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75 TABLE 1 Meta-Analysis of Expectancy Mediation EXPECTANCY - BEHAVIOR BEHAVIOR - OUTCOME Effect 8ESD Effect BESD Variable Size (r) From % To ~ Size (r) From Z To % Accepts ideas .28 36% 64% -- am_ ___ Asks questions .17 41% 59: .24 382 62: Correc Live feedback .24 38% 62: ~ Distance .20 40Z 60% .45 28: 72% Encourages .09 46X 54% .41 30% 70: Eye contact .11 44% 56% .32 34: 66% Gestures -.04 52% 48% .31 35: 66% Input .26 37% 63% .33 33% 67: Interaction duration .17 41% 59% .46 27: 73% Interaction frequency .21 40% 60% .21 39% 61% Negative climate .29 36: 64% .36 32% 68Z Nods .20 40: 60Z - --- --- Off-task behavior .19 40: 60% .43 29% 71% Positive climate .21 39% 61% .40 30: 70% Praise .12 44: 56X .12 44% 56: Smiles .12 44% 56% .29 351 65: Speech rate .04 48% 52% .48 26% 74Z Wait time --- --- --- .18 41% 59% NOTE: A positive ef feet size means that the result was in the predicted direction (more positive behaviors shown toward high expectancy students). Table adapted from Harris & Rosenthal (1985~.
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77 TABLE 3 Stem-and-Leaf Plot and Statistical Sugary of Ganzfeld Studies Employing Criterion of Direct Hits Cohen' ~ h S_ Leaf Sugary Statistics 1.4 4 . Maximum 1.44 1.3 3 Quartile (Q ~ .42 1.2 Median 3 (i] ~ .32 1.1 Quartile1 (Q11 .08 1 . 0 Min imum - . 93 9 Q ~ Q .34 .8 ~3: [.~5(Q3 ~ Q1) .26 .7 3 S .45 .6 Mean . 28 .5 8 N 28 .4 0 2 2 2 4 Proportion positive sign .82 .3 1 2 2 4 4 7 8 Z of proportion positive 3.40 .2 2 Combined Stouffer Z 6.60 . 1 3 8 8 t tes t of mean Z 3.23 .0 7 7 9 Correlation between h and Z .86 - -.0 5 Correlation between h and raw i 98 -.1 0 Number of studies with mean Z = 0.00 - -.2 required to bring combined results -.3 2 to ~ > .05 423 -.4 0 * Confidence Interval s -.6 f _ t -.7 80% .17 .39 -.8 95X .11 .45 -.9 3 99% .04 . .52 99.9: -.03 ·59 * where N = 28 studies Unweighted; weighted mean = . 23
78 TABLE 4 Proportion of Studies Reaching Critical Levels of Significance for Two Research Areas - Expected Expectancy Gansfeld Interval for Z Proportion Researcha Research Difference . Unpredicted Direction -1.65 and below .05 .03 .07 +.04 __ Significant -1.64 to +1.64 .90 .60 .50 -.10 Predicted Direction _ +1.65 and above .05 .36 .43 +.07 3 .. +2.33 and above .01 .19 .25 +.06 +3 . 09 and above .001 .12 .18 +.06 +3.72 and above .0001 .07 .04 -.03 a N = 345 studies; from Rosenthal ~ Rubin (1978). N = 28 studies ; from Honorton (1985~.
Table 4a Ef feet on Effect Size (h) of Removing Studies by Sargent Me an Median Sargent ' s Studie s (N=9 ~ . 3 0 . 37 Analysis by Studies Including Sargent (N=28) .28 . 32 Omitting Sargent (N=19) .26 . 32 Dif f erence . 02 . 00 Analysis by Investigators Includi ng Sargent (N=10) .23 . 32 Omitting Sargent (N=9) .22 . 34 Dif ference . 01 - . 02
79 TABLE 5 Situational Taxonomy of Human Performance Technologies Human Performance Techno logy Mental. Biofeed- SALT NLP Prac t ice back ESP Mean effect size (r) .2g .~7 .~3 .~3 .~4 N of studies on which our analysis is based 6 8 60 20 28 Approximate number of studies in population 30 15 100 2300 28 Exogenous Factors Random assignment no yes yes yes yes Es blind to condition no rarely no rarely yes Adequate comparison groups or values no yes sometimes sometimes yes Mean length of inter- 32 1 hr 9.4 ses- action per study hours signs Endogenous Factors 26 30 days trials Self-expectancies important? yes no yes yes maybe Climate of E/S very warm/ neutral thera- neutral interaction warm therapeutic peutic Overall quality rating _ ~ 10 very poor fair fair 9 13 19 good very good "Residual' effect size .00 .16 .18 .10 .09