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| Copyright © 2009. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Terms of Use and Privacy Statement |
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OCR for page 37
37
Table 1
Fe a ~ u r e s o f St u d i e s
Study Feature
Cate gori es
T r e a t me n t ~ Type o ~ P ra ct i ce
Task Types
Type of Dependent 24easure
Time of Pos~test
Sub ject Age Groups
Sub je ct Expe rience
Sub ject Imagery Ability
Control
Me nt a 1 P ra c t i ce
Physical Practice
M e n t a 1/ Phy s i c a 1 P ra c t i c e
M ot 0 r
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St rength
Endurance
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St rength
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Form
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Delayed
Elementary
High School
College
.\dult
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E xp e r i e n c e d
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OCR for page 38
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Table 1
Features of S~udies
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Ef f e ct Siz e Comput ati on
S tu dy Dat e
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Table 3
Treatment Group Differences Among Effect Sizes
Test of Mean eff ect-size
Source df Homogeneity ~ estimate (s.e. ~
To t a 1 2 2 1 7 8 8 . 3 2 . 00 1 ~ . 4 3 ( 0 . 0 2 ) $
Between groups 3 119 .6 3 .001
Within groups 218 668.69 .001
Control 47 116.71 .001 0.22 (0.03~*
Mental 68 236.54 .001 0.47 (0.03~*
p ra c t i ce
Physical 53 148.28 .001 0.79 ~ 0.05 ~ *
practice
Combined 50 167.17 .001 0.62 ~ 0.05~*
practice
50
Table 4
Analysis of Change in Type of Task by Treatment Group
Test of Mean effect-size
Source df Homogeneity ~ estimate (s.e. )
MOTOR 156 681.69 eOO1 0 e 47 ( 0 a02)*
Between groups 3 133.96 .001
Within groups 155 5 47.74 .001
Control 32 96.57 .001 0.24 ~ 0.03~*
Mental 53 208.93 .001 0.49 (0.03~*
pra at ice
Physical 38 112.13 .001 0.88 ~ 0.06~*
practice
Combined 32 130.10 .001 0.81 (0.071*
p ra c t i ce
COGNITIVE 2 13 . 7 2 .01 0 . 9 5 ~ O . 20 ) *
Between groups 2 13.72 .01
Within groups O O .00
Control O 0.00 O. 47 (O. 24)
Mental O 0.00 2.09 ~ 0.49)
practice
Physical O 0.00 2.08 (0.49)
practice
Combined - - -
practic"
STRENGTH 59 54.47 ns 0.21 ~ 0.04)
Between groups 3 5.33 ns
Within groups 56 49.15 ns
Control 13 16.26 ns O .11 ~ O .07
Mental 13 9.31 ns 0.27 ~ 0.08
pract~ ce
Physical 13 14.36 ns O .38 ~ 0.11 )
practice
Combined 17 9.22 ns 0.18 (0.10)
practice
Penman rracclce
51
Tab le 5
Analysis of Change in Type of Measure by Treatment Group for
Motor Type Tasks
Tes t of Mean ef f e ct -s ize
Source df lIomageneity p estimate (s.e.
ACCURACY MEASURE 112 4 38 . 5 5 .001 0 . 4 3 ~ O .0 2 ~ *
~-
Between groups 3 74.94 .001
Within groups '09 363.61 .001
Control 26 76.57 .001 0.24 (0.031*
Mental 43 154.08 .001 0.46 ~ 0.03~*
practice
Physical 22 74.68 .001 0.84 ~ 0.07~*
practice
Combined 18 58.27 .001 0.61 ~ 0-08~$
p ra c t i ce
SPEED MEASURE 8 27.48 .001 0.62 (0.11~*
Between groups 2 14.72 .001
Within groups 6 12.7 6 .05
Control - -
Mental 2 1.67 ns 0.31 (0.14)
practice
Physical 2 10.67 .01 O. 70 ~ 0.22)
practice
Combined 2 0.42 ns 1.40 ~ 0.23)
practice
FORM MEASURE 2 1. 5 5 ns O . 4 1 ~ O . ~ 1
Between groups 2
1.55 ns
Within groups O 0.00 ns
Control - - -
~Mental O 0.00 0.25 (0.27)
practice
Physical O 0.00 0.94 ~ 0~48)
practice
Combi ned O 0.00 0.40 ~ 0.42)
practice
.
52
Tab le 5
Analsis of Change in Type of Measure by Treatment Group for Motor
(Continued
Type Tasks
Test of Mean effect -s ize
Source df Homogeneity ~ estimate (s.e. )
DISTANCE MEASURE 3 11.25 .02 0.56 ( 0.13)
.
Between group s 3
11 ~ 25
Within groups O O ~ 00 ns
Control 0 0.00 0. 17 ~ 0. 18 )
Mental 0 0.00 1.06 ( 0.26)
practice
Physical 0 0.00 0.68 ~ 0.30
p ra ct i ce
Combined 0 0.00 1.32 ~ 0.47)
practice
TIME
TARGET/
~ ,
IN BALANCE 29 163.91 .001 0.89 ( 0.07)
~ ,
Between groups 3
6 7 .7 7 .00 1
Within groups 26 9 6.14 .001
Control 4 19.44 .001 0.16 (0.11)
Mental 4 19.69 .001 1.34 (0.17)
practice
Physical 10 20.21 .05 1.21 ~ 0.14
practice
Combined ~ 36.81 .001 1.57 ~ 0.17)
practice
Ta b le 6
Summary of Regres sion
Analyses for Continuous
Predictors
Predictor Variable
Chi
Squa re
df Model df
Chi
Squa re
Er r o r
No. of Practice Sessions
_ ~
Cont rol
Mental Practice
Phy s ice 1 Pra ct ice
Me ntal/Phys i cal
No. of Practice Trials
Cont rol
Mental Practice
Phy s ice 1 Pra ct ice
M e nt a 1/ P hy s i ca 1
4 2.13 23 47.79*
4 20.59* 36 84.72*
4 18.74* 36 98.32*
4 15. 12* 39 146. 39*
4 17.75* 23 32.17
4 37 .86* 36 67. 45*
4 29.82* 36 87.23*
4 3.62 39 157. 89*
* p<.05
