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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities: Volume II, Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/920.
×

Index

A

Accounting, multiattribute, see Multiattribute accounting

Adjusted time, 90

Adoption, time to, 65, 67, 90

Adverse reactions, vaccine, 34, 35, 69, 71, 74, 86

Affordability, 3, 12, 39, 106, 121

of vaccine candidates, 127

Age groups

mortality trade-off across, 407–408

population by, 46

Age-neutral perspective, 106, 141

Age-related morbidity-mortality trade-offs, 410, 411

Age-related weights, 106–107

AGN (acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis), 338

Amortized cost of vaccine development, 34

Annual costs, 94, 96–99

Annualized benefits, 33

Annualized equivalent, 34

Annualized present value of potential health benefits, 84

ARF (acute rheumatic fever), 338–339

ARI, see Respiratory illness, acute

Assumptions, reasons for, 30

Availability, vaccine, 77–78

B

Bacteremia, pneumococcal, see Streptococcus pneumoniae

Benefit-cost analysis, 26

Benefits

health, see Health benefit

hypothetical, 38

relative, 35

of vaccine candidates, 127

Biographical notes on committee members, 413–417

Birth rate, crude, 45

Burden, disease, see Disease burden

Burden-of-illness profiles, 108

C

Carcinoma, primary hepatocellular (PHC), 211, 213, 214

Central analysis, 122

results of, 122–138

Cholera, see Vibrio cholerae

Cirrhosis, 213, 215

Clinical trial difficulty, 68, 70

Committee members, biographical notes on, 413–417

Comprehensive analytic strategy, summary of, 36–37

Contents

of supplement to Volume 2, 420

to Volume 1, 423

Cost calculations, 11–13

procedures for, 33–35

Cost components, 12

Cost-effectiveness analysis, 3, 24–26

application of, 25

Cost-effectiveness ratio, 25

Cost-utility analysis, 24–25

Cost-utility ratio, 25

Costs

amortized, of vaccine development, 34

annual, 94, 96–99

comparison of, 57–58

development, 64, 66, 73

estimating aggregate direct, 58

indirect, 58

net opportunity, of resources, 123

Countries, developing, 44–46

D

Days of hospitalization, 108

Decision analysis with multiple objectives, 22, 24, 27

limitations of, 59–61

overview of, 30–43

Decision-making process, 1–3

Delivery requirements, 69, 71, 74

Dengue virus

annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 87

as candidate, 5

disease burden, 172, 173

disease description, 170–171

disease distribution, 172

health benefits and expenditures associated with, 124

host immune response, 171

pathogen description, 171

prediction tables, 64–65, 68–69

probable vaccine target population, 172, 174

prospects for immunizing against, 170–176

prospects for vaccine development, 175–176

relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 128–129

suitability for vaccine control, 174

times associated with, 91

total disease burden value, 59, 60

vaccine preventable illness, 174

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities: Volume II, Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/920.
×

Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 421

Description

disease, see Disease description

pathogen, see Pathogen description

Developing countries, 44–46

Development, successful, probability of, 64–65, 68–69, 72

Development costs, 64, 66, 73

Development scenario, alternative, 135

expenditures and, 139

IME units and, 138

DHHS (Department of Health and Human Services), 421

Diarrheal diseases, 51

annual incidence of, 160

diarrheal episodes in, 161

disease burden, 159–169

by etiology, 162

mortality from, 161

population in, 160

Differential utilization (U), 35

effect of, 135

Discount rate, 33, 34, 90, 134–135

expenditures and, 137

IME and, 136

Discounting procedure, 11, 33

Disease burden

acute respiratory illness, 149–158

aggregate nature of calculations of, 108

assumptions for, 132–134

comparison of, 44–61

dengue virus, 172, 173

diarrheal disease, 159–169

enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 163, 179–182

equity considerations in, 106–111

estimates, 7, 8, 47

Haemophilus influenzae, 155

Haemophilus influenzae type b, 188–191

hepatitis A virus, 198–203

hepatitis B virus, 210–216

Japanese encephalitis virus, 227–230

modification of, 166

Mycobacterium leprae, 242–244

Neisseria meningitidis, 255–260

parainfluenza viruses, 149–158, 268–270

Plasmodium spp., 277–279, 282

rabies virus, 291, 292, 293

respiratory syncytial virus, 149–158, 301, 302

rotavirus, 164, 311, 312, 313

Salmonella typhi, 321–324

Shigella spp., 165, 331–333

streptococcus A, 342–345, 346

Streptococcus pneumoniae, 158, 359–370

trends in, 85–86

Vibrio cholerae, 378–381

yellow fever virus, 392–397

Disease characteristics not recognized by system, 60–61

Disease control measures, alternative, 113–114, 116–117

Disease description

dengue virus, 170–171

enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 178

Haemophilus influenzae type b, 186–187

hepatitis A virus, 197–198

hepatitis B virus, 208–209

Japanese encephalitis virus, 223–224

Mycobacterium leprae, 241

Neisseria meningitidis, 251–253

parainfluenza viruses, 267

Plasmodium spp., 275

rabies virus, 287–289

respiratory syncytial virus, 299

rotavirus, 308–309

Salmonella typhi, 319

Shigella spp., 329–330

streptococcus A, 338–339

Streptococcus pneumoniae, 357–358

Vibrio cholerae, 376–377

yellow fever virus, 390–391

Disease distribution

dengue virus, 172

enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 179, 182

Haemophilus influenzae type b, 188–190

hepatitis A virus, 198–202

hepatitis B virus, 210–213

Japanese encephalitis virus, 226–230

Mycobacterium leprae, 242–244

Neisseria meningitidis, 255–260

parainfluenza viruses, 268–269

Plasmodium spp., 277–278

rabies virus, 290–291

respiratory syncytial virus, 300–301

rotavirus, 310–311

Salmonella typhi, 320–321

Shigella spp., 331–333

streptococcus A, 342–345

Streptococcus pneumoniae, 359–370

Vibrio cholerae, 378–381

yellow fever virus, 392–397

Disease estimates

general procedures and assumptions in, 51

limitations of current, 51–54

procedures used in deriving, 50–51

Disease incidence, 53

Diseases

costs associated with, see under Costs

distribution of, 108–109

eradication of, 115

important, in developing countries, 146–147

interactions of, 115

ranking of, 15

second-order effects of, 166, 169

synergistic interaction with, 61

Dominance

concept of, 13

test for, 40

Dose(s)

cost per, 65, 67, 74

number of, 65, 67, 74

Drug resistance, 114

Dysentery, see Shigella spp.

E

Ectopic pregnancy, 56

Effectiveness, 25

Efficacy, 35, 65, 67, 73–74

Efficacy score, 24

Encephalitis, see Japanese encephalitis virus

Endemic meningococcal meningitis, 257–259

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 87

as candidate, 5

disease burden, 163, 179–182

disease description, 178

disease distribution, 179, 182

health benefits and expenditures associated with, 124

host immune response, 179

pathogen description, 178–179

prediction tables, 64–65, 68–69

probable vaccine target population, 182–183

prospects for immunizing against, 178–185

prospects for vaccine development, 184–185

relationships betweenexpenditures and health benefits, 128–129

suitability for vaccine control, 183–184

times associated with, 91

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities: Volume II, Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/920.
×

total disease burden value, 59, 60

vaccine preventable illness, 182–183

EPI, see World Health Organization’s Expanded Program on Immunization

Epidemic meningococcal meningitis, 256–259

Epidemics, widespread, 114–115, 118

Equity considerations, 106–111

Equivalent, annualized, 34

Eradication, disease, 115

Escherichia coli, enterotoxigenic, see Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

Estimates

reasons for, 30

sources of, 27

Expanded Program on Immunization, see World Health Organization’s Expanded Program on Immunization

Expenditures

annual, 94

discount rate and, 137

hypothetical, 38

F

Fertility control, 107

Formalin-inactivated cell culture vaccine, 233

Formalin-inactivated mouse brainvaccine, 233

G

Global health benefit, potential, 39, 121

Glomerulonephritis, acute post-streptococcal (AGN), 338

Gonorrhea, 56

Government-industry relations, 422

Group A streptococcus (GrAS), see Streptococcus A

H

Haemophilus influenzae type b

annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 87

as candidate, 5

disease burden, 149–158, 188–191

disease description, 186–187

disease distribution, 188–190

health benefits and expenditures associated with, 124

host immune response, 187–188

pathogen description, 187

prediction tables, 64–65, 68–69

probable vaccine target population, 190–192

prospects for immunizing against, 186–194

prospects for vaccine development, 192–194

relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 128–129

suitability for vaccine control, 192

times associated with, 91

total disease burden value, 59, 60

vaccine preventable illness, 190, 192

HAV, see Hepatitis A virus

HBM (health belief model), 78

HBV, see Hepatitis B virus

Health belief model (HBM), 78

Health benefit

associated with candidate vaccines, 82–105

calculating potential, 82–84

comparing, 104

determination of, 6–9

expected, 76

possible, 95, 100–104

potential, see Potential health benefits

steady-state yield of, 90

times for occurrence of vaccine-associated, 86

Health benefit rankings, 13

Health-related investments, priority setting for, 19–29

Heart disease, rheumatic (RHD), 339, 343–345

Hepatitis A virus (HAV)

annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 87

as candidate, 5

disease burden, 198–203

disease burden estimates, 7, 8, 47

disease description, 197–198

disease distribution, 198–202

health benefits and expenditures associated with, 124

host immune response, 198

pathogen description, 198

prediction tables, 64–65, 68–69

probable vaccine target population, 202, 204

prospects for immunizing against, 197–206

prospects for vaccine development, 205–206

relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 128–129

suitability for vaccine control, 204–205

times associated with, 91

total disease burden value, 52–53, 59, 60

vaccine preventable illness, 204

Hepatitis B, acute, 210–211, 212

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 87

as candidate, 5

disease burden, 210–216

disease description, 208–209

disease distribution, 210–213

health benefits and expenditures associated with, 124

host immune response, 209

pathogen description, 209

prediction tables, 64–65, 68–69

probable vaccine target population, 213, 217

prospects for immunizing against, 208–219

prospects for vaccine development, 217–219

relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 128–129

suitability for vaccine control, 217

times associated with, 91

total disease burden value, 59, 60

vaccine preventable illness, 217

Hepatocellular carcinoma, primary (PHC), 211, 213, 214

Hospitalization, days of, 108

Host immune response

dengue virus, 171

enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 179

Haemophilus influenzae type b, 187–188

hepatitis A virus, 198

hepatitis B virus, 209

Japanese encephalitis virus, 225

Mycobacterium leprae, 242

Neisseria meningitidis, 254–255

parainfluenza viruses, 268

Plasmodium spp., 276–277

rabies virus, 290

respiratory syncytial virus, 300

rotavirus, 310

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities: Volume II, Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/920.
×

Salmonella typhi, 320

Shigella spp., 331

streptococcus A, 341–342

Streptococcus pneumoniae, 358–359

Vibrio cholerae, 377

yellow fever virus, 391–392

Hypothetical benefits and expenditures, 38

I

IME, see Infant mortality equivalence values

Immune response, host, see Host immune response

Immunization benefits, delay in, 87–89

Immunization efforts, interdependence of, 111–112

Immunization merits, relative, 114

Immunization prospects, see Prospects for immunizing against

Immunization requirements, mandatory, 78

Industry interest in vaccines, 112–113

Industry-government relations, 422

Infant mortality, fertility control and, 107

Infant mortality equivalence (IME) values, 7, 9, 48, 82, 108, 123, 141

discount rate and, 136

example of, 50

median, 55, 56, 57

perspective used in study, 55

perspectives, other, 55–57

resulting from diseases, 59

Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine and, 140

use of, 54

Infant mortality rate, 45

Influenza, 55–56

J

Japanese encephalitis virus (JE)

annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 87

as candidate, 5

disease burden, 227–230

disease description, 223–224

disease distribution, 226–230

formalin-inactivated cellculture vaccine, 233

formalin-inactivated mouse brain vaccine, 233

health benefits and expenditures associated with, 124

host immune response, 225

live attenuated vaccine, 234

pathogen description, 224

prediction tables, 64–65, 68–69

probable vaccine target population, 227, 231

prospects for immunizing against, 223–236

prospects for vaccine development, 232–236

relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 128–129

suitability for vaccine control, 232

times associated with, 91

total disease burden value, 59, 60

vaccine preventable illness, 231–232

JE, see Japanese encephalitis virus

L

Labile vaccines, 112

Leprosy, see Mycobacterium leprae

Lexicographic methods, 27

Licensure

estimation of time to, 10–11

time to, 65, 67, 73, 73, 86

Live attenuated vaccines, 383–384

M

M protein, 340

chemically synthesized fragments, 350–352

structure of, 349–350

Malaria, see Plasmodium spp.

Mandatory immunization requirements, 78

Measles vaccine, 112

Meningitis, see also Neisseria meningitidis

meningococcal, see Meningococcal meningitis

pneumococcal, see Streptococcus pneumoniae

Meningococcal meningitis

endemic, 257–259

epidemic, 256–259

Morbidity burdens, 44

elements of system for comparing, 46–54

expression of, 48–49

possible reduction in, 83–84

resulting from diseases, 59

value judgments in quantifying, 54–57

Morbidity categories, 8, 47, 48, 49, 409

Morbidity-mortality trade-offs

across age groups, 407–408

age-related, 410, 411

questionnaire for assessing, 403–411

Mortality burdens, 44

elements of system for comparing, 46–54

expression of, 48–49

possible reduction in, 83–84

resulting from diseases, 59

value judgments in quantifying, 54–57

Mortality-morbidity trade-offs, see Morbidity-mortality trade-offs

Mortality rate, infant, 45

Multiattribute accounting, 20–22

Multiattribute scoring, 22, 23

MULTIPLAN program, 412

Mycobacterium leprae

annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 87

as candidate, 5

disease burden, 242–244

disease description, 241

disease distribution, 242–244

health benefits and expenditures associated with, 125

host immune response, 242

pathogen description, 241–242

prediction tables, 64–65, 68–69

probable vaccine target population, 245

prospects for immunizing against, 241–249

prospects for vaccine development, 246–249

relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 128–129

suitability for vaccine control, 245–246

times associated with, 92

total disease burden value, 59, 60

vaccine preventable illness, 245

N

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), 19, 39, 61, 143, 421–422

Neisseria meningitidis

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities: Volume II, Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/920.
×

annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 88

as candidate, 5

disease burden, 255–260

disease description, 251–253

disease distribution, 255–260

health benefits and expenditures associated with, 125

host immune response, 254–255

pathogen description, 253–254

prediction tables, 64–65, 68–69

probable vaccine target population, 261–262

prospects for immunizing against, 251–264

prospects for vaccine development, 262–264

relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 128–129

suitability for vaccine control, 262

times associated with, 92

total disease burden value, 59, 60

vaccine preventable illness, 261

Net opportunity cost of resources, 123

NIAID, see National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Nonquantifiable factors, 106, 119

O

Opportunity cost, net, of resources, 123

Oral rehydration therapy (ORT), 51, 133, 166

enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and, 167, 181

rotavirus and, 168, 313

ORT, see Oral rehydration therapy

Otitis media, see Streptococcus pneumonia

P

Parainfluenza viruses (PIV)

annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 88

as candidate, 5

disease burden, 149–158, 268–270

disease description, 267

disease distribution, 268–269

health benefits and expenditures associated with, 125

host immune response, 268

pathogen description, 267–268

prediction tables, 64–65, 68–69

probable vaccine target population, 269, 271

prospects for immunizing against, 267–273

prospects for vaccine development, 271–273

relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 128–129

suitability for vaccine control, 271

times associated with, 92

total disease burden value, 59, 60

vaccine preventable illness, 269, 271

Parental behavior, 107

Pathogen description

dengue virus, 171

enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 178–179

Haemophilus influenzae type b, 187

hepatitis A virus, 198

hepatitis B virus, 209

Japanese encephalitis virus, 224

Mycobacterium leprae, 241–242

Neisseria meningitidis, 253–254

parainfluenza viruses, 267–268

Plasmodium spp., 275–276

rabies virus, 289–290

respiratory syncytial virus, 299–300

rotavirus, 309

Salmonella typhi, 320

Shigella spp., 330

streptococcus A, 340–341

Streptococcus pneumoniae, 358

Vibrio cholerae, 377

yellow fever virus, 391

Pertussis vaccine, 111

PHC (primary hepatocellular carcinoma), 211, 213, 214

PIV, see Parainfluenza viruses

Plasmodium spp.

annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 88

as candidate, 5

disease burden, 277–279, 282

disease description, 275

disease distribution, 277–278

health benefits and expenditures associated with, 125

host immune response, 276–277

pathogen description, 275–276

prediction tables, 64–65, 68–69

probable vaccine target population, 278, 280–281

prospects for immunizing against, 275–285

prospects for vaccine development, 283–285

relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 128–129

suitability for vaccine control, 281, 283

times associated with, 92

total disease burden value, 59, 60

vaccine preventable illness, 281

Pneumococcal meningitis, see Streptococcus pneumoniae

Pneumococcal meningitis, see Streptococcus pneumoniae

Pneumonia, see Streptococcus pneumonia

Poliomyelitis vaccine, 112

Population

by age groups, 46

estimates, 44–46

growth, 107

trends in, 85–86

world, 45

Portfolio approach for ranking vaccines, 110–111

“Portfolio” question, 28

Possible reduction in morbidity and mortality (PRMM), 83–84

Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, acute (AGN), 338

Potential global health benefit, 39

Potential health benefits, 3

annualized present value of, 84

calculation of, 11, 12

global, 32, 121

rankings of vaccine candidates based on, 17

Preface to Volume 1, 421–422

Pregnancy, ectopic, 56

Present value, method of, 25

Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC), 211, 213, 214

Priority list, 14

Priority rankings, 13

Priority setting approach, 422

for health-related investments, 19–29

PRMM (possible reduction in morbidity and mortality), 83–84

Probable vaccine target population

defined, 10

dengue virus, 172, 174

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities: Volume II, Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/920.
×

enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 182–183

Haemophilus influenzae type b, 190–192

hepatitis A virus, 202, 204

hepatitis B virus, 213, 217

Japanese encephalitis virus, 227, 231

Mycobacterium leprae, 245

Neisseria meningitidis, 261–262

parainfluenza viruses, 269, 271

Plasmodium spp., 278, 280–281

rabies virus, 291, 294

respiratory syncytial virus, 301, 303

rotavirus, 311, 314

Salmonella typhi, 321, 325

Shigella spp., 333

streptococcus A, 345, 347

Streptococcus pneumoniae, 370–372

Vibrio cholerae, 378, 382

yellow fever virus, 397–399

Project ranking and selection, methods for, 19–26

issues in, 27–28

Projects, interdependence among, 27–28

Prospects for immunizing against

dengue virus, 170–176

enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 178–185

Haemophilus influenzae type b, 186–194

hepatitis A virus, 197–206

hepatitis B virus, 208–219

Japanese encephalitis virus, 223–236

Mycobacterium leprae, 241–249

Neisseria meningitidis, 251–264

parainfluenza viruses, 267–273

Plasmodium spp., 275–285

rabies virus, 287–297

respiratory syncytial virus, 299–305

rotavirus, 308–316

Salmonella typhi, 319–327

Shigella spp., 329–336

streptococcus A, 338–352

Streptococcus pneumoniae, 357–374

Vibrio cholerae, 376–387

yellow fever virus, 390–401

Prospects for vaccine development

dengue virus, 175–176

enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 184–185

Haemophilus influenzae type b, 192–194

hepatitis A virus, 205–206

hepatitis B virus, 217–219

Japanese encephalitis virus, 232–236

Mycobacterium leprae, 246–249

Neisseria meningitidis, 262–264

parainfluenza viruses, 271–273

Plasmodium spp., 283–285

rabies virus, 296–297

respiratory syncytial virus, 303–305

rotavirus, 314–316

Salmonella typhi, 325–327

Shigella spp., 335–336

streptococcus A, 348–352

Streptococcus pneumoniae, 373–374

Vibrio cholerae, 383–387

yellow fever virus, 400–401

PRP vaccine, 94

Q

Quality-adjusted years of life saved, 26

Quantitative scores, 22

Quantitative structured model, 2–3

Questionnaire for assessing morbidity-mortality trade-offs, 403–411

R

Rabies vaccines, 288–289

Rabies virus

annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 88

as candidate, 5

disease burden, 291, 292, 293

disease description, 287–289

disease distribution, 290–291

health benefits and expenditures associated with, 125

host immune response, 290

pathogen description, 289–290

prediction tables, 66–67, 70–71

probable vaccine target population, 291, 294

prospects for immunizing against, 287–297

prospects for vaccine development, 296–297

relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 130–131

suitability for vaccine control, 295–296

times associated with, 92

total disease burden value, 59, 60

vaccine preventable illness, 294–295

Ranking vaccines, 13

Reductionist method, 33

Rehydration therapy, oral, see Oral rehydration therapy

Relative benefits, 35

Research, basic scientific, 31

Resource constraints on ranking of vaccine candidates, 16, 132, 421

Resource costs, 25

Resources, net opportunity cost of, 123

Respiratory disease, acute (ARI)

deaths due to, 151

disease burden from, 149–158

estimated mortality of, 150

population distribution and, 150

relative case frequencies, 153

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 88

as candidate, 6

disease burden, 149–158, 301, 302

disease description, 299

disease distribution, 300–301

health benefits and expenditures associated with, 125

host immune response, 300

pathogen description, 299–300

prediction tables, 66–67, 70–71

probable vaccine target population, 301, 303

prospects for immunizing against, 299–305

prospects for vaccine development, 303–305

relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 130–131

suitability for vaccine control, 303

times associated with, 93

total disease burden value, 59, 60

vaccine preventable illness, 303

RHD (rheumatic heart disease), 339, 343–345

Rheumatic fever, acute (ARF), 338–339

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD), 339, 343–345

Rotavirus

annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 89

as candidate, 6

disease burden, 164, 311, 312, 313

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities: Volume II, Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/920.
×

disease description, 308–309

disease distribution, 310–311

health benefits and expenditures associated with, 126

host immune response, 310

pathogen description, 309

prediction tables, 66–67, 70–71

probable vaccine target population, 311, 314

prospects for immunizing against, 308–316

prospects for vaccine development, 314–316

relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 130–131

suitability for vaccine control, 314

times associated with, 93

total disease burden value, 59, 60

vaccine preventable illness, 311, 314

Route of administration, 69, 71, 74

RSV, see Respiratory syncytial virus

S

Salmonella typhi

annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 89

as candidate, 6

disease burden, 321–324

disease description, 319

disease distribution, 320–321

health benefits and expenditures associated with, 126

host immune response, 320

pathogen description, 320

prediction tables, 66–67, 70–71

probable vaccine target population, 321, 325

prospects for immunizing against, 319–327

prospects for vaccine development, 325–327

relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 130–131

suitability for vaccine control, 325

times associated with, 93

total disease burden value, 59, 60

vaccine preventable illness, 321, 325

Scientific research, basic, 31

Scoring, multiattribute, see Multiattribute scoring

Selection criteria, 13

Sensitivity analyses, 2, 3, 4, 141

discount rate effect on expenditure, 137

discount rate effect on IME, 136

Sequential screening methods, 27

Severity, levels of, 46

Shigella spp.

annual number of vaccineesand delay in benefits, 89

as candidate, 6

disease burden, 165, 331–333

disease description, 329–330

disease distribution, 331–333

health benefits and expenditures associated with, 126

host immune response, 331

pathogen description, 330

prediction tables, 66–67, 70–71

probable vaccine target population, 333

prospects for immunizing against, 329–336

prospects for vaccine development, 335–336

relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 130–131

suitability for vaccine control, 334

times associated with, 93

total disease burden value, 59, 60

vaccine preventable illness, 333

Side effects, see Adverse reactions

Streptococcus A

annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 89

as candidate, 6

disease burden, 342–345, 346

disease description, 338–339

disease distribution, 342–345

health benefits and expenditures associated with, 126

host immune response, 341–342

pathogen description, 340–341

prediction tables, 66–67, 70–71

probable vaccine target population, 345, 347

prospects for immunizing against, 338–352

prospects for vaccine development, 348–352

relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 130–131

suitability for vaccine control, 347–348

times associated with, 93

total disease burden value, 59, 60

vaccine preventable illness, 345, 347

Streptococcus pneumoniae

annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 89

as candidate, 6

disease burden, 149–158, 359–370

disease burden table, 158

disease description, 357–358

disease distribution, 359–370

health benefits and expenditures associated with, 126

host immune response, 358–359

pathogen description, 358

prediction tables, 66–67, 70–71

probable vaccine target population, 370–372

prospects for immunizing against, 357–374

prospects for vaccine development, 373–374

relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 130–131

suitability for vaccine control, 372–373

times associated with, 93

total disease burden value, 59, 60

vaccine preventable illness, 371–372

Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine, 140

Subscores, 22

Suitability for vaccine control

dengue virus, 174

enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 183–184

Haemophilus influenzae type b, 192

hepatitis A virus, 204–205

hepatitis B virus, 217

Japanese encephalitis virus, 232

Mycobacterium leprae, 245–246

Neisseria meningitidis, 262

parainfluenza viruses, 271

Plasmodium spp., 281, 283

rabies virus, 295–296

respiratory syncytial virus, 303

rotavirus, 314

Salmonella typhi, 325

Shigella spp., 334

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities: Volume II, Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/920.
×

streptococcus A, 347–348

Streptococcus pneumoniae, 372–373

Vibrio cholerae, 382

yellow fever virus, 399

Surveillance data, 52

Synthetic vaccines, 386–387

T

T protein, 340

Target populations, 64–65, 68–69, 72, 85, 134

individuals entering, 87–89

probable vaccine, see Probable vaccine target population

TDBV, see Total disease burden values

Technical notes, 412

Total disease burden values (TDBV), 9, 94

assumptions for, 132–134

calculating, 82

example of, 52–53

ranking of diseases by, 15

Trade-off values, 48

example of, 49

morbidity-mortality, see Morbidity-mortality trade-offs

mortality, see Mortality trade-offs

Typhoid fever, see Salmonella typhi

U

U, see Differential utilization

Urban population, 45

Utilization, vaccine, 31, 78–80

in developing world, 79–80

differential, see Differential utilization

prediction of, in defined populations, 78

treatment of, 10

Utilization rates, 76–77

V

Vaccination, see Immunization entries

Vaccine candidates

benefits and affordability of, 127

health benefits associated with, 82–105

rankings based on potential health benefits, 17

resource constraints on, 16, 132, 421

selection of, 4–6, 63

target populations and, 72

Vaccine control, suitability for, see Suitability for vaccine control

Vaccine coverage, 24

Vaccine development, accelerated, 106–119

basic research priorities and, 144

judging feasibility of, 143–144

pathogens not candidates but discussed in first report, 148

potential candidate diseases for, 148

selecting candidates for, 144–145

selection of candidates for, 143–148

Vaccine development predictions, 9–10, 63–75

adverse reactions, 74

cost of development, 73

cost per dose, 74

delivery requirements, 74

efficacy, 73–74

need for, 63

number of doses, 74

probability of successful development, 72

production technology, 74

route of administration, 74

time to licensure, 73

vaccine characteristics, 73–74

Vaccine development prospects, see Prospects for vaccine development

Vaccine dominance, 41

Vaccine improvement projects, 94–95

Vaccine preventable illness (VPI), 83, 85

assumptions on, 134

defined, 182n

dengue virus, 174

enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 182–183

estimation of, 11

Haemophilus influenzae type b, 190, 192

hepatitis A virus, 204

hepatitis B virus, 217

Japanese encephalitis virus, 231–232

Mycobacterium leprae, 245

Neisseria meningitidis, 261

parainfluenza viruses, 269, 271

Plasmodium spp., 281

rabies virus, 294–295

respiratory syncytial virus, 303

rotavirus, 311, 314

Salmonella typhi, 321, 325

Shigella spp., 333

streptococcus A, 345, 347

Streptococcus pneumoniae, 371–372

Vibrio cholerae, 382

yellow fever virus, 398–399

Vaccine preventable proportion, 82–83

Vaccine target population, probable, see Probable vaccine target population

Vaccines

accelerated, see Vaccine development, accelerated

administration of, cost of, 32

adoption of, time to, 10–11

amortized cost of, 34

availability of, 77–78

benefits of, equity considerations in, 106–111

candidates for, see Vaccine candidates

characteristics of, 9–13, 85

combination of, 28

development of, 1

hypothetical, rankings of, 40

incorporation into WHO-EPI, 69, 71

industry interest in, 112–113

interdependence of development efforts for, 111

labile, 112

live attenuated, 383–384

new, assessing likely utilization of, 76–80

portfolio approach for ranking, 110–111

predictions for, see Vaccine development predictions

preventable illness, see Vaccine preventable illness

priorities for, 3–4, 7, 422

prospects for, see Prospects for vaccine development

rabies, 288–289

ranking, 13

recommendations for use of, 110

secondary impacts of, 32

side effects of, 34, 35

stage of development of, 110

synthetic, 386–387

target population, see Probable vaccine target population

total time to steady-state use of, 91–93

types of, 64, 66, 68, 70

utilization of, see Utilization, vaccine

Value judgments, 2

individual, see Trade-off values

in quantifying morbidity and mortality, 54–57

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities: Volume II, Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/920.
×

Vector control, 114

Vibrio cholerae

annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 89

as candidate, 6

disease burden, 378–381

disease description, 376–377

disease distribution, 378–381

health benefits and expenditures associated with, 126

host immune response, 377

pathogen description, 377

prediction tables, 66–67, 70–71

probable vaccine target population, 378, 382

prospects for immunizing against, 376–387

prospects for vaccine development, 383–387

relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 130–131

suitability for vaccine control, 382

times associated with, 93

total disease burden value, 59, 60

vaccine preventable illness, 382

Volume 1, contents to, 423

Volume 2, contents of supplement to, 420

VPI, see Vaccine preventable illness

W

Weighted scores, 22

WHO-EPI, see World Health Organization’s Expanded Program on Immunization

Widespread epidemics, 114–115, 118

World Health Organization’s Expanded Program on Immunization (WHO-EPI), 10, 32, 79

vaccine incorporation into, 69, 71

World population data, 45

Y

Years of life saved, quality-adjusted, 26

Yellow fever virus (YF)

annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 89

as candidate, 6

disease burden, 392–397

disease description, 390–391

disease distribution, 392–397

health benefits and expenditures associated with, 126

host immune response, 391–392

pathogen description, 391

prediction tables, 66–67, 70–71

probable vaccine target population, 397–399

prospects for immunizing against, 390–401

prospects for vaccine development, 400–401

relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 130–131

suitability for vaccine control, 399

times associated with, 93

total disease burden value, 59, 60

vaccine preventable illness, 398–399

YF, see Yellow fever virus

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities: Volume II, Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/920.
×
Page 424
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities: Volume II, Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/920.
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Page 425
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities: Volume II, Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/920.
×
Page 426
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities: Volume II, Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/920.
×
Page 427
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities: Volume II, Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/920.
×
Page 428
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities: Volume II, Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/920.
×
Page 429
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities: Volume II, Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/920.
×
Page 430
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities: Volume II, Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/920.
×
Page 431
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities: Volume II, Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/920.
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Page 432
New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities: Volume II, Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries Get This Book
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Common diseases cost the developing world an enormous amount in terms of human life, health, and productivity, as well as lost economic potential. New and effective vaccines could not only improve the quality of life for millions of residents in developing countries, they could also contribute substantially to further economic development. Using data from the World Health Organization and other international agencies, this book analyzes disease burdens, pathogen descriptions, geographic distribution of diseases, probable vaccine target populations, alternative control measures and treatments, and future prospects for vaccine development. New Vaccine Development provides valuable insight into immunological and international health policy priorities.

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