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OCR for page 187
Cumulative Index
A
AADI (adjusted acceptable daily intake),
(6)171
2-AAF (2-acetylaminofluorene), (6)145
Abbreviations, definitions of, (6)218-219
Abortions, spontaneous, (see spontaneous
abortions), (6)
ABS, (see acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene).
(4)
Absorption, (1); (4); (6); (8); (9)
of chemical agents. (1)29
extrapolation of, (8) 139- 140
gastrointestinal, (8) 122
measurement by DNA adducts, (9)7
process in GI tract, (6)210-211
rate of, (8) 121
rates, differences between species, (1)32, 53
skin, (8) 122- 123
systemic, (6)257
(see metabolism), (4)
Acanthamoeba species, (1) 113
Acceptable daily intake (ADI), (3)2, 25; (5);
(6) 171, 254, 257, 296, 410-411
aldicarb, (5) 12; (6)309
arsenic, (5)123
carcinogens, considerations of, (3)36-37
chronic exposure, (3)29-37
di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (6)358, 410
dose-response methodology, (3)31-37
nitrofen, (6)379
187
no-adverse-effect level, (3)31
p-dichlorobenzene, (5)27
trichlorfon, (6)408
uncertainty factors, (3)36
Acceptable risk, (1)24
Acculturation and hypertension, (1)407-409
Acetaldehyde, (1)686-687; (6)50; (7)152-
153
effects on animals, ( / )687
effects on man, (1)686
Acetic acid (AA), (7) 134- 135
Acetone, chloroform precursors (2) 158
Acetonitrile, (4)202-906; (7)43
health effects, (4)204-205
metabolism, (4)203-204
SNARL, (4)205-206
TWA standard. (4)203
(see also nitrites). (4)
2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), (6)145;
(9)26, 27
Acetylcholinesterase (6)306; (9)
inhibitors, (9) 146- 159 170
Acetylsalicylic acid toxicity, (/)37
ACGIH, (see American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists)
(1); (3); (6)105
Acicular crystals, (1) 144- 147, 158- 159
Acidity, high pH conditions (2)86
Acinetobacter, (2)309
Acneiform skin eruptions, iodine effects
(3)306
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188 CUMULATIVE INDEX
A/C pipe, (see asbestos-cement pipe), (4)
Acrocyanosis, (1)324
Acrolein, (1)553, 554-556, 798; (7)152
toxicity, (1)554-555
Acroosteolysis, (1)784
Acrylaldehyde, (see acrolein), (1)
Acrylamide, (6)118, 297-303; (9)26-27,
61 -63
ADI, (6)410
carcinogenic risk estimate, (6)301-302,
410
carcinogenicity, (6)300
developmental effects, (6)302
health aspects in humans, (6)298-299
health aspects in other species, (6)299-
302
lifetime cancer risk estimate, (6)410
metabolism, (6)298
mutagenicity, (6)300
SNARL, (6)410
studies needed, (6)409
tumor incidence, (6)301
Acrylonitrile toxicity, (3)71-76
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene pipe, (4)4, 13
ACSL language, (8)232-233
Actinom!'ces, (2)309
Action potential (6) 111
Activated carbon. (see granular activated
carbon), (2)
Activated charcoal, (2)319
Acute diseases. waterborne, (4)5
bacteria. protozoa, and viruses implicated
in, (4)137
defined, (4) 138
outbreaks of, (4) 140- 149
Acute effects, (7)
of chlorophenols. (7) 170- 172
of chloropicrin. (7) 165- 166
of haloacetonitriles, (7)159
of haloacids, (7) 138- 139
of haloaldehydes. (7) 146- 147
of haloketones, (7) 155
of monochloramine. (7)93-94, 95
of trihalomethanes, (7) 117- 118
Acute exposure, (3); (9)58
risk estimation, (3)26-28
A:D ratio (ratio of adult to developmental
toxicity), (6)28. 273
Additive, (3); (6)
effects in drinking water, (3)27
risk, (6)242
Additives, food, ( / ) 15; (9) 123
Adenine arabinoside model, (8)58
Adenomas, hepatocellular, (8)459
Adenoviruses, (1)3, 88, 90, 96, 108
Adequate and safe intake, (3)372
chromium, (3)366, 372
copper, (3)313, 372
fluoride, (3)280, 372
manganese, (3)334, 372
molybdenum, (3)361, 372
potassium, (3)294, 372
selenium, (3)325, 372
sodium, (3)287, 372
ADI (acceptable daily intake), (I ) 15- 16,
492, 701; (3); (6)
factors in calculating, (1)15
toxicological evaluation standard. (1) 15
(see acceptable daily intake), (3); (6)
Adjusted acceptable daily intake (AADI),
(6)171
Administered and delivered doses. (8)330.
447-455
Administered dose, (6)261, 262
Adrenal glands, (1)
degeneration, ( / )724
necrosis, ( I )724
ADSIM language, (8)232
Adsorbed compounds. chemical changes,
(2)323-324
Adsorbents, (2)
adsorption efficiency, (2)337-356
chemical degradation, (2)340
physical degradation, (2)340
water treatment, analytical methods,
(2)356-365
Adsorption, ( / ); (2)
activated carbon, (2)262
absorbents efficiency (2)337-356
catalysis, on clays, ( / ) 141
competition extent, (2)267
equilibrium models, (2)267
humic acid, by anion exchange resins.
(2)342
humic substances, (2)277
isotherms, (2)260-267, 342-343, 348
microbial activity reactions, (2)294-299
microorganisms, (2)9
organic compounds on resin adsorbents.
(2)350
pathogenic transport, (I ) 13
percent removal data. (2)347
polymeric adsorbents efficiency. (2)347-
353
OCR for page 189
CUMULATIVE INDEX 189
water treatment, (2)256
Adult to developmental toxicity, ratio of
(A:D ratio), (6)28, 273
Adverse dose response, defined, (1)802
Aerobacter, (4)29
Aerosols, (1) 140
Afferent nerve fibers, (6)107
Aflatoxin, (9)22, 25, 27
Aflatoxin B1, (6)76
AFP (cx-fetoprotein), (6)47
Aged nervous system, (6) 124- 125, 126- 127
Aggregates, disinfection effects, (2)9- 11
Aggressiveness Index, (4) 19
A/C pipe and, (4)20-21, 49-57, 61
A/C pipe degradation and, (4)44-45, 58
adjustment, (4)58
applications of, (4)20-23
Agonists, (6) 121
AHH (aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase), (6)318
Air, (6); (8)
excretion into, (8) 142- 143
exposure through, (6)260
PCP concentrations in, (6)384
Air pollution, (1)373; (2)
control, (2)270-271, 332-336
interaction with cigarette smoking, (1)50
Alachlor, (1)525, 527-530
dose effects, (1)527-528, 796
toxicity data, (1)529
Alcaligenes, (2)309
Alcohol, (1); (3)
ethyl, (see acetaldehyde), (1)
interactive effects, (1)50
magnesium depletion effects, (3)274
Aldehydes, (1)553; (2)
chlorite reactions, (2) 195
Aldicarb, (1)635, 637-643; (5)9, 10-12;
(6)303-309; (9)133, 134, 157-158
acute effects, (5)11
ADI, (5) 12; (6)309, 410
anticholinesterase activity, (5) 10- 12
carcinogenic risk estimate, (6)410
carcinogenicity, (1)641; (5)11; (6)305
chronic effects, (5)11
developmental effects, (6)305
effects in animals, (1)639-640
effects in man, (1)638-639
health aspects in humans, (5)10-11;
(6)303_304
health aspects in other species, (6)304
305
metabolism, (5) 10
mutagenicity, (5)11, 99; (6)305
SNARL, (5)12, 98; (6)410
studies needed, (6)409
teratogenicity, (5)11
toxicity data, (1)643
Aldosteronism, magnesium malabsorption,
(3)273
Aldrin, (see cyclodienes), (1)
Algae, (1)63; (4)
growth in reservoirs, (4)98-99, 124, 141
polysaccharides produced by, (4) 113
removal, (1) 185
Alicyclics, (4)247, 251
Aliphatic compounds, (2)222-226; (9)65-67
Alkaline earth, (1)
elements, isotopes of, (1)868
metabolism, (1)868
Alkalinity, (I); (4)
A/C pipe effect on, (4)51
high pH conditions, (2)86
Alkalosis potassium deficiency, (3)295
Alkanes, (4)247, 251
Alkylation, (9)9, 11, 14-15
cross-linking, (9) 16- 17
hemoglobin, (9)25, 26, 42
protamine, (9)26-27
O6-alkylguanine, (9)16, 20-21
Alkylmercury compounds, (1)274-275, 278
Allometric, (6); (8)
equations, (8)66-67
relationships, (6) 193- 194
Allometry, (8)65-78
valid and invalid extrapolations of, (8)141
Allyl chloride, (8) 176- 179
Alpha activity, gross, (1)870
Aluminum, (1)210-212, 218; (3); (4)95,
155-167
chloride, (4) 164
daily intake, (4) 156
fluoride interaction, (3)282
health effects, (4) 158- 166
metabolism, (4) 157- 158
nitrate, (4) 164
phosphorus interaction, (3)278
salts, (4) 156, 163
SNARL, (4) 166
sources in human diet, (4)156
sulfate~ (1) 106; (4) 156, 164
uses, (4) 156, 158
Alveolar, (6); (8)
macrophages, (6)207
sacs, (6)205
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190 CUMULATIVE INDEX
space mass-balance equation, (8)262
Alveolar Type I cells, (6)205-206
Alveolar Type II cells, (6)205, 206, 207
Alzheimer senile dementia, (4)160, 167;
(6) 126
Amberlite polymeric absorbents, (2)340, 343
Amebiasis, (1)113, 120-121; (4)5, 138
Amebic cysts, (1) 113, 185
AMEFF (effective concentration of
metabolite), (6) 188, 189
Amercide, (see captan), (1)
American Chemical Society, (9) 101
American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), (1)230
231; (3)101; (6)105
American Water Works Association, (1)206;
(4)
on chlorination, (4) 130
specifications for A/C pipe, (4)46
study of asbestos in drinking water, (4)43
Ames salmonella assay, (7)47-49
Amiben, (1)519-521
ADI, (1)520, 796
Amides, (1)525-533
(see also alachlor, butachlor, propachlor,
propanil), (1)
Amino acids, (7)42-45; (9)25
4-aminobiphenyl, (9)26
Ammonia, (2); (7)14
breakpoint chlorination, (2)20-24, 170
171; (7)28-42
bromine reaction, (2)74, 76, 77
chlorine interaction with, (4)96-97;
(7)60-66
chlorine reaction, (2)18-20; (7)28-42
chlorine water treatment process, (2) 167
hypochlorous acid reaction, (2) 19-20
ozone reaction, (2)42
Amosite, (1)144, 151-152, 162, 165
Amperometric methods, (2)23, 54
Amphiboles, (1) 145- 150, 184
Amsterdam, Netherlands, pilot plants, (2)300
Analytical methods, (2)7
(see also individual disinfection methods),
(2)
Anatomical models, lower respiratory tract,
(8)305-307
Ancylostoma duodenale, (1 ) 115
Androgen-binding protein, (6)56
Androgens, (6)46-48
Anemia, (1)238, 249; (3)
aplastic, (1)586
hemolytic, (1)682
iron deficiency, (3)309
manganese interaction, (3)336
myelocytic, (1)688
Anesthetic gases, (6)72
Aneuploidy, (6) 142- 143
Angiosarcoma, (1); (8)456-457
hepatic, (1)784
Animal(s), (8); (9)
adduct concentration in target tissues,
(9)52
anticholinesterases, (9) 149- 151, 170
carcinogenic risk bioassays and estimates,
(9)7-8, 9, 27, 99-100, 163, 164
chronic exposure, (9)21 -22, 170
DNA adducts as dosimeters, (9)6, 27
DNA adducts, specific, (9)61-77
extrapolation to humans, (9) 109, 110,
112-114
no-observable-effect levels (NOELs) for,
(8)4-5
pharmacokinetic studies in, (8)407-408
polymorphisms in, (8~)146
single-dose exposure, (9)21
tumorigenesis, (9)4, 19-21
Animal data, (6)36
bioassays, (6)5, 151 - 152
concordance of results from human studies
and, (6)20-22
dose-response patterns in, (6) 15- 18
extrapolation of, to humans, (6)18-22
health aspects in, (see health aspects in
other species), (6)
interpretation of, (6)22-28
interspecies extrapolation, (6) 133, 177,
193-201, 264-266
intraspecies extrapolation, (6)264-266
male reproductive toxicity in, (6)57-59
mouse liver model, (6) 145- 147
mouse skin model, (6)143-145
neurotoxicity in, (6) 131 - 133
quality and quantity of, (6)22-25
rat liver model, (6)145-147
rat physiological constants, (6)169
rat pup, vaginal opening time in, (6)88-89
rat sperm production rates, (6)89-90
using, to predict human risk, (6)143-148,
254-255
Animal effects, application to humans,
(1)15, 19, 22, 27-39, 52-54, 55-56,
165-168, 490, 791-792
absorption rates, (1)33-34
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CUMULATIVE INDEX 191
cellular barriers, (1)34
correlating, (1)15, 22
distribution rates, (1)33
excretion rates, (1)33
metabolic differences, (1)30
Animal tests, (1); (3)
acrylonitrile, (3)73-76
antimony, (3)78-80
benzene, (3)83-84
benzene hexachloride, (3)87-88
bromodichloromethane, (3) 189
bromoform, (3) 189
cadmium, (3)93-9S
carbon tetrachloride, (3)96-97
catechol, (3) 191 - 192
chlorite, (3)194
bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, (3)89
chloroform, (3)203-204
bis(2-chloropropyl) ether, (3)90
design of laboratory experiments, (1)34-
37, 56-57
dibromochloromethane, (3)205
dichlorodifluoromethane, (3) 102- 103
1,2-dichloroethane, (3) 105- 110
epichlorohydrin, (3) 114- 122
ethylene dibromide, (3)99-100
glyoxylic acid, (3)209-210
hexachlorobenzene, (3)211 -214
homogeneity of, (1)30-31
iodine, (3)221-224
lifetime feeding studies, (1)19
lindane, (3)87-88
nonanal, (3)226
number, (1)32
PCB, (3)131-133
PCP in, (6)384
resorcinol, (3)229-230
selecting, (1)34-35
size, (1)31
1,1,1 -trichloroethane, (3) 148- 152
trichloroethylene, (3) 158- 164
trichlorofluoromethane, (3)167
uranium, (3) 176- 177
Anion exchange resins, (2)337, 342
regeneration, (2)345-346
THM studies, (2)344
THMFP studies, (2)344
Anions, inorganic, (1) 138- 140
Anisole, (1) 142
Antabuse (disulfiram), (6)364
Antagonistic, (1); (3)
effects in drinking water, (3)27
interactions of water solutes, (1)15
Antagonists, (6) 121
Anthophyllite, (1)144-151, 152
Anthracene, (4)4, 99
Antibodies, (9)
immunoassays and, (9)41
monoclonal, (9)23, 40, 41
polyclonal, (9)40, 41, 42
Anticancer therapy, prospective, (8)
predictions and validations in, (8)431-440
Anticarie, (see HCB). (1)
Anticholinesterase(s), (1); (5); (9)104, 146-
159, 170
compounds, (see aldicarb, carbofuran,
methomyl), (5)
effects, (1)605
Anticonvulsants? magnesium use, (3)274
Antigens, (9)
B(xP-DNA, (9)23, 24
Antimony toxicity, (3)77-80
Antineoplastic agents, (6)3. 44-45
Antiserum, (9)41
Antofagasta, Chile, arsenic in drinking
water, (3)338
Aphelenchus species, (I ) 116
Apparent volume of distribution. (8)31
Aqueous chloramine, (2) 174- 181
(see also chloramines), (2)
Aqueous chlorine, (2) 145- 149
(see also chlorine), (2)
Aqueous chlorine dioxide, (2)
hydrocarbons reactions, (2) 198
properties, (2) 190- 194
(see also chlorine dioxide), (2)
Area under the rate-of-metabolism curve
(AURMC), (6) 175
Area under the target-tissue metabolite-
concentration curve (AUTMC), (6)176
Area under the tissue-concentration curve
(AUTC), (6) 174- 175; (8) 11
Areas under concentration-time curves
(AUCs), (8)256, 471-472
Argyria, (1)290-291
Armitage-Doll multistage model. (6)251;
(8)443
Aroclor, (3)131-133
Aromatic amines, (9)22, 25, 38, 42~ 49
Aromatic hydrocarbons in petroleum, (4)247
248, 249, 252
Arrhythmias, cardiac, (1)782; (5)75
Arsenic, (1)28, 54, 212, 316-344, 428-430;
OCR for page 192
192 CUMULATIVE INDEX
(3); (4)95, 167; (5)viii, 1, 7, 118-123;
(6); (9)74-75
absorption, (1)319
beneficial effects, (1)340-341
biotransformations, (1)320
carcinogenic risk estimate, (5) 122
carcinogenicity, (1)326-331, 336, 339,
429-430
chemical interactions, (1)340
essentiality, (5) 121, 123
lung cancer, (5) 118
maximum contaminant level, (5)121
mutagenicity, (1)331-333, 339, 429
poisoning, (6)230
teratogenicity, (1)339-340, 429
toxicity, (1)320-326, 333-336, 429
trioxide toxicity, (3)342
Arsenic compounds, (I)
arsenates, (1)319-320
arsenic trioxide, (1)319, 328
arsenites, (1)319-321
arsines, (1)321
arsonium, (1)321
Arsenic nutrition, (3)337-345, 374-377
cadmium interaction, (3)344
Arterial blood, (6); (8)
blood concentration, (6)183
mass-balance equation (8)262
Arteriosclerotic stroke, risk estimate studies,
(3)22
(see also cardiovascular disease), (3)
Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH),
(6)318
Asbestiform, (1) 144
Asbestos, (1) 13 144- 168; (3); (4)6; (5)viii,
1, 7, 123-144
amosite. (5) 127, 130- 131, 142
analysis. (1) 155- 159
animal experiments, (5) 141 - 143
aspect ratio, (5) 125
carcinogenic risk estimate, (5) 126- 144
chrysotile, (5) 130- 131, 137, 141, 142
concentrations in water and air, (1)152-
153.189
Connecticut, (5) 135- 136
Duluth, (5) 124, 134- 135
dust and cancer deaths, (1) 160- 163
emission factors. (1)153
endometrial cancer, (5) 137
exposures, (5) 123, 124- 125
gastrointestinal cancer, (5)7, 123,
138, 140-141, 144
health effects including cancer, (1)160-
168, 189-1; (4)3-4, 43, 150
laryngeal cancer, (5) 127
lung cancer, (5) 123, 126- 127, 129, 137
lung problems, (3)356
mesothelioma, (5) 123, 125, 127, 140-
141, 143-144
mineralogy, (1) 145- 150
minerals, (1) 135
occurrence, (1)151-155, 189
oral cancer, (5) 127
Puget Sound area, (5) 137- 139
redistribution, (1) 152- 155
renal cancer, (5) 127
San Francisco Bay area, (5) 125, 136- 137
serpentine rock, (5) 125, 136
solubility, (1) 150- 151
UICC reference samples, (1) 147, 150, 151
Asbestos fibers, (/)
experimental studies. ( I ) 163- 168
sampling and analysis, ( / ) 155- 159
Asbestos-cement pipe, (4)2, 42-61
advantages of, (4)45
city water supplies with asbestos
concentration from, (4)54
composition, (4)45-46
corrosion, (4)3? 22-23
deterioration control (4)58-60
dissolution reactions in, (4)23
EPA tests of, (4)48, 52
field tests on, (4)49-58
laboratory tests on, (4)47-79
mechanisms of deterioration of, (4)49
types of, (4)46
uses, (4)32, 44
vinyl-lined, (4)3-4
water quality and, (4)22, 46-47, 49
water quality indexes and, (4)22, 23, 49
Asbestosis, (/)160; (5)127
Ascaris lumbricoides, ( 1 ) 1 15; (2)97
Aspergillus niger, (2)97
Asphalt, (4) 12
linings of' (4)74-75
Astrocytes, (6)111-112
Atherosclerosis, (1)244
Atomic-absorption, (1); (9)
analytical method (1)226, 227, 235
spectometry' (9)39
Atrazine. (see triazines)~ (1)
Atropine, (5)
treatment for aldicarb toxicity' (5) 11
treatment for carbofuran toxicity, (5) 13
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CUMULATIVE INDEX 193
Attapulgite, (1) 137
Attributable risk, (6)241-242
AUCs (areas under concentration-time
curves), (8)256, 471-472
Aureobasidium pullulans, (I ) 177
AURMC (area under the rate-of-metabolism
curve), (6) 175
Australia, hypertension-salt intake effects,
(3)290
AUTC (area under the tissue-concentration
curve), (6) 174- 175; (8) 11
AUTMC (area under the target-tissue
metabolite-concentration curve), (6) 176
Availability, systemic, (8)453
Average concentration, (8)97
AWWA, (see American Water Works
Association), (4)
Axial dispersion number, (8)87
Axons, (6)107, 110, 111
degeneration of, (6)122
Azinphosmethyl, (1)604-608
carcinogenicity, (1)606
effects, (1)605-606
toxicity data, (1)608
B
Bacillus species, (1)67, 85; (2)93, 309; (7)20
Bacillus anthracis, (2)56-57
Bacillus cereus, (2)45, 84
Bacillus megaterium, (2)45
Bacillus mesentericus, (2)56
Bacillus metiers, (2)76
Bacillus subtilis, (2)75-78, 96, 110;
(3)120
Back-flow, (4)1
health risk from, (4)16
prevention of, (4) 15
Background response, (see risk estimation),
(3)
Back-siphonage and back-flushing, (1)117;
(4)1
biological material from, (4) 126, 131
health risk from (4) 16, 147
occurrence, (4) 15
Bacteria, (1)13, 63-64, 66-88, 119-120,
179- 181, 186; (2); (4); (7)
biofilms and, (4) 112
coliform count, (1)75-76, 119
controlling in water suppl ies, (1) 119- 120
correlations with viruses, (1)110-111
disease potential estimation, (1)69-70
disinfection, (2)12-17; (7)14
dose required for infection, (1)67-69
enteric, (1)67-68
GAC, (2)309
gastrointestinal tracts (1)33
Gram-negative. (2) 15- 16
Gram-positive (2) 15
iron, (4) 14, 29. 122- 123
microbial activity, (2)306-308
Netherlands, effluent, (2)309
nitrate-reducing, (1)417
observed in water distribution system,
(4) 122- 123
polysaccharide compounds produced by,
(4)113
resistance to disinfectants, (2)17
sensitivity to disinfectants, (2) 15
species in effluents, (2)308-310
standard plate count, (1)120
sulfate-reducing, (4)14, 28
sulfur-oxidizing, (4)29, 122- 123
wastewater treatment, (2)309, (see also
biocidal activity), (2)
waterborne disease outbreak and, (4)137;
(~15
Bakery goods, potassium additives. (3)293
294
Balan (benefin), (see dinitroanilines), (I)
Bank filtration, (2)271
B(a)P (benzo(a)pyrene). (6)149
Barbiturates, (3); (6)49
diuretic effects, (3)290
Baritosis, (1)230
Barium, (1)207-208. 210-212, 218, 220-
221, 229-231, 302-305; (4)95. 167-
170
health effects, (4) 168- 169
maximum allowable concentration
reevaluated, (4) 167- 168
recommendation pertaining to, (4)168
SNARL, (4) 170
Base exchange capacity, humic substances,
(1)170
Base mispairing, (9) 15- 16
BASIC language, (8)231-232
Bayesian methods. (8) 190
BDPF, (see bile duct-pancreatic fluid flow).
(3)
Beer, (1); (3)
cobalt additive in. (/)248
diet, sodium effects, (3)291
OCR for page 194
194 CUMULATIVE INDEX
Beggiatoa, (see sulfur-oxidizing bacteria),
(4)
Behavioral teratogens, (6) 106
Behavioral toxicology, (6) 131
Beidellite, (1) 142
Benefin, (see dinitroanilines), (1)
Bennington, Vermont, corrosion field study,
(4)39
Benzene (BEN), (1)28, 54, 142, 688-691;
(2); (3); (4)250, 252; (6)186, 188, 190-
193; (9) 134, 164
airborne, (6)209
carcinogenic risk estimates, (1)690, 794
effects on animals, (1)689
effects on man, (1)688-689
health effects, (4)253-254
homologs, (2)205
metabolism, (4)253
recommendations relating to, (4)254
SNARL, (4)203, 254-255
toxicity, (3)80-86
Benzene hexachloride, (see BHC), (1);
(6)230, 232
Benzidine, (1)731; (9)21
Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), (1)691-694; (4);
(6)149; (9)17. 21, 23-25, 52, 63-64
carcinogenic risk estimates. (1)692, 794
effects in animals, (1)691
effects in man, (1)691
toxicity data, (1)694
(see also polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons), (1)
Benzoics (1)519-525
(see also amiben. dicamba), (1)
Beryllium, (I )211 -212, 218 220, 231 -235,
302-303, 305
beryllosis, (1)234
cancers, (1)234
pulmonary sarcoidosis (1)234
Beta activity gross, (1)870
BHC (benzene hexachloride), (1)583, 585-
594; (3)
carcinogenic risk estimates, (1)591, 794
carcinogenicity, (1)588-590
effects in animals. (1)587-588
effects in man, (1)586
toxicity, (3)86-88
toxicity data, (1)593-594
BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), (6)148,
207
Biases, (6)238
Bid idobacterium species, (1)75
Bile, (3); (8)
duct mass-balance equation, (8)53
duct-pancreatic fluid flow, (3)97
excretion, (8) 116, 122, 142- 143
Binding, (8); (9)3, 27-28, 47
affinity, (8)14
alkylation and, (9)15, 26
B(a)P and tumorigenesis, (9)21, 23-25
co-valent binding, (9)9, 13, 25-26
cytotoxicity, mutation frequency, BPDE I
and, (9)17
drug, (8)88-89
genotoxicity and, (9) 18, 49
glycosyl bonds, (9)16
plasma, (8)90
tissue, (8)90
Bioassays, (1)10, 15, 48, 55, 791; (9)17-18,
125
animal carcinogenesis (9)7-8, 9, 27, 99-
100, 163
DNA adducts, (9)38-42
exposure levels measured, (9)5
in vitro short-term, (9) 17- 18
protein adducts, (9)38, 42
sensitivity and specificity, (9)43-47, 50
(see also immunoassays), (9)
Bioavailability, (8)
fraction of dose absorbed and, (8) 122
gastrointestinal absorption and, (8)122
skin absorption and, (8) 122- 123
Biochemical interactions, toxicity from
chemicals, (3)45-56
Biocidal activities, (2)7-17, 112-119;
(7) 14-26
bacteria, (see individual agents), (2)
bromine, (2)75-81
chloramines, (see chlorine), (2)
chlorine, (2)24-36, 40-41
chlorine dioxide? (2)56-61
dichloramine, (see chlorine), (2)
disinfection properties, (2) 11, 24-25
efficacy, (2)7
ferrate, (2)84-85
high pH conditions, (2)87-90
hydrogen peroxide, (2)92-94
iodine, (2)61 -71
ionizing radiation, (2)95-97
mechanism of action, (see individual
agents), (2)
monochloramine, (see chlorine), (2)
organic chloramines, (see chlorine), (2)
ozone, (2)44-48, 50
OCR for page 195
CUMULATIVE INDEX 195
parasites, (see individual agents), (2)
potassium permanganate, (2)99-101
silver, (2) 103- 105
UV light, (2)110-111
viruses, (see individual agents), (2)
Biocidal dose, UV light, (2)109
Biofilms, (4)5, 109- 123
chemical composition of, (4) 118
chemical properties of, (4) 115- 117, 118
detachment of, (4) 117, 129
fluid frictional resistance affected by,
(4)119
fluid shear forces removal of, (4)129
formation, (4)112- 114
fouling of, (4)109, 117, 118, 126-127
physical properties of, (4)115
reactions with chlorine, (4) 126, 128
thermal conductivity of, (4) 115
transport properties of, (4)115
water quality changes from, (4)112
Biogenic substances, aquatic organic
compounds, (1)29; (2)164
Biologic dosimeters, (see dosages and
dosimetry), (9)
Biological, (1); (4); (6)
action, mechanisms of, (6)240-241
biofilm processes and, (4) 109- 112
contamination control from, (4) 126- 131
dispersal growth of, (4) 129- 131
material in water distribution system,
(4) 109
quality of water, (4)4-5
receptors, (1)29
sources of, (4) 124- 126
toxins, (6) 129
Biologically effective dose, (6)228
Biosorption, (2)295
Bipyridl, (1)543, 544-546
Birth, (1); (6); (8)
defects, (1)389-395; (6)36-37
rate for cells, (8)380
Black water, (4)5, 112, 122
Blackfoot disease, (1)325; (5) 119, 121
Bladder, (7)2; (9)102, 147
cancer, national study, (7)57-58, 196-197
Blastocyst formation, (6) 13
Blood, (4); (5); (7); (8); (9)
carboxyhemoglobin, (8) 169
carcinogenesis, (9) 164- 165
cells, (9)22, 52, 69
hemoglobin, (9)25-26, 42, 58
lead concentration in, (4) 179
plasma, (9)26
pool mass balance, (8)46-47
urea nitrogen (BUN), (5)35, 47-48;
(7)85-86
(see also methemoglobinemia), (4)
Blood pressure, (3); (4); (9)77
barium exposure and, (4) 169, 170
sodium effects, (3)288-289
(see also cardiovascular disease), (3)
Bloom's syndrome and cancer incidence,
(1)43
Blue Plains, Washington, D.C., sewage
effluents, (2)157
Body, (8)
clearance, total, (8)108, 115
mass dependent metric, (8)70-73
regions, (8)39-44
size, in pharmacokinetic models, (8)65-78
weight (BW), (8)18-19, 209
Bolus administration, (8)43
Bone cancer, (1); (3)
disease, (1)282
and radium, (1)17, 894-896. 898
(see also cancer), (3)
Boonton, N.J., chlorine gas equipment,
(2)18
Boston, Mass., trace metal concentration in
water supply, (4)40-41
BPDE (benzo[a]pyrenediolepoxide), (9) 17-
18
Brain, (1); (6)108; (9)
disorders, (1)784
tumors, (9)20
Brainstem, (6)108
Breakpoint chlorination, (2)20-23, 170- 171;
(7)82
Rhine River water, (2) 159
(see also chlorination), (2)
Breakpoint, defined, (7)82
Breast cancer, (1)50-51
Bromacil, (1)537, 540-543
ADI, (1)541 -542, 796
dose levels, (1)540-541, 543, 796
toxicity, (1)543
Bromamine, (1)109; (2)
formation, (2) 183
Bromate toxicity, (3) 181 - 187
Bromide, (2)42, 73; (3)
toxicity, (3) 181 - 187
Bromination, (1); (2)
model compounds, (2) 189
water, (1) 109
OCR for page 196
196 CUMULATIVE INDEX
Bromine, (1)119, 171; (2); (3); (7)
ammonia effects, (2)77
analytical methods, (2)75
biocidal activity, (2)75-81
by-products of disinfection, (2) 182. 184-
189
chemistry, (2)72-74, 182- 189
chloride, (2)72-75, 182- 183
comparative efficacy, (7) 12
c t products? (2)70, 76-80
determination, (2)75
disinfection, (2)36, 72-82
in drinking water disinfection, (7) 13
efficacy against bacteria, (2)75-77
efficacy in demand-free system, (7) 11
efficacy against parasites. (2)79-81
efficacy against virus (2)77-79
mechanism of action, (2)81
notpotable waters, (2) 187- 189
production and application, (2)74-75
properties, (2) 182- 184
temperature effects, (2)78
THM formation, (2) 185
toxicity, (3) 181 - 187
UV spectroscopy, (2)75
Bromism, chloride interaction, (3)301
Bromobenzene, (1)693. 694-695, 793
Bromochloroacetonitrile. (see
haloacetonitriles). (7)
Bromochlorobenzenes, ( I )799
Bromochloromethanes. (2) 151 - 152
Bromodichloromethane, (I )799; (2) 151, 185;
(3)
toxicity, (3)887-888
Bromoform. (1)695-697; (2) 185, 205: (3);
(9)134
toxicity. (3) 189
Bromophenols. (2) 185
Bronchi. constriction of, ( I )782
Bronchial diseases. (I)
bronchitis, (1)238
(see also respiratory diseases). (3)
Bronchiolar cells. (6)207
Brucite-gibbsite materials. (1) 139
Buccal cavity, (6)211
Burns, chemical. (1)699
Butachlor. (1)525, 527-530
dose effects, ( I )527-528. 796
toxicity data, ( I )529
I-butanol. (see butylalcohol, tert-). (I)
Butyl rubber. (4)12
tert-butylalcohol, (1)697-698
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), (6)148,
207
C
C language, (8)231
Cadmium, ( I )207-208, 211 -213, 218, 220
221, 236-241, 302-303, 305-306; (3);
(4)95, 170- 174; (6)
absorption, calcium effects on. (3)271
arsenic interaction, (3)344
chloride, (6)74
corrosion and. (4)2, 32, 35
I,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, synthesis
inhibition, (3)271
health effects, ( I )238-239; (4) 150, 171
172
Itai-Itai disease, ( I )237-239
poisoning, (1)237-239
selenium interaction, (3)328-329
SNARL, (4) 172- 174
toxicity, (3)91-96
zinc interaction, (3)317
Calcitonin, magnesium interaction. (3)274-
275
Calcium, (1); (2); (3); (4)
A/C pipe release of. (4)22
hardness. (4)51
hypochlorite, (1)4; water treatment, (2)35
phosphate, manganese interaction, (3)336
Calcium carbonate, (3); (4)
dissolution, (4)33, 43
saturation, (4)23-24, 30. 60-61
water hardness measure, (3)21
Calcium nutrition, (3)268-271, 374-375
fluoride interaction, (3)282
lead poisoning susceptibility, (3)270
water hardness relationship, (3)272
zinc interaction, (3)317
California, (9) 134, 135, 157
California Department of Health Services,
PVC pipe testing, (4)65
Canada. (3); (9)138
magnesium in water, (3)272
myocardial infarction, accidental death
comparisons. (3)22
Canadian asbestos workers and GI cancer.
(5)128
Cancer. (/)20. 160; (3); (4); (5); (6); (7);
(8); (9)
arsenic effects, (3)343
from asbestos, (1) 13
OCR for page 197
CUMULATIVE INDEX 197
bladder and chloroform risk studies, (3)6
7, (see bladder cancer), (7)
bone, (1)17, 894-896, 898
bone, magnesium malabsorption, (3)273
chemotherapy, (3)29; (9)22
chloroform relationship, (3)5, 7
dose-response models, (1)47-48
endometrium, (5) 137
from fluoridated water, (1)381-389
frequency, (3)5-21
gastric, (1)422, 438
gastrointestinal tract, (1) 162, 165- 167;
(5)7, 123, 126-144
hepatic system, (9)8, 9, 20, 21, 22, 25,
27
kidney, (5)127
larynx, (5) 127
liver and kidney studies, (3) 10
lung, (1)288; (5)118, 123, 126-127, 129,
137; (9)23, 38
mechanisms causing radiation-induced,
(1)885-889
mesothelioma, (5) 123, 125, 127, 140
141, 143-144
model, two-stage, (6)268-271; (8)21
mortality rates and THM relationship,
(3)13-18
Ohio River Valley Basin water quality
studies, (3)11
oral cavity, (5) 127
ovaries, (9)22-23
radiation and, (6)238
risk estimates, lifetime, (6)250-293, 410
411
safety factor approach, (3)38-39
skin, (1)43; (5)118-122
specific, estimating, (1)889-894
stomach, (1)387, 422
theories, statistical models, (1)39-47
(see also carcinogenesis, carcinogenic,
carcogenicity, carcinogens, dose
response, and individual herbicides,
insecticides, metals, and somatic
effects), (1)
(see also carcinogens), (3)
(see also carcinogenicity), (4)
(see also carcinogenic risk estimates,
carcinogenicity, and individual
compounds), (5)
(see also carcinogenic, carcinogenic risk
estimates), (9)
Cancer in humans, (3); (6)
epidemiological studies, (3)1-2, 5-21
skin, Taiwan, arsenic in well water,
(3)343-344; (6)226-249
THM and bladder, relationship, (3)1, 8-9
Cancer incidence, (1)13, 55; (6)230-237
asbestos, (1) 13- 14
fibers, (1)161, 189
radionuclides, (1)16-17, 894-896, 898
rates, (1)40, 49, 55
Candida paraps~los~s, (2) 14, 45
e-caprolactam, (1)698-700
Captan, (1)657, 660-666, 793; (6)75
ADI, (1)796
dose levels, (1)796
effects in animals, (1)662-663
effects in man, (1)661
toxicity data, (1)665-666
Carbamates, (1)635-649; (9)70, 96, 133
136, 140-141, 146-147, 149-150, 170
pesticides? (6)303-314
(see also aldicarb, carbaryl, methomyl),
(1)
(see also aldicarb, diallate, sulfallate), (6)
Carbaryl, (1)642, 644-649, 793; (6)74;
(9)133, 135
ADI, (1)796
carcinogenicity, (1)647
dose levels, (1)796
effects in animals, (1)645-646
effects in man, (1)645
toxicity data, (1)649
Carbofuran, (5)9, 12- 15; (9) 135
acute effects, (5)14
anticholinesterase activity, (5) 12- 14
carcinogenicity, (5) 15
chronic effects, (5) 14
human health effects, (5) 13- 14
metabolism, (5) 13
mutagenicity, (5) 14- l S. 99
SNARL, (5) 15
teratogenicity, (5) 15
Carbon, (1); (2); (4); (6); (7); (8)
activated, (1)186, 224-224
biofilm, (4) 118
catalytic activity, product release, (2)324
325
catalytic surface, (2)316-320
chloroform extracts, (2)165, 252
dioxide, elevated, (6)75
dioxide mass-balance equation, (8)263
filters, (1) 107
fines, (2)325
OCR for page 258
258 CUMULATIVE INDEX
Subchronic toxicology, (1)21
Subfertility, fertility and, (6)63
Substrate concentration, (6)263
Suffolk County, N.Y., diarrhea! disease
outbreak, (4) 141, 146
Suggested no-adverse-response level
(SNARL), (3)3-4, 70; (4)7, 153-154;
(5); (6)10, 257, 396, 410-411; (7)81
acetonitrile, (4)205-206
acute, (5)viii, 2
acute exposure, (3)68-69
aldicarb, (5) 12, 98
aluminum, (4)166
antimony, (3)80
Aroclor, (3) 133- 134
assumptions, (3)69
barium, (4)170
benzene, (3)70, 85-86; (4)203, 254-255
BHC (lindane), (3)70, 88
bromide, (3)70, 186- 187
bromodichloromethane, (3)188
bromoform, (3) 189
cadmium, (3)70, 95-96; (4)172-174
carbon tetrachloride, (3)70, 97-98
catechol, (3)70, 192
chloramines, (3)202
chloramino acids, (3)202
chlorate, (7)110-111
bis(2-chlorethyl)ether, (3)89
chlorinated disinfectants (chlorine dioxide,
chlorate, chlorite, and chloramines),
(4)177-178
chlorine dioxide, (3)70, 196; (7)90
chlorite, (3)70, 197- 198; (7) 110- 111
chloroform, (3)70, 204; (4)209
chlorophenols, (7) 173
bis(2-chloropropyl)ether, (3)91
chronic, (5)viii, 1-3, 97, 98
chronic exposure, (3)69-70
DBCP, (4)214
DCE, (3)110-111
dibromochloromethane, (3)70, 205-206
o-dichlorobenzene, (5)24-25, 98
p-dichlorobenzene, (5)27, 98
dichlorodifluoromethane, (3)70, 103- 104
1,1-dichloroethylene, (5)39-40, 98
2,4-dichlorophenol, (3)70, 207
dinitrophenol, (4)203, 245
dinoseb, (5)49, 98
DMF, (4)222
ECH, (3)70, 123- 124
estimated, (7)193
ethylene dibromide, (3) 100- 101
glyoxal, (3)210
glyoxylic acid, (3)210
haloacetonitriles, (7) 161 - 162.
haloacids, (7)143
HCB, (3)70, 214-215
iodate, (3)224
iodide, (3)70, 224-225
·iodine, (3)224
lead, (4)183
methomyl, (5)59-60, 98
methyl glyoxal, (3)210
methylene chloride, (3)70, 127- 128
monochloramine, (7)99
mononitrophenol, (4)203, 244-245
nitrobenzene, (4)203, 229
PAHs, (4)264
PCBs, (3)70, 133- 134
pentachlorophenol, (6)396, 411
picloram, (5)62-63, 98
resorcinol, (3)70, 230-231
rotenone, (5)70, 98
safety, uncertainty factors used, (3)69
silver, (4) 187
strontium, (4)192
tetrachloroethylene, (3)70, 140- 142
toluene, (3)70, 172- 173; (4)254
1,1,1 -trichloroethane, (3)70, 152- 155;
(5)78
trichloroethylene, (3)70, 164- 166; (5)85,
98
trichlorofluoromethane, (3)70, 167- 168
2,4,6-trichlorophenol, (4)203, 268
trinitrophenol, (4)203, 245, 247
uncertainty factors used in calculations,
(5)2
uranium, (3)70, 177-178; (5)96-97, 98
xylenes, (3)70, 181
Suicide, (8)
enzyme inhibition, (8) 173- 175
inhibitors, (8) 137- 139
Sulfallate, (6)312-314; (9)70-71
ADI, 410
carcinogenic risk estimate, (6)313, 314,
412
carcinogenicity, (6)313
developmental effects, (6)314
health aspects in humans, (6)312
health aspects in other species, (6)312
lifetime cancer risk estimate, (6)410
.metabolism, (6)312
mutagenicity, (6)312-313
OCR for page 259
CUMULATIVE INDEX 259
SNARL, (6)410
studies needed, (6)412
tumor incidence, (6)313
Sulfate(s), (1)425-428; (3); (4)192
corrosion promotion, (4)30
dietary, (3)329
laxative effect, (1)426
reducing bacteria, (4)14, 28
removal, (1)425
Sulfl~ydryl-arsenic reactions, (1)319, 332
Sulfides, (3); (4)5
molybdenum interaction, (3)363
Sulfur, (3); (9)
copper interaction, (3)314
hexafluoride, (9) 141
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, (4)29, 122- 123
Sultan River, asbestos in drinking water,
(5)137
Supernumerary ribs, (6)26
Superoxide ion, (7)68
Surface waters, (1); (2); (3)6-7; (4)10
chlorine, (2) 155- 157
treatment of, (1)206
Surface area adjustment, (8) 17- 19, 160
Sweat, sodium loss, (3)291
Swine, iodine intake, (3)222-223
Swiss Federal Institute for Water Resources
and Water Pollution Control (EAWAG),
(2)203
Switzerland, pilot plant effluent studies,
(2)308
SWMS, (see Seattle Water Metals Survey
Committee), (4)
Symbols, definitions of, (6)218-219
Sympathetic neurons, (6) 115
Sympathoadrenal system, (6)115
Synergism, (9) 131
anticholinesterases, (9) 152- 159, 170
carcinogens, (9)99- 100
defined, (9) 102, 122
dose-additivity models, (9) 153- 154, 156,
157-158, 169
dose- vs response-additivity models,
(9)102-103, 168, 169, 177-181
exposure assessment and, (9)98-99
insecticides, (9)103, 133- 136, 138- 140,
146, 149, 152-156, 159, 170
models, (9) 175- 176
toxic end points, (9) 117, 169
uncertainty factors in model, (9)99, 122-
123, 126, 128-129, 131
Synergistic, (1); (3)
effects in drinking water, (3)27
interactions, (1)15, 32, 36
Synthetic, (2)
carbonaceous absorbents, (2)338
resins, water treatment, (2)255
Systemic, (6); (8)
absorption, (6)257
availability, (8)453
T
Table salt, (see sodium chloride), (3)
Taconite ore tailings, (1) 154
Taiwan, (3)343, 338; (5)
arsenic levels in drinking water, (5)119-
122
Tandem mass spectrometry, (9)39-40
Tapeworms, (1) 115
Target theory, (3)2, 42-43
Target-tissue dose, (6)173
measurement of, (6) 173- 176
Target-tissue metabolite-concentration curve,
area under the (AUTMC), (6) 176
Taste and odor, chlorine in water, (2)144
Taste, water, (4)
biofilms and, (4) 112
chlorination and, (4) 130
TB (tracheobronchial) liquid lining, (8)357-
361
TCA (trichloroacetic acid), (6)202-203
TCCD (tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin),
(6)146-147, 174, 283-284
TCDD (2,3,7,8 -tetrachlorodibenzo- [p] -
dioxin), (1)498, 500-513; (3)
acceptable daily intake, (1)509, 796
carcinogenicity, (1)506
dose lovers, (1)501-506, 796
mutagenicity, (1)505
teratogenicity, (1)506-508
toxicity, (1)500-509, 5]2
TCE, (see tetrachloroethylene,
trichloroethane, trichloroethylene)' (3);
(6)186-188, 189
1,2,3-TCP (1,2,3-trichloropropane), (see
chloropropanes and chloropropenes), (6)
TEAM (Total Exposure Assessment
Measurement) study, (6)260
Technetium-99m, (1)865
Teeth, mottled, (1)395-396
Telone II, (see chloropropanes and
chloropropenes), (6)
Temperature, elevated, (6)75
OCR for page 260
260 CUMULATIVE INDEX
Terata, defined, (1)23
Teratogen(s), (I)lS, 793; (5); (6)11-12
behavioral, (6)106
definition of, (1)800; (5)6
effect on water supplies, (1)16
embryonic organ susceptibility to, (6)14
neuroteratogens, (6)106, 117
psychoteratogens, (6) 118
Teratogenesis, (1)53; (6)274
carcinogenesis and, (6) 1 S
dose, (6~29
effects, (1)16, 53, 897
hazard potential, (6)28, 273
index, relative (RTI), (6)29, 274
lethality and, (6)29
Teratogenicity, (4); (S); (7)
aldicarb, (5)11
aluminum, (4) 165- 166
carbofuran, (S) 1 S
carbon tetrachloride, (S) 17- 18
chlorine dioxide, (7)88-89
chlorobenzene, (5)22
o-dichlorobenzene, (5)24
p-dichlorobenzene, (5)27
1,2-dichloroethane, (5)31
1,1-dichloroethylene, (5)39
1,2-dichloroethylene, (5)43
dichloromethane, (5)45-46
dinitrophenol, (4)243-244
dinoseb, (5)48-49
DMF, (4)221
haloaldehydes, (7) 151 - 152
hexachlorobenzene, (5)56
lead, (4)181, 182
methomyl, (5)59
monochloramine, (7)97-98
nitrobenzene, (4)227
PAHs, (4)263
picloram, (5)62
rotenone, (5)69
tests for, (5)6-7
tetrachloroethylene, (5)73
1, I,1-trichloroethane, (5)78
1, I, I-trichloroethylene, (5)84-85
uranium, (5)96
vinyl chloride, (5)89-90
Teratology, (6)
neuroteratology, (6) l l S- 117
psychoteratology, (6) 118
Terbufos, (9) 136
Terminal half-lives, (8)106
Testes, (6); (9)66
cancer, (9)22-23, 62
dibromochloropropane, (9)65
function, (6)55
histological evaluation of, (6)91-92
1,1,3,3-tetrachloroacetone, (1)799, (see
haloketones), (7)
Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD),
(6)146, 147, 174
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, (3)33-
35
1, 1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, (1)765, 767-770,
798
effects in animals, (1)768
effects in man, (1)767-768
Tetrachloroethylene, (1)769-770; (3)134-
139; (4)4; (5)9, 70-74; (6)209
acute effects, (5)72
carcinogenicity, (5)73
chronic effects, (5)72
health effects, (4)150
human health effects, (5)72
metabolism, (5)71
mutagenicity? (5)72-73, 99
teratogenicity, (5)73
Tetrachloromethane, (see carbon
tetrachloride), (1)
Tetradecanoyl-phorbol- 13-acetate (TPA),
(6)264, 283
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), (6)49
Tetrahydrofuran, in plastic pipe joints, (4)64,
66
Thalidomide, (6)21, 68
Thallium, selenium interactions, (3)328-329
Thames River, England, pilot plant resin
studies, (2)343
THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), (6)49
Theoretical maximum residue contribution
(TMRC), (6)259
Theoretical models, (3)52-54
Thermoplastic pipe, (4)13, 63
Thiamphenicol, (6) 17
Thimet R. (see phorate), (1)
Thiobacillus, (see sulfur-oxidizing bacteria),
(4)
Thiopental pharmacokinetics model, (8)50-
54
Thiram, (see dithiocarbamates), (1)
THM, (see trihalomethanes), (2); (3); (4)
THMFP, (see trihalomethane formation
potential), (2)
Thorium, (1)858, 860; (3)142-144
Th-232, (1)859
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CUMULATIVE INDEX 261
Threadworms, (1)115- 116
Three-compartment model, (8)334, 336, 337
Threshold, (1); (6); (8)
actual, (1)42, 46
dose concept, (1)15, 21, 24-25, 27, 37-
47, 54-55, 58, 873
dose and long-term exposure, (1)27
dose-response curves, effects showing,
(1)37
effect, (8)435-436
issues concerning, (6)252-253, 283
models, (6)269-271
practical, (1)42
radiation doses, (1)21, 865-872
Threshold limit value (TLV), (3)101; (4);
(5); (6)4, 106, 170; (7)82
barium, (4)167, 168
carbon monoxide, (5)44
chlorobenzene, (5)20
1,1-dichloroethylene, (5)32
DMF, (4)215, 216
Thyroid, (1); (3)304
function, decreased, (1)249
gland, (9)62
hormones, (3)302
Thyroiditis, prevalence in Minnesota, (3)306
Thyrotoxicosis, (3)274, 305-306
Thyroxine, iodine content, (3)302
Time, (1); (3); (4); (6); (8)
chronological, (8)69, 73
of exposure, influence of, (6)12-15
integral of tissue exposure, (8)10
physiological, (8)69-76
Time-dependent dosing, (8)467-468
Time-dependent exposure, (8)451-455
Time-dependent physiological and metabolic
changes, (6)200-201
Time-to-response models of carcinogenesis.
(1)48
Time-to-tumor-occurrence models, (3)2, 43-
45
Time-weighted average dose, (8)454
Time-weighted average receptor occupancy,
(8)20
Time-weighted average standard, nitrites,
(4)203
Tin, (1)221, 292-296, 302-303, 315
Tissue(s), (3); (6); (8); (9)
arsenic distribution, (3)339
binding, (8)90
chromium distribution, (3)366
culture systems, (6)277
dose scale-up, (6) 194- 196
dosimetry in risk assessment, (8)8-23
exposure, time integral of, (8) 10
manganese distribution, (3)333, 335
mass balance, (8)48
molybdenum distribution, (3)359-360
nickel distribution, (3)347
partition coefficients, (6) 182; (8)91
perfusion, (8)49
regions, (8)45-47
silicon distribution, (3)355-356
total concentration, (8)49-50
vanadium distribution, (3)352
volume, (8)19
(see histology and histochemistry), (9)
Tissue-concentration curve, area under the
(AUTC), (6) 174- 175
TLV, (see threshold limit value), (3); (4);
(6)4, 106, 170
TMRC (theoretical maximum residue
contribution), (6)259
Tobacco, (9)24-25, 69
TOC, (see total organic carbon), (2)
TOCI, (see total organic chlorine), (2)
Tolerance distribution models, (3)2, 40-41
Tolerated dose, maximum (MTD), (8)6.
432-433, 449, 450
Toluene, (1)770-773; (2); (3)168-172;
(4)250, 252, 254
in drinking water, (2) 159
effects in animals, (1)772
effects in man, (1)771-772
Toluene diisocyanate, o-dichlorobenzene
used in manufacture, (5)22
Total organic carbon, (2)252, 269-270, 302
Total organic chlorine, (2)158
Total Diet Study, FDA, (3)331, 337-338
Total Exposure Assessment Measurement
(TEAM) study, (6)260
Toxaphene, (1)600-604, 796
effects in animals, (1)601-602
effects in man, (1)601
Toxic, (1); (3); (6)
chemicals, (3)2-3, 28-29
dose, maternally, (6)25
effects, mechanisms, (1)58-59
metabolites, short-lived, (6)204
substances, criteria for testing suspected,
(1)16
Toxicants, genetic, (6)155
Toxicity and toxicology, (1)12, 30, 57-58;
(3)3-4, 28-29; (6); (8); (9)
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262 CUMULATIVE INDEX
acetylcholinesterase, (9)147-153, 170
acute, (1)29
assessment of, (8)410-425
biochemical interaction, (3)45-56
chronic, (1)22; (9)9- 10, 11- 13, 21-22,
27
classification of substances, (9)96-97,
104-105, 123-129, 146, 168
commonality, (9) 123 =,
comparison of human and murine, (8)434- (1)
435
cytotoxicity, (9)17, 68
data bases, (9) 119, 170
data selection criteria, (1)15
definition of, (1)803
detoxification, (9)7-9, 28, 57, 103
developmental, (see developmental
toxicity), (6); (9)74, 77
DNA adducts and, (9)1-5, 6, 17-25, 47
52
DNA adducts, specific, (9)61-77
environmental variables affecting, (1)36
extrapolation from animals to man, (1)12,
19, 27-37
genetic, (6) 148- 149
hepatic systems, specific DNA adducts,
(9)68, 73, 75, 77
immunotoxicity, pentachlorophenol,
(6)390-391
inhalation, (6)6
laboratory studies, (1) 19
maternal, (see maternal toxicity), (6)
mechanism of, (8)412-414
mixtures of toxins, (9)95-97, 99-100,
104, 121-131, 170
National Toxicology Program, (9)102,
115-117
neurotoxicity, organophosphorous,
(9) 147- 153; carbamates, (9) 153
nonsaturable pathway, (8)266
oocyte, (6)41-42
phosphorus deficiency, (3)278
reproductive, (see reproductive toxicity),
(6); (9)74
reversibility, (1)23-27, 53
selected contaminants, (6)294-412
skin, (9)63, 65, 67, 71, 75
sperm, (6)55-56
studies of water, criteria for, (1)12, 16, 19
synergistic, (1)36
testing procedures, (6)36, 83-92
tests, laboratory animal, (1)29-37, 55-56
tests, standardized conditions, (1)30-31
xenobiotic substances, (9)3, 9
(see also neurotoxicity), (6)
(see also carcinogenic; DNA adducts,
specific; dosages and dosimetry; genetic
toxicity; inhalation toxicology), (9)
Toxicology Information Network (TOXIN),
(8)247-248
Toxicology studies extrapolation to humans
acute, (1)21, 29
subchronic, (1)21
Toxification, (1)58
Toxiphors, (8)265
2,4?5-TP (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic
acid), (1)509-519
carcinogenicity, (1)515
dose levels, (1)513-515, 796
mutagenicity, (1)5 15
teratogenicity, (1)515-516
toxicity, (1)513-515, 516-517, 519
TPA (tetradecanoyl-phorbol- 13-acetate),
(6)264, 283
Trace elements, (1); (3)
concentrations, (1)218, 220
in drinking water (see metals, trace), (1)
iodine, (3)216
Trace metal content, (1); (4)
Boston, Mass., area, (4)39-40, 41
Chicago, Ill., water treatment system,
(4)35, 36
Tracheobronchial (TB) liquid lining, (8)357-
361
Transcription, (9)13
Transfer constant, (8)27
Transforming genes, (6)142
Transition rate, (8)380
Translocations, (6)80
heritable, (6)80-81
Transport, drug, (8)89-90
Treflan, (see dinitroanilines), (1)
Tremolite, (1) 144, 151
actinolite mineral series, (1)148-149
Triazines, (1)533, 535-539, 796, 798
ADI, (1)796
dose levels, (1)796
toxicity, (1)535-536
Tribromomethane, (see bromoform), (1);
(2)151-152
Trichloramine, (see nitrogen bichloride), (2)
Trichlorfon, (6)396, 397, 398-408; (9)68-
69
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CUMULATIVE INDEX 263
ADI, (6)408, 411
carcinogenic risk estimate, (6)411
carcinogenicity, (6)405-406
cholinesterase activities, (6)402
developmental effects, (6)406
epidemiological study on, (6)244
health aspects in humans, (6)398-400
health aspects in other species, (6)400-
403
metabolism, (6)397-398
mutagenicity, (6)403-405
neurotoxicity, (6)403
reproductive effects, (6)406-407
SNARL, (6)411
studies needed, (6)412
Trichloroacetaldehyde, (see chloral), (1);
(2)165; (7)144
(see also haloaldehydes), (7)
Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), (6)202-203;
(7)34-35, 37, 39, 40, 133, 145-146
(see also haloacids), (7)
2,2,2-trichloroacetic acid, metabolite of
1, 1,1-trichloroethane, (5)74
1,1-trichloroacetone, (see haloketones), (7)
Trichloroacetonitrile, (see haloacetonitriles),
(A
Trichloroacetyl type chloroform precursors,
(7)38
Trichlorobenzene, (1)773-775
1, 1,1-trichloroethane, (3); (5)9, 28, 32, 74-
78; (9) 134
acute effects, (5)75-76
carcinogenic risk estimate, (5)77-78, 98
carcinogenicity, (5)76-78
chronic effects, (5)76
1,2-dichloroethane, (5)28
human health effects, (5)75
metabolism, (5)74-75
mutagenicity, (5)76, 99
SNARL, (5)78, 98
teratogenicity, (5)78
toxicity, (3) 144- 155
tumor incidence, (5)77
1,1,2-trichloroethane, (1)775-777
Trichloroethanol (TCEA), (7) 145- 146
2,2,2-trichloroethanol, metabolite of 1,1,1 -
trichloroethane, (5)74
Trichloroethylene (TCE), (1)777-781;
(2)287; (3); (5)9, 79-85; (6)186-188,
189; (7)145; (9)134, 171-174
acute effects, (5)81
carcinogenic risk estimate, (1)779-780,
794; (5)83-84, 98
carcinogenicity, (5)82-83
chronic effects, (5)81
effects in animals, (1)778
effects in man, (1)777-778
human health effects, (5)80-81
metabolism, (5)71, 79-80
mutagenicity, (5)81-82, 99
SNARL, (5)85
teratogenicity, (5)84-85
toxicity, (3)155-166
toxicity data. (1)7X I
tumor incidence, (5)83
Trichlorofluoromethane, (1)781, 782-783;
(3)
toxicity, (3) 166- 168
Trichloromethane (chloroform), (1); (7)111
(see also trihalomethanes), (7)
Trichloromethyl cyanide, (see
haloacetonitriles), (7)
Trichloromethylnitrile, (see
haloacetonitriles), (7)
Trichloronitromethane, (see chloropicrin), (7)
2,4,6-trichlorophenol, (1)799; (4)264-268
health effects. (4)266-267
metabolism, (4)265
SNARL, (4)203, 268
uses, (4)264
Trichlorophenols, (see chlorophenols), (7)
2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid),
(1)499, 500-513, 796
ADI, (1)509
carcinogenicity, (1)506
dose levels, (1)501-506
esters of, (1)503
mutagenicity, (1)505
teratogenicity, (1)508
toxicity, (1)500-510
1,2,3-trichloropropane (1,2,3-TCP), (see
chloropropanes and chloropropenes), (6)
Trichuris trichiura, (I ) 115
Trifluralin, (see dinitroanilines), (1)
Trihalomethanes (THMs), (2)140; (3)1, 6-7,
13-18, 19, 55-56; (4)3; (7)1-2, 111-
133; (9)103, 134, 135, 140-141, 142,
143
acute effects, (7) 117- 118
anion exchange resins studies, (2)344
carcinogenicity, (7) 122- 129
chlorination effects, (2)5, 8
chlorophyll reaction, (2) 164
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264 CUMULATIVE INDEX
chronic effects, (7) 120- 122
coagulation, (2)9
concentration, (4)97
in CPVC pipe water, (4) 67
formation, (2) 149- 153, 171 - 172, 269
270, 344
formation from chlorine dioxide, (2)S2
formation reactions, (2) 160- 161, 163
GAC, (2)289
health effects in humans, (7) 114- 117
health effects in other species, (7) 117- 129
hypochlorous acid, (2)141
instantaneous, (4)97
metabolism, (7) 112- 114
mutagenicity, (7) 122
NOMS, (2)150-151
nonhaloform products, (2) 153- 154
NORS, (2) 150- 151, 172- 173
potable waters, laboratory studies, (2)186
187
precursors, (2)344-345
production, (2)9
reactions, (4)96
seasonal variation, (2)164
subchronic effects, (7) 118- 120
total, (4)97
U.S. municipal water supplies, (2)150
151
in water supplies, (2) 185- 186
Triiodide, ozone reaction, (2)44
Triiodothyronine, (3)302
Trilobus species, (1) 116
Trimethylbenzene, (1)799
Trinitrophenols, (4)
health effects (4)238-239, 240
isomeric forms of, (4)231
metabolism, (4)235
properties of, (4)232
SNARL (4)203, 245, 247
uses? (4)231
Tris, (6)77
Trisomies, (6)70
Tritium, (1)858, 862, 871
Tritox, (see haloacetonitriles), (7)
Trivalent arsenic toxicity, (3)339
Trivalent chromium, (3)365, 367
True-positive or true-negative result. (6)235
TTHM (see trihalomethanes, total), (4)
Tuberculation, corrosion and, (4)13-14, 28
Tubular cross sections, (6)92
Tumor(s), (1); (6); (8)
childhood, (6)14
growth time, (1)40
induction, (6)5
malignant, (1)23
promoters, (8)21
promotion, human, multiple stages in,
(6) 148
Tumor incidence data, (5)2; (6)
acrylamide, (6)301
chlorobenzene, (5)21
chloropropanes and chloropropenes,
(6)336
diallate, (6)311
dibromochloropropane, (6)324
1,2-dichloroethane, (5)31
1,1-dichloroethylene, (5)37-38
di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (6)349
hexachlorobenzene, (5)54-55
nitrofen, (6)372
sulfallate, (6)313, 314
1, 1,1-trichloroethane, (5)77
trichloroethylene, (5)83
(see also carcinogenicity), (5)
Tumorigenesis, (8)5-6; (9)3-4
animal models, (9) 19-21
DNA adduct dosimetry, (9)27
and germ cell mutation, (9)18
Turbidity drinking water standard, (2)10
Turbidity, water, (1)94, 183- 188, 190, 217
causes of, (1)183
measuring, (1) 187- 188
Turbidimetry, (1) 187
TWA, (see time-weighted average standard),
(4)
Two-compartment model, (8)30-31, 32, 43,
194
Two-hit dose response model of
carcinogenesis (1)45
Two-stage carcinogenicity model, (8)21,
273, 274
TYMNET data communications network,
(8)247
Typhoid fever. (1)3-4, 6-7, 64, 78, 82-83;
(2)18; (7)4
U
UICC (Unio Internationale Contra Cancrum),
asbestos reference samples, (1)147.
150-151
Ultrafiltration method to recover
enteroviruses from water, (1)97
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CUMULATIVE INDEX 265
Ultrasensitive enzymatic radioimmunoassay
(USERIA), (9)23, 41
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, (1)50; (2); (7)20;
(9)13, 40
in drinking water disinfection, (7)13
light disinfection, (2) 106- 112
skin, effects on, (9)38
spectroscopy, (2)75
Unbound, (8)
concentration, (8)103, 108
fractions, (8)88-92, 103
Uncertainty(ies), (8)
error analysis and, (8) 188- 193
inherent, (8)473
using SIMUSOLV, (8) 185-207
Uncertainty factors, (1), (see safety factor),
(1); (6)8, 253
Uniform corrosion, (4)27
Unit risk, (6)255
United Kingdom, (2); (3)22; (9)138
pilot plant effluent studies, (2)308
University of Michigan School of Public
Health, plastic pipe studies, (4)64
Unplasticized PVC pipe, (4)63, 65
UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific
Committee on the Effects of Atomic
Radiation), (1)857, 858, 859, 861, 878,
886, 889
Unstable metabolites, (8) 119
Upper respiratory tract (URT), (8)303
morphology of, (8)358
uPVC, (see unplasticized PVC pipe), (4)
Uracil, (see bromacil), (1)
Uranium, (1); (3)173-177; (5)9, 90-97
acute effects, (5)94
chronic effects, (5)94-95
concentrations in water, (1)858
human health effects, (5)93
metabolism, (5)92-93
mutagenicity, (5)96, 99
SNARL, (5)96-97, 98
teratogenicity, (5)96
U-238, (1)859
Urea, (1)142
Urine and urinary system, (8); (9)43, 72,
102
bladder exposure to N-hydroxy
arylamines, (8)334-348
excretion into, (8)142-143
metabolism, (8)147
URT, (see upper respiratory tract), (8)
U.S. Public Health Service, drinking water
standards, (4)64
U.S. asbestos workers and GI cancer, (5)128
Utah, arsenic in drinking water, (5)120-121
Uterine epithelial hypertrophy, (6)89
V
Vaccines, oral, (1)101
Vaginal opening time in rat pup, (6)88-89
Validations, (8)
of PB-PK models, (8)283, 317-319
prospective, in anticancer therapy, (8)431
440
Valves, distribution system, (4)12
Van de Graaff generator, (2)95-97
Vanadium, (1)210-212, 216, 218, 220-221,
296-298, 302-303, 315
Vanadium nutrition, (3)350-354, 374-375
chromium interaction, (3)368
Vancide 89, (see captan), (1)
Vanguard K, (see captan), (1)
Vapor hazard index, (7) 165
Variable-threshold model of carcinogenesis,
(1)45, 46
Variance of error, (8) 191 - 193
VCM (vinyl chloride monomer), (8)456-458
Vegans, (3)266
Velocity of reaction, minimum, (8)14
Venezuela, selenium intake, (3)321
Venous, (6); (8)
blood concentration, (6) 183
blood mass-balance equation, (8)262
equilibration model of organ elimination.
(8)83-86
Vermiculite, (1)139, 142
Vessel-poor group (VPG) of organs, (8)447
Vessel-rich group (VRG) of organs, (8)447
Viability index, (6)84
Vial equilibration, (6) 182; (8) 164
Vibrio cholerae, (1)2, 67-68, 70, 73; (2)45
Vincristine, (6) 118
Vinyl chloride, (1)783-787; (4); (5)9, 85
90; (6)72; (8); (9)73, 134, 164, 165
acute effects, (5)86
carcinogenic risk estimates, (1)785-786,
794
carcinogenicity, (4)4, 70; (5)88-89
chronic effects, (5)86
chronic exposure, (5)33-34
1,2-dichloroethane, (5)28
effects in animals, (1)784-785
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266 CUMULATIVE INDEX
health effects, (4)150
human health effects, (1)784; (5)86
metabolism, (5)85-86
monomer (VCM), (8)456-458
mutagenicity, (5)86-87, 99
in plastic pipe, (4)63, 67
teratogenicity, (5)89-90
Vinyl cyanide, (see acrylonitrile), (3)
Vinyl epoxy, (4)4
Vinyl bichloride, (see trichloroethane), (1)
Vinylidene chloride, (see 1,1
dichloroethylene), (5); (6)209
Virtual steady states, (8)98-99
validity of assumption of, (8)105-106
Virtually safe doses (VSD), (8)296-298
Virucidal activity, (see biocidal activity), (2)
Viruses, (1)13, 63, 88-111, 120, 179, 181
183, 186; (2); (7)22-24
correlations with bacteria, (1)110-111
detecting waterborne, (1)94-95
disinfection of water, (2) 14- 15
enteric, (see enteroviruses), (1)
epidemiology, (1)91-94
health effects in drinking water, (1) 101
104
history of enteric, (1)89-91
ozone for inactivation, (2)47
poliovirus, (2)1, 46, 48
Potomac River, free chlorine tests, (2)31
recovery from water, (1)94-101
resistance to disinfection, (1) 104- 110
water treatment to remove, (1)104-111
Visual system, (6)109
Vitamin D, (3)270, 277
Vitamin E, (3)325, 329; (7) 113
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
(6)168-169; (9)106, 136-137, 142
carcinogenic risk estimation, (9) 162- 166
dose-response curves, (6) 172- 173
drinking water concentrations, (9) 138, 140
groundwater concentrations, (9) 136, 139
140
pharmacokinetic models, (9) 113- 114,
171-174
risk assessment, (9)96
routes of exposure, (6) 171 - 172
solvents, (9)126
standards, (9) 134
volatility, (9) 140- 141, 143
Volatility of contaminants, (9) 139- 141, 143
Volume of distribution, (8)31
VPG (vessel-poor group) of organs, (8)447
VRG (vessel-rich group) of organs, (8)447
VSD (virtually safe doses), (8)296-298
W
War, (9)147
Washington County, Md., water quality
study, (3)10
Washington State, asbestos in drinking
water, (5) 137- 139
Waste disposal, (1)174- 176
Wastewater, (1); (2)
ionizing radiation, (2)96
reclamation of, (1)104
Wastewater treatment. (2)
bacteria on GAC, (2)309
effluent ozonization, (2)203
microbial activity on GAC, (2)304-306
Water, (1); (2); (3); (7)
collection, (7)5-6
distribution systems, (1)65-66, 77, 91;
(~6
epidemiological studies, (7)50-60
hardness, (see also soft water), (3)1-2,
21-22, 267, 271; (see also hardness
water), (1)
intake, (3)266
mutagenicity of, (7)45-46
quality, effects on disinfection, (2)7-17
softening, (2)86
supply disinfection, (2)5-137
toxicity, (7)46-50
treatment practices, (7)6
treatment processes, (2) 167, 255-256
uses, (1)17
(see also epidemiological studies of
contaminants, mutagenicity), (7)
Water consumption volume, human, (1) 11
Water quality, (2); (3); (4)
A/C pipe effect on, (4)49-58
biofilm effect on, (4)112
biological effects on, (4)4-5
chemical effects on, (4)2-3
corrosion and, (4)29-30
effect on A/C pipe performance, (4)46-
47, 49
effects on disinfection, (2)7-17
future THM studies, (3) 13, 17
indexes, (see Aggressiveness Index'
Langelier Index, Saturation Index), (4)
linings and, (4)3-4, 32-33, 71-92
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CUMULATIVE INDEX 267
Los Angeles County, Calif., cancer study,
(3)11
microorganisms effect on, (4)122-123
Mississippi River, La., cancer studies,
(3)8
NCTHM concentration, bladder cancer
relationship, (3)13
New Jersey cancer study, (3)12
Ohio River cancer studies, (3)8, 11
Pittsburgh, Pa., cancer studies, (3)12
plastic pipe effect on, (4)64
THM concentrations-cancer relationship,
(3)13-18
upstate New York cancer study, (3)9-10
Washington County, Md., cancer study,
(3)10
(see also biological quality of water,
chemical quality of water), (4)
Water supplies, (1)
inorganic solutes in, (1)205-488
monitoring of, (1)76, 86
organic particulates in, (1)168-179
safety, (1)7
sampling, (1)76-78
on ships and waterborne disease, (1)65-66
U.S. standards, history, (1)6-8
well, (1)93
Water supply systems, (see also public water
supply), (1); (2); (3)267; (4)
disinfection, (2)5-137; (4)12, 15
individual and waterborne disease, (1)65
municipal and waterborne disease, (1)65
reliability, (4~16
semipublic and waterborne disease, (1)65
source of, (4)9
treatment, (4)3, 10
treatment, Philadelphia, Pa., (2)276
typhoid fever outbreaks, (1)64
(see also distribution system), (4)
Water treatment, (1); (2); (3)373; (7)
adsorbent unit processes, analytical
methods, (2)356-365
adsorption, (2)256
calcium hypochlorite, (2)35
coagulation process, (2)268-271
disinfection effects on, (2)5-137, 255
Federal Republic of Germany, (2)362
filtration process, (2)268-271
history, (1)2-8
hydrous iron oxide, (2)83
indicator organisms in, role of, (1)70-71
microbial action on GAC, (2)296-299
Niagara Falls, N.Y., (2)51
parasite removal, (1)117-118, 120-121
particulates removal, (1)184-186
Philadelphia, Pa., (2)276, 287, 298
practices, (7)6
preozonization, (2)299-302
processes, (2)167, 255-256
sedimentation process, (2)268-271
supply treatment, Philadelphia, Pa.,
(2)276
THM precursors removal, (2)345
trace metals removal, (1)217. 220-226
transmission of hepatitis A, (1)91
virus removal. (1) 104- 111
Zurich, Switzerland, (2)298
(see also chlorination, coagulation,
filtration, sedimentation), (1)
Water treatment plants, (2)
clarification processes, (2)268-271
Delaware River, (2) 153
disinfection, (2)255
PAC use, (2)274
Waterborne disease, (see epidemiology), (1);
(2)5; (see diseases, waterborne), (4);
(7)4-5
outbreaks, (7)14-15
Waterborne pathogens. (7)14-24
Water-softening, (see lime softening), (1);
(see also soft water, water hardness),
(2); (3)21-23, 285
Weaning index, (6)84
Weibull model, (6)269-270
Wells and well water, (4)53; (9)134
Well-stirred model of organ elimination
(8)83-86, 113
Whipworms, (1) 115- 116
White-blood-cell (WBC) counts, (7)121
WHO, (see World Health Organization). (3)
Wilson's disease, (1)252-253; (see
hepatolenticular degeneration), (3)
Wisconsin, (7)
case-control study using personal
interview, (7)56-57
mortality case-control study, (~)53
Women, (3); (see females). (6)
iron requirements, (3)310
World Health Organization. (1)78; (3)30
X
X chromosomes, (6)78
Xanthomonas, (2)309
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268 CUMULATIVE INDEX
Xenobiotic substances, (6)3; (9)3
effect on oogenesis, (6)43-45
tobacco carcinogens, (9)9, 24-25
Xeroderma pigmentosum, (1)43, 51
X-rays, (1); (2)94-95
diffraction, asbestos analysis, (1)159
Xylenes, (1)787, 788-789; (3)
toxicity, (3)178-181
Xylenol isomers, (1)730
y
Y chromosomes, (6)64
Yeast, pathogenic, (1)63
Yersinia enterocolitica, (1)64, 67
YFF test, (6)63, 64-65
Yusho disease, (1)758
z
Zinc, (1)139, 171, 207-208, 211-212, 216,
218, 220-221, 299-304, 316; (4)
concentration in Boston, Mass., area
water, (4)50
corrosion and, (4)2, 32, 34, 59, 95
health effects, (4) 150
Zinc nutrition, (3)315-321, 374-375
copper interaction, (3)314
iron interaction, (3)311
Zineb, (see dithiocarbamates), (1)
Ziram, (see dithiocarbamates), (1)
Zona pellucida, (6)40
Zurich, Switzerland, (2)
ozonization by-products, (2)203
water treatment, (2)298
Representative terms from entire chapter:
drinking water
