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Enhancing Human Performance: Background Papers, Learning During Sleep (1988)
Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (CBASSE)

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sleep learning/37 REFERENCES , L. Aarons 1976 Sleep-assisted instruction. Psychological Bulletin 83: 1-40. Adams, J. A. 1980 Learning and Memory: An Introduction. Homewood IL: Dorsey Press. ~ _ . Arkin, A. M., and Antrobus, d. S. 1978 The effects of external stimuli applied prior to and during sleep on sleep experiences. Pp. 351-391 in A. M. Arkin, J. S. Antrobus, and S. J. Ellman, ads., The Blind in Sleep: Psychology and Psychophysiology. ~ , _ ~ Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum. Baddeley, A. D. 1976 The Psychology of Memory. New York: Basic Books. ~ _ Balkhasov, I. 1968 The rapid teaching of a foreign language by lessons heard during sleep. Pp. 160-163 in F. Rubin, ea., Current Research in Hypnopaedia. New - York: American Elsevier. (Originally pub~ished in 1965.) Bartlett, d. C., and Santrock, J. W. 1979 Affect-dependent episodic memory in young children. Child Development 50: 513-518. Bartlett, J. C., Burleson, G., and Santrock, d. W. 1982 Emotional mood and memory in young children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 34: 59-76. Belicki, K., and Bowers, P. 1982 The role of demand characteristics and hypnotic ability in dream change following a presleep instruction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 91: 426-432.

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sleep learning/38 Bliznitchemko, L. 1968 Hypnopaedia and its practice in the USSR. Pp. 202-209 in F. Rubin, ea., Current Research in Hypnopaedia. New York: American Elsevier. Breger, L., Hunter, I., and Lane' R. W. 1971 The Effect of Stress on Dreams. New York: International Universities Press. Bruce, D. J., Evans, C. R., Fenwick, P. B. C., and Spencer, V. 1970 Effects of presenting novel verbal material during slow-wave sleep. Nature 225: 873-874. Dement, W. C., and Kleitman, N. 1957 The relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity: An objective method for the study of dreaming. Journal of Experimental Psychology 53: 339-346. Eich, E. 1977 State-dependent retrieval of information in human episodic memory. Pp. 141-157 in I. M. Birnbaum and E. S. Parker, ads., Alcohol and human memory. Hillsdale Nd: Erlbaum. 1980 The cue-dependent nature of state-dependent retrieval. Memory & Cognition 8: 157-173. 1984 'memory for unattended events: Remembering with and without awareness. Memory ~ Cognition 12: 105-111. 1985 Context, memory, and integrated item/context imagery. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 11: 764-770. 1986 Epilepsy and state specific memory. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 74: 15-21. Elliott, C. R. 1968 Extracts from an experimental study of the retention of auditory material presented during sleep. Pp. 6-27 in F. Rubin, ea., Current Research _ Hypnopaedia. New York: American E1sevier. (Unpublished MA thesis dated 1947.)

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sleep learning/39 Emmons, W. H., and Simon, C. W. - 1956 The non-recall of material presented during sleep. American Journal of , Psychology 69: 76-81. Evans, F. J. 1972 Hypnosis and sleep: Techniques for exploring cognitive activity during sleep. Pp. 43-83 in E. Fromm and R. E. Shor, eds., Hypnosis: Research Developments and Perspectives. Chicago: Aldine/Atherton. , F. J., Gustafson, L. A., O'Connell, D. N., Orne, M. T., and Shor, R. E. Response during sleep with intervening amnesia. Science 152: 666-667, Sleep-induced behavioral response: Relationship to susceptibility to hypnosis and laboratory sleep patterns. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 148: 467-476. 1970 Verbally induced behavioral responses during sleep. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 150: 171-187 Firth, H. 1973 Habituation during sleep. Psychophysiology 10: 43-51. Foulkes, D. 1966 The Psychology of Sleep. New York: Scribers and Sons. Fox, B. Hi., and Robbins, J. S. 1952 The retention of material presented during sleep. Journal of Experimental Psychology 43: 75-79. Freud, S. 1953 The Interpretation of Dreams. Vols. 4-5 in J. Strachey, ea., The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. . London: Hogarth Press. (Originally published in 1900.)

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sleep learning/40 Goodenough, D. R. 1978 Dream recall: History and current status of the field. Pp. 113-140 in A. M. Arkin, J. S. Antrobus, and S. J. Ellman, ads., The Mind in Sleep: Psychology and Psychophysiology. Hillsdale Nd: Erlbaum. Goodwin, D. W., Powell, B., Bremer, D., Hoine, H., and Stern, J. 1969 Alcohol and recall: State dependent effects in man. Science 163: 1358-1360. Hallahan, D. P., Kauffman, J. M., and Ball, D. W. 1974 Developmental treands in recall of central and incidental auditory material. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 17: 409-421. Hebb, D. O. 1949 The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory. New York: Wiley. Hilgard, E. R. 1979 Divided consciousness in hypnosis: The implications of the hidden observer. In E. Frown and R. Shor, eds., Hypnosis: Developments in Research and New _ , Perspectives. New York: Aldine. Hoskovec, d. 1966 Hypnopaedia in the Soviet Union: A critical review of recent major experiments. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 14: 308-315. Hutt, S. J., Hutt, C., Lenard, H. G., Bernuth, H., and MuntJewerff, W. J. 1968 Auditory responsivity in the human neonate. Nature 218: 888-890. Itil, T. M., Menon, G. N., Bozak, M., and Sangor, A. 1982 The effects of oxiracetam (ISF 2522) in patients with organic brain syndrome. Drug Development Research 2: 447-461.

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sleep learning/ 41 Jacobson, A., Kales, A., Lehmann, D., and Zweizig, J. 1965 Somnambulism: All night electroencephalographic studies. Science 14~3: 975-977. Jacoby, t. L. 1982 Knowing and remembering: Some parallels in the behavior of Korsakoff patients and controls. In L. S. Cermak, ea., Memory and Amnesia. Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum. Jacoby, t. L., and Dallas, M. 1981 On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 110: 306-340. Jacoby, t. t., and Witherspoon, D. 1982 Remembering with and without awareness. Canadian Journal of Psychology 36: 300-324. Johns, M. W., Gay, T. J. A., Goodyear, M. D. E., and Masterton, J. P. 1971 Sleep habits of health young adults: Use of sleep questionnaire. British Journal of Preventitive and Social Medicine 25: 236-241. Johnson, M. K., Kahan, T. L., and Raye, C. t. 1984 Dreams and reality monitoring. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General - 113: 329-344. Jus, K., and Jus, A. 1972 Experimental studies on memory disturbances in pathological and physiological conditions. International Journal of Psychobiology 2 205-208. Kintsch, W. 1970 Models of free recall and recognition. Pp. 331-373 in D. A. Norman, ea., Models of Human Memory. New York: Academic Press.

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sleep Earning/42 Koukkou' M., and Lehmann, D. 1968 EEG and memory storage in sleep experiments with humans. Electroencepha- lography and Clinical Neurophysiology 25: 455-462. 1983 Dreaming: The functional state-shift hypothesis. British Journal of Psychiatry 142: 221-231. Koulack, D., and Goodenough, D. R. 1976 Dream recall and dream recall failure: An arousal-retrieval model. Psychological Bulletin 83: 975-984. Kulikov, V. N. 1968 The question of hypnopaedia. Pp. 132-144 in F. Rubin, ea., Current Research in Hypnopaedia. New York: International Universities Press. (Originally published in 1964.) Lehmann, D. , and Koukkou, M. 1974 Computer analysis of EEG wakefulness-sleep patterns during learning of novel and familiar sentences. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 37: 73-84. Leuba, C., and Bateman, D. 1952 Learning during sleep. American Journal of Psychology 65: 301-302. Levy, C. M., Collidge, F. t., and Stabb, t. V. 1972 Paired associate learning during EEG-defined sleep: A preliminary study. Australian Journal of Psychology 24: 219-225. Minard, d., Loiselle, R., Ingledue, E., and Duatlich, D. 1968 Discriminative electro-oculogram deflections (EGDs) and heart rate (HR) pauses elicited during maintained sleep by stimulus significance. Psychophysiology 5: 232.

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sleep learningI43 Moscovitch, M. 1982 Multiple dissociations of function in amnesia. In L. S. Cermak, ea., Memory and Amnesia. Hillsdale Nd: Eribaum. ~ . Okuma, T., Nakamura, K., Hayashi, Ae ~ & Fujimori, M. 1966 Psycho-physiological study on the depth of sleep in normal human subjects. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 21: 140-147. Oltman, P. K., Goodenough, D. R., Koulack, D., Maclin, E., Schroeder, H. R., and Flanagan, M. J. 1977 Short-term memory during Stage-2 sleep. Psychophysiology 14: 439-444. Oswald, I., Taylor, A. M., and Treisman, M. 1960 Discriminative responses to stimulation during human sleep. Brain 83: 440-453. Overton, D. A. 1973 State dependent retention of learned responses produced by drugs. In W. P. Koella and P. Levin, ads., Sleep. Basel: Karger. 1982 Memory retrieval failures produced by changes in drug state. Pp. 113-139 in R. L. Isaacson & N. E. Spear, eds., The Expression of Knowledge. New ~ , _ York: Plenum Press. Peters, R., and McGee, R. 1982 Cigarette smoking and state-dependent memory. Psychopharmacology 76: 232-235. Prince, M. 1910 The mechanism and interpretation of dreams. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 19: 137-195. Rubin, F. 1968 Current Research in Hypnopaedia. New York: American Elsevier. - 1970 Learning and sleep. Nature 226: 477. 1971 Learning and Sleep. Bristol: John Wright and Sons.

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sleep learning/44 Schacter, D. L., and Tulving, E. 1982 Memory, amnesia, and the episodic/semantic distinction. In R. L. Isaacson and N. E. Spear, ads., The Expression of Knowledge. New York: Plenum Press. Sheldrake, P., and Cormack, M. 1974 Dream recall and the menstrual cycle. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 18: 347-350. Simon, C. W., and Emmons, W. H. 1955 Learning during sleep? Psychological Bulletin 52: 328-342. 1956 Responses to material presented during various levels of sleep. Journal of Experimental Psychology 51: 89-97. Svyadoshch, A. M. 1968 The assimilation and memorization of speech during natural sleep. Pp. 91-117 in F. Rubin, ea., Current Research in Hypnopaedia. New York: American Elsevier. (Originally published in 1962.) Tilley, A. J. 1979 Sleep learning during Stage 2 and REM sleep. Biological Psychology 9: 155-161. Tulving, E., Schacter, D. L., and Stark, H. A. 1982 Priming effects in word-fragment completion are independent of recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 8: 336-342. Watkins, M. d. 1979 Engrams as cuegrams and forgetting as cue overload: A cueing approach to the structure of memory. In C. R. Puff, ea., Mem_ry Organization and Structure. New York: Academic Press.

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sleep learning/45 Zavalova, N. D., Zukhar', V. P . ~ and Petrov ~ Y ~ A. 1968 The question of hypnopaedia (preliminary correTunication). Pp. 145-151 in F. Rubin, ea., Current Research in Hypnopaedia. New York: ATerican Elsevier. (Originally published in 1964.) Zukhar', Y. P., Kaplan, Y. Y., Maksimov, Y. A., and Pushkina, I. P. 1968 A collective experiment on hypnopaedia. Pp. 152-159 in F Current Research in Hypnopaedia._ (Original ly publ ished in 1965. . New York: Anerican Elseviere Rubin, ed. ~

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Representative terms from entire chapter:

psychological bulletin