainly
to make sure the computer-generatec! forecasts resembles!
the real atmosphere.~7
CONFLUENCE
Rossby, who returnee! to Swollen after the war to fount!
the International Institute of Meteorology, subsequently in-
vitec! Namias to Stockholm. There Namias investigates!
variations in upper airflow patterns. Particularly notewor-
thy was his study (1949) of confluence with his long-time
colleague Phil CIapp. Confluence en c! cliffluence qualita-
tively describe asymmetric variations in the upper-level wincis.
At the upper levels, the strongest climatological wincis or
jets occur off the coast of Eurasia en c! North America (anc!
over North Africa). In the entrance region to these jets, a
thermoclynamically direct circulation occurs. That is, warm
air rises in the south en c! sinks in the north. In the clifflu-
ent regions over the ocean, an opposite indirect circulation
occurs. As cliscussec! by Newton (1986) confluence theory
has been increasingly stucliec! in recent meteorological lit
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252
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
erasure (jet streaks) en c! its popularity will grow as we gain
more experience unclerstancling vertical circulations.
INDEX CYCLE
Namias's stay in Swollen resultec! in another notable pa-
per, a stucly of the inclex cycle (1950), the slow wintertime
phenomenon when the westerlies first slowly Electing en c!
then recover in a cycle of about four to six weeks. As notes!
by Lorenz (1986) the zonal influx, or blocking variations,
appears to happen at about the same time each spring en c!
carry with it alterations in the positions en c! intensities of
the centers of action. Implicit in this en c! other work was
the fact that synoptic scale systems often went through a
cycle in about a week, only to return in similar form in the
following week or so, suggesting quasi-perioclicity, although
Lorenz notices! that the motions were actually chaotic. Lorenz
further noted that these kinds of studies were forgotten for
some time because of the advent of numerical prediction.
It was only much later that people began to realize that
even these kinds of slowly varying and seemingly predict-
able phenomena were in fact quite sensitive to initial con-
ditions. Models to date have not been wholly successful in
predicting the onset or clemise of high en c! low inclex con-
ditions.
Because of their potential for prediction, people will con-
tinue to search for these en c! other perioclicities. Namias
(1986) wrote that Irving Langmuir, the Nobel laureate, had
trier! to show that his seecling of cloucis in New Mexico was
responsible for establishing a weekly perioclicity in many
meteorological elements as far away as the Ohio Valley.
Langmuir became greatly interested! in Namias's work en c!
invites! him to spenc! a few clays with him at General Elec-
tric Company's Knolls Laboratories near Schenectady, N.Y.
"Although he worked hard to convince me that the period
o
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JEROME NAMIAS
257
SST anomalies, whereas these same early GCM experiments
at least shower! some sensitivity to tropical SSTs.
Namias sometimes has been iclentifiec! as a strict propo-
nent of only micI-latitucle SST effects, in part because he
was somewhat skeptical that influences from remote tropi-
cal SSTs conic! overwhelm influences from local SST anoma-
lies. According to Smagorinsky (1986), this discounting of
tropical effects was clue in part to the stanciarc! weather
bureau Northern Hemisphere maps, to which Namias hac!
access.25 Still, when the TOGA (Tropical Ocean, Global At-
mosphere) program was launchecI, Namias was a strong sup-
porter, although he probably would have been a stronger
supporter if it had been named GOGA (global ocean, gio-
bal atmosphere). Namias's many teleconnection en c! micI-
latitucle air-sea studies hac! convincer! him that knowlecige
of the global ocean en c! global atmosphere ultimately wouic!
be required. Despite Namias's tropical skepticism, he clic!
clo some seminal ENSO (El Nino Southern OscilIation) work.
As notes! by van Loon (1986), Namias (1976) was the first
person to describe both extremes of the ENSO cycle, as
well as its association with temperate latitucle wine! systems
over the North Pacific. Perhaps more characteristically
though, Namias en c! Dan Cayan (1984) clemonstratec! the
lack of uniqueness in micicIle latitucles for different El Nino
years. In much of his work (micI-latitucle en c! equatorial),
Namias hac! the encouragement of I. Bjerknes, the great
pioneer in El Nino en c! Southern Oscillation studies, who
was stationer! nearby at the University of California, Los
Angeles, en c! who worker! with Namias on the NORPAX
program.26
SEASONAL FORECASTS
Even though Namias officially hac! retiree! from govern-
ment service in 1971, several requests for forecast informa
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258
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
lion from high government sources continuccI. Among these
requests were estimates of the character of the forthcoming
winter over the East cluring the oil embargo of 1974. After
several cold winters, Namias predicted that this critical win-
ter would be mile! en c! on the basis of that prediction, the
Carter administration cleciclec! not to issue gas-rationing carcis.
More weather en c! climate aberrations occurrec! cluring
the winter of 1976-77, when the Far West sufferer! a severe
drought en c! the eastern two-thircis of the nation was very
coicI, with frequent snows. These abnormalities were associ-
atec! with large anomalies in upper-air wine! patterns en c! in
North Pacific sea-surface temperatures. The pressure pat-
terns hac! a strong ricige in the Far West en c! a strong trough
over the East. Namias wrote, "These patterns were remark-
ably stable from month to month over a six-month interval
from fall to winter, so that a persistence forecast wouic!
have been quite successful. Of course, one wouIc! have hac!
to know in advance that the period was to be so persistent."
Namias (1978) suggested that several premonitory signs
shower! up in the fall of 1976, inclucling the forcing Pacific
SST patterns, atmospheric flow patterns with strong tele-
connections, an E! Nino in the tropics, and some early snows,
providing enhanced baroclinicity along the eastern seaboard.
All of these factors and the suggested enhancement by the
normal general circulation led to an excellent forecast for
the 1976-77 winter.
Many numerical studies of this abnormal winter have since
been concluctecI. At a large NATO-sponsorec! workshop in
Italy both foe Smagorinsky of GFDL en c! Namias were in-
vitec! to speak. Namias cliscussec! the synoptic en c! statistical
characteristics of the meteorological situation, as well as his
intuitive forecast. Smagorinsky then clescribec! the results
obtained by Miyakoda, a member of Smagorinsky's staff at
Princeton, which employer! a sophisticates! mocle! to pre
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JEROME NAMIAS
259
clict the weather for the entire month of January 1977, us-
ing the ciata of January I, 1977, as initial ciata. Impressed
by Miyakoda's predictions, Namias stated that he felt privi-
legec! to be present at this public unveiling, much as he
hac! been present on the occasion of the first numerical
forecast macle a few clecacles earlier in Princeton. Later, less
skillful numerical forecasts reinforcec! his often-statec! opin-
ion that machines wouIc! never replace human forecasters,
rather, they wouIc! be only a too! forecasters user! at long
ranges.
To conclucle, one of Namias's major accomplishments at
Scripps was to help clevelop an experimental climate fore-
cast center where novel techniques conic! be clevelopec! en c!
restec! before being put into operation by the weather ser-
vices. Namias was among several meteorologists who testi-
fiec! before congressional committees about the clesirability
of passage of this act, en c! he was especially impressed by
the interest en c! questions of Senator Hubert Humphrey
en c! Representative Charles Mosher, as well as those of Sena-
tors Alan Cranston, AcIlai Stevenson, {r., among others. Even-
tually the National Climate Act was passed, ant! in the
· , , ~1 ,1
ensuring competition among peers, Namias en c! Scripps col-
leagues obtainer! the first such center for Scripps begin-
ning in 1981. This center has continues! to thrive, as has
the Climate Research Division, which he founclec! earlier.
Namias's work thus hac! come full circle. From the earli-
est beginnings at MIT, where he was a junior member of a
project devoted to making experimental five-day forecasts,
to the Scripps Experimental Climate Prediction Center, where
he starter! experimental seasonal forecasting efforts, Namias
was the extreme forecaster.
Namias was so much more than his moclest description
of himself (Namias, 1986~: "A goof! synoptic meteorologist
who was fortunate enough to have been on the scene when
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260
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
great advances were being macle en c! one who
natec! in some of the advances." Namias was an inspiration
to several generations27 of meteorologists en c! climatolo-
gists, not only from the podium of a large lecture hall, but
also in one-on-one conversations. He, therefore, rightly gath-
erec! a number of honors over the years. The most gratify-
ing of all these honors was his election to the National
Academy of Sciences. Namias wrote, "Something I thought
would never happen because of the fuzzy nature of my field
of research en c! my poor formal background.... It is an
honor that strengthens my belief in our system, where a
person is jucigec! solely on the basis of his contributions."
r
.
. . partici
EDUCATION
Durfee High School, Fall River, Massachusetts
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1932-34, 1940-41, M.S.
degree
University of Michigan, 1934-35
University of Rhode Island, honorary D.Sc
Clark University, honorary D.Sc., 1984
AWARD S
., 1972
1938 Meisinger Award, American Meteorological Society
1943 Citation from Navy Secretary Frank Knox for weather
forecasts in connection with the invasion of North Africa
1950 Meritorious Service Award, U.S. Department of Commerce
1955 Award for Extraordinary Scientific Accomplishment,
American Meteorological Society
Rockefeller Public Service Award
1965 Gold Medal Award, U.S. Department of Commerce
1972 Rossby fellow, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
1977 Visiting scholar, Rockefeller Study and Conference Center,
Bellagio, Italy
1978 Headliner Award (Science), San Diego Press Club
1981 Sverdrup Gold Medal, American Meteorological Society
1984 Compass Distinguished Achievement Award, Marine
Technology Society
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JEROME NAMIAS
261
Associates Award for Research, University of California, San
Diego
1985 Department of Commerce Certificate of Appreciation
SOCIETIES
American Academy of Arts and Sciences (fellow)
American Association for the Advancement of Science (fellow)
American Geophysical Union (fellow)
American Meteorological Society (fellow), councilor 1940-42,
1950-53, 1960-63, and 1970-73
Board of Editors, Geofisica Internacional, Mexico
Explorers Club (fellow)
Mexican Geophysical Union
National Academy of Sciences
National Weather Association
Royal Meteorological Society of Great Britain
Sigma Xi
Washington Academy of Sciences (fellow)
NOTES
1. Namias liked to say that predicting human behavior was the
most complex problem.
2. The cooperative observer was a millionaire.
3. His father was an optometrist for the immigrant New England
Mill Workers and wanted Terome to follow in his footsteps much
like his older brother.
4. Namias would give a detailed exposition to anyone who would
listen on where the climate system had been and where it was headed,
while pointing out many pertinent features on some of the many
synoptic maps covering his office walls.
5. Namias may be the only member of the National Academy of
Sciences with no undergraduate degree.
6. C. Rossby and T. Bjerknes were members of this school.
7. As noted by Fultz (1986), Namias was instrumental in intro-
ducing air mass concepts to the U.S. community.
8. The aviation industry has always been highly dependent on
and a strong supporter of the National Weather Service. Standard
products and forecasts are tailored precisely for that industry.
9. A number of other bad forecasts are mentioned in Namias's
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262
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
(1986) autobiography, including one on his honeymoon.
10. According to Lorenz (1986), the paper by Rossby and col-
laborators (1939) may be one of the best-known meteorological
papers ever published.
11. Harry Wexler would eventually go on to become chief of re-
search at the National Weather Service.
12. Among the many paintings of Edith Namias is the cover of
the National Academy of Sciences' "GOALS" document.
13. Extended-range forecasts at five days are standard weather
service medium-range forecast products; the weather service, as well
as many other groups, are now making even longer range seasonal
forecasts.
14. As noted in a Namias memorial talk given by van den Dool at
the 22nd Annual Climate Diagnostics Workshop, this was really the
first major reanalysis project. All the major numerical weather pre-
diction centers have since carried out major reanalyses, which now
involve both model predictions as well as observations.
15. Sverdrup and Munk developed the oceanographic prediction
techniques, which depended on estimates of the wind systems over
much of the North Atlantic several days in advance.
16. According to Edith Namias, because men's lives were at stake,
this was the most stressful period of Namias's life.
17. Many years previously (ca. 1920) the great British scientist
Richardson made the world's first numerical forecast and was nota-
bly wrong by many orders of magnitude.
18. According to Edith Namias, because of Rossby and all his
parties, their stay in Sweden was very pleasant.
19. Later re-named the Rossby Research Medal.
20. Rasmusson (1998) noted that the field of numerical weather
prediction then developing eclipsed empirical research for the next
several decades, which resulted in a real decline in budget dollars
for Namias's empirical efforts.
21. His long-time collaborator Phil Clapp was also retiring at the
same time, and Clapp also passed away in 1997, a few weeks after
Namias.
22. As noted by Cayan (1998), Namias's collected works (1984)
contain the same number of papers before Scripps (73) as the num-
ber written after his work began there (72).
23. Namias was among the first to describe interdecadal variabil
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JEROME NAMIAS
263
ity, which was later amplified by other collaborators (e.g., Dickson
and Namias, 1976; Douglas et al., 1982) and is now being reinvestigated
with modern coupled models and improved data sets.
24. Some of this insensitivity was probably due to the model used,
which was part of the early generation of general circulation mod-
els. Other models have since shown greater sensitivity to global
SSTs.
25. Not too many years ago, only information north of 20N was
included in almost all weather map displays.
26. NORPAX was an outgrowth of the Scripps North Pacific Stud-
ies started earlier by John Isaacs.
27. Namias often mentioned the time when someone came up to
him after a lecture and congratulated him on following in his father's
footsteps.
REFERENCES
Anthes, R. A., and Y.-H. Kuo. 1986. The influence of soil moisture
on circulations over North American on short time scales. Namias
Symposium, 1986, ed. J. O. Roads. Scripps Institution of Ocean-
ography Reference Series 86-17.
Cayan, D. 1998. Tribute to Jerome Namias: The Scripps era. Namias
Symposium on the Status and Prospects for Climate Prediction.
78th annual meeting of the American Meteorological Society,
Phoenix, Ariz.
d'Ursin, P., and J. O. Roads. 1988. Jerome Namias: The world and
I. Time Magazine Publications.
Eliassen, A. 1986. A method pioneered by Jerome Namias: Isen-
tropic analysis and its aftergrowth. Namias Symposium, 1986, ed.
J. O. Roads. Scripps Institution of Oceanography Reference Se-
ries 86-17.
Fultz, D. 1986. Residence times and other time scales associated
with Norwegian air mass ideas. Namias Symposium, 1986, ed. J.
O. Roads. Scripps Institution of Oceanography Reference Series
86-17.
Gilman, D. L. 1986. Expressing uncertainty in long-range forecasts.
Namias Symposium, 1986, ed. J. O. Roads. Scripps Institution of
Oceanography Reference Series 86-17.
Ghil, M. 1988. Namias Symposium, 1986, ed. J. O. Roads. Bull. Am.
Meteorol. Soc. 69:418-19.
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264
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Haney, R. L. 1986. Some SST anomalies I have known, thanks to T.
Namias. Namias Symposium, 1986, ed. T. O. Roads. Scripps Insti-
tution of Oceanography Reference Series 86-17.
Hecht, A. D. 1986. Certificate of achievement. Namias Symposium,
1986, ed. T. O. Roads. Scripps Institution of Oceanography Refer-
ence Series 86-17.
Lorenz, E. N. 1986. The index cycle is alive and well. Namias Sym-
posium, 1986, ed. J. O. Roads. Scripps Institution of Oceanogra-
phy Reference Series 86-17.
Newton, C. 1986. Global circulation to frontal scale implications of
the confluence theory of the high tropospheric jet stream. Namias
Symposium, 1986, ed. T. O. Roads. Scripps Institution of Ocean-
ography Reference Series 86-17.
Rasmusson, E. 1998. Tribute to Jerome Namias: The pioneering
years. Namias Symposium on the Status and Prospects for Cli-
mate Prediction. 78th annual meeting of the American Meteoro-
logical Society, Phoenix, Ariz.
Smagorinsky, T. 1986. The long-range eye of Terry Namias. Namias
Symposium, 1986, ed. T. O. Roads. Scripps Institution of Ocean-
ography Reference Series 86-17.
Taba, H. 1988. The Bulletin interviews Dr. Jerome Namias. WMO
Bull. 37:156-69.
van Loon, H. 1986. The characteristic of sea level pressure and sea
surface temperature during the development of a warm event in
the southern oscillations. Namias Symposium, 1986, ed. J. O. Roads.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography Reference Series 86-17.
Walsh, T. 1986. Surface-atmosphere interactions over the continents:
The Namias influence. Namias Symposium, 1986, ed. J. O. Roads.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography Reference Series 86-17.
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S E L E C T E D
JEROME NAMIAS
B I B L I O G RAP H Y
1934
265
Structure of a wedge of continental polar air determined from Serological
observations. MIT course. Professional notes no. 6.
Subsidence within the atmosphere. Harvard Meteorological Stud-
ies. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
1936
An introduction to the study of air mass analysis. Bull. Am. Meteorol.
Soc. vol. 17:1-84.
Structure and maintenance of dry-type moisture discontinuities not
developed by subsidence. Mon. Weather Rev. 64:351-58.
1938
Thunderstorm forecasting with the aid of isentropic charts. Bull.
Am.Meteorol.Soc.19~1~:1-14.
1939
With C.-G. Rossby and others. Relation between variations in the
intensity of the zonal circulation of the atmosphere and the dis-
placement of the semi-permanent centers of action. 7. Mar. Res.
2:38-55.
1941
With H. C. Willett and R. A. Allen. Report of the five-day forecast-
ing procedure, verification and research as conducted between
July 1940 and August 1941. Papers in Physical Oceanography and
Meteorology. MIT and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
IX(1) :1-88.
1947
Extended forecasting by mean circulation methods. Extended Fore-
cast Section, U.S. Weather Bureau, pp. 1-89.
1949
With P. F. Clapp. Confluence theory of the high tropospheric jet
stream. 7. Meteorol. 6:330-36.
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266
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1950
The index cycle and its role in the general circulation. 7. Meteorol.
7~2) :130-39.
1953
Thirty-day forecasting: A review of a ten-year experiment. Meteoro-
logical Monograph No. 2. American Meteorological Society.
1955
Some empirical aspects of drought with special reference to the
summers of 1952-54 over the United States. Mon. Weather Rev.
83: 199-205.
1959
Recent seasonal interactions between North Pacific waters and the
overlying atmospheric circulation. 7. Geophys. Res. 64:631-46.
1968
tong-range weather forecasting: History, current status and out-
look. Bull Am. Meteorol. Soc. 49:438-70.
1970
With B. M. Born. Temporal coherence in North Pacific sea-surface
temperature patterns. 7. Geophys. Res. 75:5952-55.
1972
Space scales of sea-surface temperature patterns and their causes.
Fish. Bull. 70:611-17.
1975
Northern Hemisphere seasonal sea level pressure and anomaly charts,
1947-1974. In CalCOFI Atlas 22, eds. A. Fleminger and J. Wyllie.
La Jolla, Calif.: Scripps Institution of Oceanography. 243 pp.
The contributions of J. Bjerknes to air-sea interaction. In Selected
Papers of facob Aall Bonnevie Bjerknes, ed. M. G. Wurtele, pp. 16-18.
North Hollywood, Calif.: Western Periodical Co.
1976
With R. R. Dickson. North American
i
influences on the circulation
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JEROME NAMIAS
267
and climate of the North Atlantic sector. Mon. Weather Rev. 104:1255-
65.
Negative ocean feedback systems over the North Pacific in the tran-
sition from warm to cold seasons. Mon. Weather Rev. 104:1107-21.
Some statistical synoptic characteristics associated with E1 Nino. 7.
Phys. Oceanogr. 6:130-38.
1978
Multiple causes of the North American abnormal winter 1976-1977.
Mon. Weather Rev. 106:279-95.
1979
Northern Hemisphere seasonal 700-mb height and anomaly charts,
1947-79, and associated North Pacific sea surface temperature
anomalies. In CalCOFI Atlas 27, ed. A. Fleminger. La Tolla, Calif.:
Scripps Institution of Oceanography. 275 pp.
1981
Teleconnections of 700-mb height anomalies for the Northern Hemi-
sphere. In CalCOFI Atlas 29, ed. A. Fleminger. La Tolla, Calif.:
Scripps Institution of Oceanography. 265 pp.
1982
With A. V. Douglas and D. Cayan. Large-scale changes in North
Pacific and North American weather patterns in recent decades.
Mon. Weather Rev. 1 10:1851 -62.
1983
The history of polar front and air mass concepts in the United
States An eyewitness account. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 64:734-55.
1984
With D. Cayan. E1 Nino: Implications for forecasting. Oceanus 27:41-
47.
Short Period Climatic Variations. Collected Works of I. Namias, vols. I-IV.
San Diego: UCSD Press.
1986
Autobiography. Namias Symposium, ed. T. O. Roads. Scripps Institu-
tion of Oceanography Reference Series 86-17.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
biographical memoirs
