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Appendix A
EOS Instrument Descriptions
MODIS-T MODERATE RESOLUTION IMAGING
SPECTROMETER TILT
Imaging spectrometer for the measurement of biolog-
ical and physical processes on a 1 km x 1 km scale.
Scanning instrument covering a 150~km swath cen-
tered at nadir, with a 0° to 30° scan mirror tilt for
sun avoidance. Spectral range of 0.4 to 1.04 Em in 64
bands, any 17 selectable for telemetering.
MODIS-N MODERATE RESOLUTION IMAGING
SPECTROMETER—NADIR
Imaging spectrometer for the measurement of biolog-
ical and physical processes on a 1 km x 1 km and a
0.5 km x 0.5 km scale. Scanning instrument covering
1500 km swath centered at nadir. Spectral ranges of
0.4 to 2.3 ~m, 3 to 5 ~m, and 6.7 to 14.2 ,um. At-
mospheric sounding channels under study. Total of 40
bands, 27 at 1-km and 13 at 0.5-km resolution.
Descriptions courtesy of NASA.
113
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HIRIS HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTROMETER
Spectrometer providing highly programmable local-
ized measurements of biological and geological pro-
ce~es at a spatial resolution of 30 m. Pointable instru-
ment with a 5~km-swath coverage, viewing accessible
areas up to 30° off track. Spectral coverage of 0.4- to
2.5-pm at Ram resolution. 210 spectral bands.
TIMS THERMAL IMAGING SPECTROMETER
Spectrometer providing high-resolution thermal imag-
ing capability to the HIRIS for biological and geo-
logical measurements. Instrument will be bore-sighted
with HIRIS to provide 30-m resolution over a 5~km
swath. Its spectral range will cover from 3.0 to 5.0 ,um
and from 8.0 to 14.0 am, for a total of 8 bands of 50-
and 50~nm spectral resolution.
AMSR ADVANCED MECHANICALLY SCANNED
RADIOMETER
Radiometer providing measurements of atmospheric
water vapor, precipitation, and snow and ice extent.
Rotating antenna assembly scans the Earth in the for-
ward velocity direction +75° to the subsatellite track
for a swath of 1400 km. Resolution varies from 20 km
to 2 km over the six frequencies of 6.0, 10.65, 18.7,
21.3, 36.5, and 91 GHz. Both H and V polarizations
are available. Antenna size is approximately 4 m x 7
m.
ESTAR ELECTRONICALLY SCANNED THINNED
ARRAY RADIOMETER
Microwave radiometer providing high-resolution soil
moisture measurements using aperture synthesis tech-
niques. Single-frequency instrument at 1.4 GHz. An-
tenna size 18 m x 18 m covering a swath of 900 km.
Approximate temperature resolution of 1K.
AMSU ADVANCED MICROWAVE SOUNDING UNIT
(A and B)
Microwave radiometer providing measurements of at-
mospheric temperature and humidity. Twenty-channel
instrument divided into AMSU-A and AMSU-B su~
systems. AMSU-A primarily provides atmospheric
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LASA
SAR
ALT
temperature measurements from the surface up to 40
km In 15 channels; i.e., channels at 23.8 GHz, 31.4
GHz, 12 channels between 50 and 60 GHz, and 89
GHz. Coverage is approximately 50° on both sides of
the suborbital track, with an IFOV of 50 km. Tem-
perature resolution equivalent to 0.25 to 1.3K. AMSU-
B primarily provides atmospheric humidity measure-
ments in 5 channeb at 89 GHz, 166 GHz, and 183 GHz
(3 channeb). Coverage ~ the same as AMSU-A, with
an IFOV of 15 km and a temperature resolution of I.0
to 1.2K.
LIDAR ATMOSPHERIC SOUNDER AND
ALTIMETER
Lidar system(~) for the measurement of total column
content water vapor, water vapor profiles, aerosob
and clouds, atmospheric state parameters, ozone, ice
sheet mass balance, and land topography. System ini-
tially uses a 1.25-m-diarneter telescope and multiple-
wavelength selective laser systems tailored to spe-
cific measurement areas. Telescope is a fixed nadir
viewing system, which may be modified for scanning
and/or aperture size change. Growth version of the
SISP LASA for the measurement of tropospheric con-
stituents and atmospheric-state parameters. Multiple-
wavelength meter class telescope/laser system with
pointing and/or scanning capability. Water vapor and
ozone profiles together with pressure and temperature
measurements are system goals.
SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR
Imaging radar for all-weather studies of surface pro-
cesses for land, vegetation, ice, and oceans. Resolution
of 30 m over a swath width of approximately 100 m in
width from 20° to 60° on either side of the subsatellite
track. C, L, and X band frequencies with H and V
polarizations.
ALTIMETER
Microwave system for the study of ocean topography
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and topographical measurements over ice. Two-m-
diameter antenna for Tom precision height measure-
ment over the oceans. System operates at 13.5 GHz
with a subsatellite swath of 2 to 15 km. N-ROSS capa-
bility of less than 5-cm altitude accuracy, 0.5-m or 10
percent significant wave height precision, 2-m/s wind
speed accuracy.
CR
SCATT SCATTEROMETER
Microwave system for the measurement of wind stress
over the oceans. System provides measurement along
two parallel swaths from 120 km to 700 km on either
side of the subsatellite track. System has a Unstick an-
tenna configuration, 1-m/s wind speed and 10° angular
resolution are goal measurements.
CORRELATION RADIOMETER
Instrument for measurement of constituents in the tro-
posphere using selective absorption gas cell radiome-
try. Nominal 4.3° field-of-view, +5° to nadir. Pro-
vides global distribution of carbon monoxide and other
species, with limited vertical resolution.
NCIS NADIR CLIMATE INTERFEROMETER
SPECTROMETER
Michelson interferometer-type instrument for the mea-
surement of temperature profiles and tropospheric con-
stituents, i.e., H2O, NO3, CH4, etc. Approximate
spectral coverage of 6.0 to 40 ,um. Nominal 5° field-of-
v~ew.
LAWS LASER ATMOSPHERIC WIND SOUNDER
Lidar system for direct tropospheric wind measure-
ments. System corsets of a 1.25-m-diameter rotating
telescope (3 rpm) with a half-cone angle of 53°. In-
strument covers a swath area of 300 km x 300 km for
wind measurements of 1 m/~.
IR-RAD INFRARED RADIOMETER
Radiometer for the measurement of upper atmospheric
temperature, winds, and certain atmospheric species.
A multiband, cryogenically cooled instrument, which
views the limb over an approximate 100° x 1.9° scan
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PMR
MLS
field-of-view. Measures temperature, ozone, and trace
species distribution with approximately 3-km vertical
resolution.
PRESSURE MODULATED RADIOMETER
Radiometer measuring emissions from selected atmo-
spheric constituents and providing global maps of at-
mospheric temperature and constituents abundance.
Multichannel infrared instrument using pressure-
modulated gas cells for detection of selected species.
Views the Earth's limb perpendicular to the flight
path. Approximate resolution Is 2.6 km at the Innb.
MICROWAVE LIMB SOUNDER
Microwave radiometer that detects and measures the
distribution of trace chemical species in the upper at-
mosphere. Radiometer is a multifrequency antenna
system, which scans the Earth's I~rnb and detects the
thermal emulsion of trace species at selected frequen-
cies of 83, 119, 183, 205, and 231 GHz. Nominal
vertical FOV of 3 to 10 km; horizontal FOV of 10 to
30 km at the limb.
SUB-MM SUBMILLIMETER SPECTROMETER
Advanced spectrometer technology that detects and
measures the distribution of trace chemical species
in the upper atmosphere. Instrument is a scanning
heterodyne system that views the limb with an FOV
of approximately 1.8° to 80°. Improved resolution over
the MLS. Measures trace species such as OH and HCL.
VIS-UV VISIBL~ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETER
Multiple spectrometer system for measuring trace
species in the upper atmosphere using selected e~riis-
sion lines. Instrument is a multiple-grating, high-
resolution (3 to 10 A) spectrometer covering the wave-
length range of from 300 to 12,000 A.
F/P-INT FABRY-PEROT INTERFEROMETER
Interferometer system measuring wind and tempera-
ture in the upper atmosphere. Instrument consists
of a multiple-etalon interferometer fed by a gimbaled
telescope, which views the limb in the 1~ to 5~km
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altitude region to measure the absorption features of
oxygen and scattered light bands and to measure the
atmospheric emission features in the 60 to 30~km
altitude region. Measures the vector wind field to less
than 5 m/~.
CIS CRYOGENIC INTERFEROMETER
SPECTROMETER
A combined cryogenically cooled Michelson interfer-
ometer and multichannel radiometer (Ebert type),
sharing a common narrow field-o£view telescope. In-
strument views the Earth's Innb and measures emus-
sions from trace constituents and temperature in am
proxanately five wavelength bands.
SCM SOLAR CONSTANT MONITOR
Instrument for the precise solar total irradiance moni-
toring during the solar cycle. Active cavity radiometer-
type instrument. Accuracy of 99.9 percent at solar
total irradiance level. Wavelength coverage of 0.001 to
1,000 ,um. Total irradiance of 0 to 200 W/m2. Field-
o£view of +5° with +1° for solar pointing.
SUSIM SOLAR UV SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE MONITOR
Instrument system for the measurement of solar UV
fluxes and their changes over a solar cycle. Full Ask
solar spectral irradiance measurement. Two double
dispersion scanning spectrometers, one for measuring
solar flux and the second to measure the output of
calibration lamps. Wavelength coverage from 120 to
400 nm with spectral resolution of 0.1, 1.0, and 5.0
nm.
ERBI
EARTH RADIATION BUDGET INSTRUMENT
Multiple-channel instrument for the measurement of
the Earth's radiation budget on a regional, tonal, and
global scale, using selected fields of view. Instrument
response is from 0.2 Em to 50 Em with selective filters.
Instrument uses the Sun as a calibration source. The
instrument is divided into a scanning and nonscanning
portion for the selective measurements.
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MRIR
ATSR
AVHRR/2 ADVANCED VERY HIGH RESOLUTION
RADIOMETER (MOD 2)
Visible/infrared radiometer for the measurement of
cloud cover, sea surface temperature, and the maw
ping of ice and snow. Also used to measure vegeta-
tion cover. Five-band radiometer system covering the
spectral range of 0.58 to 12.5 ~m, i.e., 0.58 to 0.68,
0.7 to 1.1, 3.55 to 3.93, 10.3 to 11.3, and 11.5 to 12.4
~m. 1-km IFOV, 160~km swath, centered at nadir.
Sea surface temperature resolution of less than 1K.
AVHRR/3 operable on NOAA-K through M will have
a tune-shared modified channel 3, i.e., 3a 1.57 to 1.78,
3b, 3.55 to 3.93 am for cloud cover detection. Also
channel 2 will change to 0.82 to 0.92 ,um to eliminate
a water vapor absorption.
MEDIUM RESOLUTION IMAGING RADIO-
METER
Ten-band scanning radiometer for improved sea sur-
face temperature, cloud mapping and the monitoring
of surface processes in vegetation coverage. Four addi-
tional bands to the AVHRR/3, i.e., 0.45 to 0.52, 0.52
to 0.60, 2.08 to 2.35, and 6.5 to 6.7 ~m. Improved spa-
tial resolution of 250 to 500 m, with a ground swath
of 2230 km.
ALONG TRACK SCANNING RADIOMETER
IR radiometer with a scanning technique that views
the same point from two different angles, providing an
improved atmospheric correction. Three-band system
at 3.7, 11, and 12 ~m. 1-km spatial resolution with
a 50~km-swath coverage. Temperature resolution am
prox~nately 0.1K.
ARGOS FRENCH DATA COI,LECTION and LOCATION
SYSTEM
(ADCES) Data collection and location system for drifting plat-
forms and balloons. 401.65~MHz operating frequency
for a drifting buoy location accuracy of 1 km and speed
determination of 0.3 m/s.
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GOMR GLOBAL OZONE MONITORING RADIOMETER
An atmospheric sounding instrument measuring radi-
ances and solar IR radiances at the top of the atmo-
sphere to provide ozone column amounts, ozone verti-
cal profiles, and solar UV fluxes. Instrument operates
in 13 bands over the wavelength region of 273.5 to 380
nm. The GOMR has a nadir FOV of 11.3°, equivalent
to a spatial resolution of 169 km.
HIRS/2 HIGH RESOLUTION IR SOUNDER (MOD 2)
Scanning radiometer for temperature and moisture
profiles. Twenty-band system covering the wavelength
regions of 3.76 to 14.96 am with an albedo measur-
ing channel centered at 0.69 ~m. Cross-track scan is
+49.5°, equivalent to a ground swath of 2230 km cen-
tered at nadir. Ground IFOV ~ 20 km in diameter.
HIRS/3 mod will change the band pass of channel 20
to a broad response, i.e., 0.3 to I.1 Em or 0.4 to 1.8
,um.
MEA
SEM
MULTILINEAR ARRAY
Conceptual system consisting of targetable and global
coverage instruments for the study of land processes.
Global Repetitive Coverage Seven-band instrument
covering the wavelength regions of 0.45 to 0 9, 1.55
to 2.35, and 10.4 to 12.5 ~m. Thirty-meter resolu-
tion in the visible, near, and middle infrared regions.
Sixty-meter resolution in the thermal infrared. 185-km
swath width.
Targetable Coverage Thirty-two-band (8 selectable) in-
strument covering the wavelength regions of 0.45 to 1.1
and 1.2 to 2.4 ~m. Ten-meter resolution In the visible
and near infrared, Am resolution in the middle in-
frared. Stereo and cross-track viewing +30° nominal.
SPACE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITOR
(ADVANCED CONFIGURATION)
A group of seven sensors for in situ measurement of
plasma parameters.
Total Energy Detector (TED) Measures total energy
deposited by magnetospheric electrons and protons in
the range of 0.3 to 20 keV.
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Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detector
(MEPED) Four directional sensors and an omni-
directional sensor for measuring protons, electrons,
and ions in the range of 30 to greater than 60 keV.
Precipitating Proton-Electron and Cumulative-Dose
Spectrometer Measures electron dose over the 1- to 1~
MeV range and protons of greater than 20 MeV. The
spectrometer measures the precipitating electrons and
ions in 20 energy bands between 30 eV and 30 keV.
ionospheric Plasma Monitor Measures ambient elec-
tron and ion density and temperature.
Scanning Gamma- and X-Ray Sensor Measures x-ray
intensity as a function of energy from 2 keV to 100
keV.
X-Ray Energy Detector Measures x-ray energies in the
range of 25, 45, 75, and 115 keV.
High Frequency Receiver Monitors the ionospheric nome
breakthrough frequency used in ionospheric forecast-
~ng.
GEODYNAMICS LASER RANGING SYSTEM
Laser Ranging System for the study of crustal move-
ments. Range measurements made in tectonically ac-
tive regions and across tectonic plate boundaries us-
ing arrays of retroreflector targets acquired by the
satellite system. System uses frequency double-mode
locked Nd:YAG laser: 20 millijoules at 532 nm, 0.1
milliradians divergence with a 10 pulses/second repe-
tition rate. Receiver telescope has a diameter of 18 cm
and a ranging/tracking precision of 0.01 milliradians.
Ground spot diameter, 80 m at nadir. Data is used
to monitor intersite distances associated with crustal
motion.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
imaging spectrometer
