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Page 47 REFERENCES Aiello, J.R., DeRisi, D.T., Epstein, Y.M., and Karlin, R.A. 1977 Crowding and the role of interpersonal distance preference. Sociometrv 40:271-282. Allen, H.M. 1972 Gastrointestinal erosions in wild rats subjected to asocial stress. Life Sciences 11:351-356. Altenor, A., Kay, E., and Richter, M. 1977 The generality of learned helplessness in the rat. Learning and Motivation 8:54. - Basowitz, H., Persky, H., Korchin, S.J., and Grinker, R.R. 1955 Anxietv and Stress. New York: McGraw-Hill. Berlyne, D.E. 1960 Conflict, Arousal and Curiosity. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1967 Arousal ant reinforcement. Pp. 1-110 in D. Levine, ea., Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Birren, J. 1958 Aging and psychological adjustment. Reviews in Educational Research 28:475 490. Bourne, P.G. 1970 Hen, Stress, and tliet-Nam. Boston: Little, Brown. 1971 Altered adrenal function in two combat situations in Viet Now. Pp. 265-290 in B.E. Eleftheriou and J.P. Scott, eds., The Phvsiologv of Aggression and Defeat. New York: Plenum Press.

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Page ~ 8 Broadbent, D. E. 1979 Low levels of noise and the naming of colors. In Proceedings of the Third International Congress An Noise as ~ Health Problem. Washington, DC: American Speech and Hearing Association. Champion, R.A. 1950 Studies of experimentally induced disturbance. Australian Journal of Psvchology 2:90-99. Cobb, S. 1976 Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine 38:300-314. Coe , C . L., Smith , E . R., Mendoza , S . P ., and Levine , S . 1983a Varying influence of social status on hormone levels in male squirrel monkeys. Pp. 7-32 in H.D. Steklis and A.S. Kling, eds., Hormones, Drugs, and Social Behavior. New York: Spectrum Publications, Inc. Coe , C . L., Stanton, M. E ., and Levine , S . 1983b Adrenal responses to reinforcement and extinction: Role of expectancy vs. instrumental responding. Behavioral Neuroscience 97:654-657. Cohen, S. 1980 Aftereffects of stress on human performance and social behavior: A review of research and theory. Psychological Bulletin 88:82-108. Cohen, S., Evans, G.W., Krantz, D.S., and Stokols, D. 1980 Physiological, motivational, and cognitive effects of aircraft noise on children: Moving from the laboratory to the field. American Psychologist 35:231-243.

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Page 45 Cohen, S., Glass, D.C., and Singer, J.E. 1973 Apartment noise, auditory discrimination, and reading ability in children. Journal g: Experimental Social Psvcholoev 9:407-422. Cohen' S., and Spacapan, S. 1978 The aftereffects of stress: An attentional interpretation. Environmental Psychology and Nonverbal Behavior 3:43-S7. Coover, G.D., Ursin, H., and Levine, S. 1973 Plasma corticosterone levels during active avoidance learning in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psvchologv 82:170-174. Corah, N.L., and Boffa, J. 1970 Perceived control, self-observation, and response to aversive stimulation. Journal Of Personality and Social Psvchologv 16:1-14. Dantzer, R., and Mormede, P. 1985 Stress in domestic animals: A psychoneuroendocrine approach. Pp. 81-95 in G.P. Moberg, ea., Animal Stress. Bethesda: American Physiological Society. Davis, H., Porter, J.~., Livingstone, J., Herrmann, T., MacFadden L., and Levine, S. 1977 Pituitary-adrenal activity and lever press shock escape behavior. Physiological Psychology 5:280-284. Dess, N.K., Linwick, D., Patterson, J., Overmier, J.B., and Levine, S. 1983 Immediate and proactive effects of controllability-and predictability on plasma cortisol responses to Shocks in dogs. Behavioral Neuroscience 97:1005-1016.

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Page 50 Dubos, R. 1965 Man Adapting. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 1968 Environmental determinants of human life. In Biology and Behavior Environmental Influences. New York: Rockefeller University Press. Evans, G.W. 1979 Crowding and human performance. Journal ~f Applied Social Psvchologv 9:27-46. Feather, N.T. 1961 The relationship of persistence at a task to expectation of success and achievement related motives. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 63:552-561. Finan, J.L. 1940 Quantitative studies in motivation. I. Strength of conditioning in rats uncles varying degrees of hunger. Journal of Compara~ci~re Psychology 29:119-134. Frankenhaeuser, M. 1980 Psychobiological aspects of life stress. Pp. 203-223 in S. levine and H. Ursin, eds., Coping and Health. New York: Plenum Press. Freeman, G . L. 1940 The relationship between performance level and bodily activity level. Journal of Experimental Psychologv 26:602-608. Gann, D . C . 1969 Parameters of the stimulus initiating the adrenocortical response to hemorrhage. Annals of the New Fork Academy of Sciences 156:740-75S.

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Page 51 Gardner, G.T. 1978 Effects of federal human subjects regulations on data obtained in environmental stressor research. Journal gt Personality ~~d Social Psychology 36:628-634. Glass, D.C., and Singer, J.E. 1972 Urban Stress: Experiments on Noise and Social Stressors. New York: Academic Press. Glass, D. C. et al. 1973 Perceived control of aversive stimulation and the reduction of stress responses. Journal of Personality 41:577-595. Gonzalez, C.A. t Hennessy, M.B., and Levine, S. 1981 Subspecies differences in hormonal and behavioral responses after group formation in squirrel monkeys. American Journal of PrimatologY 1:439-452. Goodkin, F. 1976 Rats learn the relationship between responding and environmental events: An expansion of the learned helplessness hypothesis. Learning and Motivation 7:382. Gould t R. 1972 The phases of adult life: A study in developmental psychology. American Journal of Psvchiatry 129:S21-531. Groves, P.M., and Thompson, R.F. 1970 Habituation: A dual process theory. Psychological Review 77:419-450.

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Page 52 Guillemin, R., Vargo, T., Rossier, J., Minick, S., Ling, N., Rivier, C., Vale, W., and Bloom, F. 1977 p-entorphin and adrenocorticotropin are secreted concomitantly by the pituitary gland. Science 197:1368-1369. Hamburg, D.A., and Adams' J.E. 1967 A perspective on coping behavior: Seeking and utilizing information in major transitions. Archives Of General Psychiatry 17 : 217 - 284 . Hanson, J.D., Larson, M.E., and Snowdon, C.T. 1976 The effects of control over high intensity noise on plasma cortisol levels in rhesus monkeys. Behavioral Biology 16:333-340. Hartley, L.R. 1973 Effect of prior noise or prior performance on serial reaction. Journal of Experimental Psychology 101:255-261. Hennessy, J.W., King, M.G., McClure, T.A., and Levine, S. 1977 Uncertainty, as defined by the contingency between environmental events, and the adrenocortical response of the rat to electric shock. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psycholo~v 91:1447-1460. Hennessy, J.W., and Levine, S. 1979 Stress, arousal, and the pituitary-adrenal system: A psychoendocrine hypothesis. Pp. 133-178 in J.M. Sprague and A.N. Epstein, eds., progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psvcholo=, itol . ~ . New York: Academic Press. Hennessy, M.B., Heybach, J.P., Vernikos, J., and Levine, S. 1979 Plasma corticosterone concentrations sensitively reflect levels of stimulus intensity in the rat. Physiology ~ Behavior 22:821-825.

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Page 53 Hennessy, M.B., and Levine, S. 1977 Effects of various habituation procedures on pituitary-adrenal responsiveness in the mouse. Physiology ~ Behavior IS:799-802. Holmes, T.H., and Rahe, R.H. 1967 The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 11:213-218. Kummer, H. 1971 Prims te Societies: GrouD Techniques ~ Ecological Adaptation. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton, Inc. Lazarus, R.S. 1974 Cognitive and coping processes in emotion. Pp. 21-32 in Cognitive Views of Human Motivation. New York: Academic Press. Levine, S. 1966 UCS intensity and avoidance learning. Journal Of Experimental Psychology 71:163-164. 1978 Cortisol changes following repeated experiences with parachute training. Pp. 51-56 in H. Ursin, E. Baade and S. Levine, eds., - PsYchobiologY of Stress: ~ Study of Coping Hen. New York: Academi' Press. Levine, S., Madden IV, J., Conner, R.L., Moskal, J.R., and Anderson, D.C. 1973 Physiological and behavioral effects of prior aversive stimulation (preshock) in the rat. Physiology ~ Behavior 10:467-471.

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Page 54 Halmo, R.B. 1958 Measurement of drive: An unsolved problem. In M.R. Jones, ea., Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1958. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Mason, J.W. 1968 A review of psychoendocrine research on the pituitary-adrenal cortical system. Psychosomatic Medicine 30:576-607. 1975a A historical view of the stress field. Journal Of Human Stress 1:6-12. 1975b A historical view of the stress field. Journal of Human Stress 1:22-36. Mendoza, S. P., and Barchas , P. 1982 Social mediation of stress: Human applications of a nonhuman primate model. Paper presented at the Symposia on Hormones and Behavior, Western Psychological Association, Sacramento, April 1982. MilgrA'n, S. 1970 The experience of living in cities. Science 13:1461-1468. Nuckolls, K.B.' Cassel, J.. and Kaplan, B.H. 1972 Psychosocial assets, life crisis and the prognosis of pregnancy. American Journal of Epidemtolo" 95:431-441. Overmier, J.B., Patterson, J., and Uielkiewicz, R.M. 1980 Environmental contingencies as sources of stress in animals. Pp. 1-38 in S. Levine and H. Ursin, ens., Coping and Health. New York: Plenum Press.

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Page 55 Overmier, J.B., and Seligman, M.E.P. 1967 Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidance responding. Journal Of Comparative and Physiological Psvchologv 63:28. Pavlov, I.P. 1930 A brief outline of the higher nervous activity. Pp. 207-220 in C. Murchison, ea., Psychologies gt 1930. Worcester: Clark University Press. Payne, R.J., Anderson, D.C., and Mercurio, J. 1970 Preshock-produced alterations in pain-elicited fighting. Journal Of Compara~cive and Phil iological Psychologv 71:258. Pervin, L.A. 1963 The need to predict and control under conditions of threat. Journal of Personality 31: 570-587 . Porsolt, R.D., LePichon, M., and Jalfre, M. 1977 Depression: A new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Nature 266:730. Pribram, K.H., and Helges, F.T. 1969 Psychophysiological basis of emotion. Pp. 316-342 in P.J. Vinken and G.W. Bruyn, ads., Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company. Renold, A.E., Quingley, T.B., Kennard, H.E., and Thorn, G.U. 1951 Reaction of the adrenal cortex to physical and emotional stress in college oarsmen. New England Journal Of Medicine 244:754-757.

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Page 56 Rhue, J.U., and Brown, R.T. 1978 Appetitive learned helplessness: The effects of free food parallel those of uncon~crollable shock. Paper presented at the Psychonomic Society, San Antonio, November 1978. Rodin, J. 1976 Crowding, perceived choice and response to controllable and uncontrollable outcomes. Journal of Experimental Sac ial Psychology 12:564-578. 1980 Managing the stress of aging: The role of control and coping. Pp. 171-202 in S. Levine and H. Ursin, ads., Coping and Health. New York: Plenum Press. Rose, R.M., Jenkins, C.D., Hurst, M., Herd, J.A., and Hall, R.P. 1982a Endocrine activity in air traffic controllers at work. II. Biological, psychological and work correlates. Ps~choneuroendocrinologv 7:113-123. Rose, R.~., Jenkins, C.D., Hurst9 M., Kreger' B.E., Barrett, J.' and Hall, R.P. 1982b Endocrine activity in air traffic controllers at work. III. Relationship to physical and psychiatric morbidity. PsYchoneuroendocrinolo~y 7:125-134. ., Jenkins, C.D., Hurst, M., Livingston, L., and Hall, R.P. Endocrine activity in air traffic controllers at work. I. Characterization of cortisol and growth hormone levels during the day. Psvchoneuroendocrinology 7 :101-111. R.A. Inescapable shock interferes with the acquisition of an appetitive operant. Animal Learning and Behavior 6: ISS. Rose, R.M. 1982c Rosellini, 1978

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- Page 57 Rosellini , R. A., and Bazerman , M. H . 1976 Exposure to noncontingent foot interferes with the acquisition of a response to escape shock. Paper presented at the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, May 1976. Rotton, J., Olszewski, D., Charleton, M., and Soler, E. 1978 Loud speech, conglomerate noise, and behavioral aftereffects. Journal of Applied Psychology 63:360-365. Saegert, S., Mackintosh, E., and West, S. 1975 Two studies of crowding in urban public spaces. Environment and Behavior 7:159-184. - Sandberg, A.A., Eik-nes, K., Migeon, C.J., and Samuels, L.T. 1956 Metabolism of adrenal steroids in dying patients. Journal ~t Clinical Endocrinology 16:1001-1016. Seligman, M.E.P. 1975 Learned Helplessness: On Depression, Development and Death. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. Seligman, M.E.P., and Mater, S.F. 1967 Failure to escape traumatic shock. Journal Of Experimental Psvchology 74:1. Selye, H. 1936 A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. Nature (London) 138:32. 1950 Stress. Montreal: Acta. 1956 The Stress of Life. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1974 Stress Without Distress. London: Hodder & Stoughton.

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Page 60 Welker, R.L. 1976 Acquisition of a free-operant response in pigeons as a function of prior experience with response-independent food. Learning and Motivation 7:394. Wheatley, K.L., Welker, R.L., and Miles, R.C. 1977 Acquisition of barpressing in rats following experience with response-independent food. Animal Learning and Behavior 5:236. Wight, M.T., and Katzev, R.D. 1977 Noncontingent positive reinforcers retard later escape/avoidance learning in rats. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 9:319. Wohlwill, J.F. 1966 The physical environment: A problem for a psychology of stimulation. Journal of Social Issues 22:29-38. Wohlwill, J.~., Masar, J.L., DeJoy, D.M., and Foruzani, H.H. 1976 Behavioral effects of a noisy environment: Task involvement versus passive exposure. Journal of Applied Psychology 61:67-74. Golf, S., Almy, T.P., Bachrach, U.H., Spiro, H.M., Sturdevant, R.A., and Weiner, H. 1979 The role of stress in peptic ulcer disease. Journal of Human Stress 5:27-37. Yerkes, R.M., and Dodson, J.D. 1908 The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. Journal of Comparative and Neurological Psvcholorv IS:4S9-482.

Representative terms from entire chapter:

perceived control