Index
A
Accounting, multiattribute, see Multiattribute accounting
Adjusted time, 90
Adverse reactions, vaccine, 34, 35, 69, 71, 74, 86
Affordability, 3, 12, 39, 106, 121
of vaccine candidates, 127
Age groups
mortality trade-off across, 407–408
population by, 46
Age-neutral perspective, 106, 141
Age-related morbidity-mortality trade-offs, 410, 411
Age-related weights, 106–107
AGN (acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis), 338
Amortized cost of vaccine development, 34
Annualized benefits, 33
Annualized equivalent, 34
Annualized present value of potential health benefits, 84
ARF (acute rheumatic fever), 338–339
ARI, see Respiratory illness, acute
Assumptions, reasons for, 30
Availability, vaccine, 77–78
B
Bacteremia, pneumococcal, see Streptococcus pneumoniae
Benefit-cost analysis, 26
Benefits
health, see Health benefit
hypothetical, 38
relative, 35
of vaccine candidates, 127
Biographical notes on committee members, 413–417
Birth rate, crude, 45
Burden, disease, see Disease burden
Burden-of-illness profiles, 108
C
Carcinoma, primary hepatocellular (PHC), 211, 213, 214
Central analysis, 122
results of, 122–138
Cholera, see Vibrio cholerae
Clinical trial difficulty, 68, 70
Committee members, biographical notes on, 413–417
Comprehensive analytic strategy, summary of, 36–37
Contents
of supplement to Volume 2, 420
to Volume 1, 423
Cost calculations, 11–13
procedures for, 33–35
Cost components, 12
Cost-effectiveness analysis, 3, 24–26
application of, 25
Cost-effectiveness ratio, 25
Cost-utility analysis, 24–25
Cost-utility ratio, 25
Costs
amortized, of vaccine development, 34
comparison of, 57–58
estimating aggregate direct, 58
indirect, 58
net opportunity, of resources, 123
Countries, developing, 44–46
D
Days of hospitalization, 108
Decision analysis with multiple objectives, 22, 24, 27
limitations of, 59–61
overview of, 30–43
Decision-making process, 1–3
Delivery requirements, 69, 71, 74
Dengue virus
annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 87
as candidate, 5
disease description, 170–171
disease distribution, 172
health benefits and expenditures associated with, 124
host immune response, 171
pathogen description, 171
prediction tables, 64–65, 68–69
probable vaccine target population, 172, 174
prospects for immunizing against, 170–176
prospects for vaccine development, 175–176
relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 128–129
suitability for vaccine control, 174
times associated with, 91
total disease burden value, 59, 60
vaccine preventable illness, 174
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 421
Description
disease, see Disease description
pathogen, see Pathogen description
Developing countries, 44–46
Development, successful, probability of, 64–65, 68–69, 72
Development scenario, alternative, 135
expenditures and, 139
IME units and, 138
DHHS (Department of Health and Human Services), 421
Diarrheal diseases, 51
annual incidence of, 160
diarrheal episodes in, 161
disease burden, 159–169
by etiology, 162
mortality from, 161
population in, 160
Differential utilization (U), 35
effect of, 135
Discount rate, 33, 34, 90, 134–135
expenditures and, 137
IME and, 136
Disease burden
acute respiratory illness, 149–158
aggregate nature of calculations of, 108
assumptions for, 132–134
comparison of, 44–61
diarrheal disease, 159–169
enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 163, 179–182
equity considerations in, 106–111
Haemophilus influenzae, 155
Haemophilus influenzae type b, 188–191
hepatitis A virus, 198–203
hepatitis B virus, 210–216
Japanese encephalitis virus, 227–230
modification of, 166
Mycobacterium leprae, 242–244
Neisseria meningitidis, 255–260
parainfluenza viruses, 149–158, 268–270
respiratory syncytial virus, 149–158, 301, 302
Salmonella typhi, 321–324
Streptococcus pneumoniae, 158, 359–370
trends in, 85–86
Vibrio cholerae, 378–381
yellow fever virus, 392–397
Disease characteristics not recognized by system, 60–61
Disease control measures, alternative, 113–114, 116–117
Disease description
dengue virus, 170–171
enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 178
Haemophilus influenzae type b, 186–187
hepatitis A virus, 197–198
hepatitis B virus, 208–209
Japanese encephalitis virus, 223–224
Mycobacterium leprae, 241
Neisseria meningitidis, 251–253
parainfluenza viruses, 267
Plasmodium spp., 275
rabies virus, 287–289
respiratory syncytial virus, 299
rotavirus, 308–309
Salmonella typhi, 319
Shigella spp., 329–330
streptococcus A, 338–339
Streptococcus pneumoniae, 357–358
Vibrio cholerae, 376–377
yellow fever virus, 390–391
Disease distribution
dengue virus, 172
enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 179, 182
Haemophilus influenzae type b, 188–190
hepatitis A virus, 198–202
hepatitis B virus, 210–213
Japanese encephalitis virus, 226–230
Mycobacterium leprae, 242–244
Neisseria meningitidis, 255–260
parainfluenza viruses, 268–269
Plasmodium spp., 277–278
rabies virus, 290–291
respiratory syncytial virus, 300–301
rotavirus, 310–311
Salmonella typhi, 320–321
Shigella spp., 331–333
streptococcus A, 342–345
Streptococcus pneumoniae, 359–370
Vibrio cholerae, 378–381
yellow fever virus, 392–397
Disease estimates
general procedures and assumptions in, 51
limitations of current, 51–54
procedures used in deriving, 50–51
Disease incidence, 53
Diseases
costs associated with, see under Costs
distribution of, 108–109
eradication of, 115
important, in developing countries, 146–147
interactions of, 115
ranking of, 15
second-order effects of, 166, 169
synergistic interaction with, 61
Dominance
concept of, 13
test for, 40
Dose(s)
Drug resistance, 114
Dysentery, see Shigella spp.
E
Ectopic pregnancy, 56
Effectiveness, 25
Efficacy score, 24
Encephalitis, see Japanese encephalitis virus
Endemic meningococcal meningitis, 257–259
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 87
as candidate, 5
disease description, 178
disease distribution, 179, 182
health benefits and expenditures associated with, 124
host immune response, 179
pathogen description, 178–179
prediction tables, 64–65, 68–69
probable vaccine target population, 182–183
prospects for immunizing against, 178–185
prospects for vaccine development, 184–185
relationships betweenexpenditures and health benefits, 128–129
suitability for vaccine control, 183–184
times associated with, 91
total disease burden value, 59, 60
vaccine preventable illness, 182–183
EPI, see World Health Organization’s Expanded Program on Immunization
Epidemic meningococcal meningitis, 256–259
Epidemics, widespread, 114–115, 118
Equity considerations, 106–111
Equivalent, annualized, 34
Eradication, disease, 115
Escherichia coli, enterotoxigenic, see Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Estimates
reasons for, 30
sources of, 27
Expanded Program on Immunization, see World Health Organization’s Expanded Program on Immunization
Expenditures
annual, 94
discount rate and, 137
hypothetical, 38
F
Fertility control, 107
Formalin-inactivated cell culture vaccine, 233
Formalin-inactivated mouse brainvaccine, 233
G
Global health benefit, potential, 39, 121
Glomerulonephritis, acute post-streptococcal (AGN), 338
Gonorrhea, 56
Government-industry relations, 422
Group A streptococcus (GrAS), see Streptococcus A
H
Haemophilus influenzae type b
annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 87
as candidate, 5
disease burden, 149–158, 188–191
disease description, 186–187
disease distribution, 188–190
health benefits and expenditures associated with, 124
host immune response, 187–188
pathogen description, 187
prediction tables, 64–65, 68–69
probable vaccine target population, 190–192
prospects for immunizing against, 186–194
prospects for vaccine development, 192–194
relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 128–129
suitability for vaccine control, 192
times associated with, 91
total disease burden value, 59, 60
vaccine preventable illness, 190, 192
HAV, see Hepatitis A virus
HBM (health belief model), 78
HBV, see Hepatitis B virus
Health belief model (HBM), 78
Health benefit
associated with candidate vaccines, 82–105
calculating potential, 82–84
comparing, 104
determination of, 6–9
expected, 76
potential, see Potential health benefits
steady-state yield of, 90
times for occurrence of vaccine-associated, 86
Health benefit rankings, 13
Health-related investments, priority setting for, 19–29
Heart disease, rheumatic (RHD), 339, 343–345
Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 87
as candidate, 5
disease burden, 198–203
disease burden estimates, 7, 8, 47
disease description, 197–198
disease distribution, 198–202
health benefits and expenditures associated with, 124
host immune response, 198
pathogen description, 198
prediction tables, 64–65, 68–69
probable vaccine target population, 202, 204
prospects for immunizing against, 197–206
prospects for vaccine development, 205–206
relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 128–129
suitability for vaccine control, 204–205
times associated with, 91
total disease burden value, 52–53, 59, 60
vaccine preventable illness, 204
Hepatitis B, acute, 210–211, 212
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 87
as candidate, 5
disease burden, 210–216
disease description, 208–209
disease distribution, 210–213
health benefits and expenditures associated with, 124
host immune response, 209
pathogen description, 209
prediction tables, 64–65, 68–69
probable vaccine target population, 213, 217
prospects for immunizing against, 208–219
prospects for vaccine development, 217–219
relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 128–129
suitability for vaccine control, 217
times associated with, 91
total disease burden value, 59, 60
vaccine preventable illness, 217
Hepatocellular carcinoma, primary (PHC), 211, 213, 214
Hospitalization, days of, 108
Host immune response
dengue virus, 171
enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 179
Haemophilus influenzae type b, 187–188
hepatitis A virus, 198
hepatitis B virus, 209
Japanese encephalitis virus, 225
Mycobacterium leprae, 242
Neisseria meningitidis, 254–255
parainfluenza viruses, 268
Plasmodium spp., 276–277
rabies virus, 290
respiratory syncytial virus, 300
rotavirus, 310
Salmonella typhi, 320
Shigella spp., 331
streptococcus A, 341–342
Streptococcus pneumoniae, 358–359
Vibrio cholerae, 377
yellow fever virus, 391–392
Hypothetical benefits and expenditures, 38
I
IME, see Infant mortality equivalence values
Immune response, host, see Host immune response
Immunization benefits, delay in, 87–89
Immunization efforts, interdependence of, 111–112
Immunization merits, relative, 114
Immunization prospects, see Prospects for immunizing against
Immunization requirements, mandatory, 78
Industry interest in vaccines, 112–113
Industry-government relations, 422
Infant mortality, fertility control and, 107
Infant mortality equivalence (IME) values, 7, 9, 48, 82, 108, 123, 141
discount rate and, 136
example of, 50
perspective used in study, 55
perspectives, other, 55–57
resulting from diseases, 59
Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine and, 140
use of, 54
Infant mortality rate, 45
Influenza, 55–56
J
Japanese encephalitis virus (JE)
annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 87
as candidate, 5
disease burden, 227–230
disease description, 223–224
disease distribution, 226–230
formalin-inactivated cellculture vaccine, 233
formalin-inactivated mouse brain vaccine, 233
health benefits and expenditures associated with, 124
host immune response, 225
live attenuated vaccine, 234
pathogen description, 224
prediction tables, 64–65, 68–69
probable vaccine target population, 227, 231
prospects for immunizing against, 223–236
prospects for vaccine development, 232–236
relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 128–129
suitability for vaccine control, 232
times associated with, 91
total disease burden value, 59, 60
vaccine preventable illness, 231–232
JE, see Japanese encephalitis virus
L
Labile vaccines, 112
Leprosy, see Mycobacterium leprae
Lexicographic methods, 27
Licensure
estimation of time to, 10–11
Live attenuated vaccines, 383–384
M
M protein, 340
chemically synthesized fragments, 350–352
structure of, 349–350
Malaria, see Plasmodium spp.
Mandatory immunization requirements, 78
Measles vaccine, 112
Meningitis, see also Neisseria meningitidis
meningococcal, see Meningococcal meningitis
pneumococcal, see Streptococcus pneumoniae
Meningococcal meningitis
endemic, 257–259
epidemic, 256–259
Morbidity burdens, 44
elements of system for comparing, 46–54
expression of, 48–49
possible reduction in, 83–84
resulting from diseases, 59
value judgments in quantifying, 54–57
Morbidity categories, 8, 47, 48, 49, 409
Morbidity-mortality trade-offs
across age groups, 407–408
questionnaire for assessing, 403–411
Mortality burdens, 44
elements of system for comparing, 46–54
expression of, 48–49
possible reduction in, 83–84
resulting from diseases, 59
value judgments in quantifying, 54–57
Mortality-morbidity trade-offs, see Morbidity-mortality trade-offs
Mortality rate, infant, 45
Multiattribute accounting, 20–22
Multiattribute scoring, 22, 23
MULTIPLAN program, 412
Mycobacterium leprae
annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 87
as candidate, 5
disease burden, 242–244
disease description, 241
disease distribution, 242–244
health benefits and expenditures associated with, 125
host immune response, 242
pathogen description, 241–242
prediction tables, 64–65, 68–69
probable vaccine target population, 245
prospects for immunizing against, 241–249
prospects for vaccine development, 246–249
relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 128–129
suitability for vaccine control, 245–246
times associated with, 92
total disease burden value, 59, 60
vaccine preventable illness, 245
N
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), 19, 39, 61, 143, 421–422
Neisseria meningitidis
annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 88
as candidate, 5
disease burden, 255–260
disease description, 251–253
disease distribution, 255–260
health benefits and expenditures associated with, 125
host immune response, 254–255
pathogen description, 253–254
prediction tables, 64–65, 68–69
probable vaccine target population, 261–262
prospects for immunizing against, 251–264
prospects for vaccine development, 262–264
relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 128–129
suitability for vaccine control, 262
times associated with, 92
total disease burden value, 59, 60
vaccine preventable illness, 261
Net opportunity cost of resources, 123
NIAID, see National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Nonquantifiable factors, 106, 119
O
Opportunity cost, net, of resources, 123
Oral rehydration therapy (ORT), 51, 133, 166
enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and, 167, 181
ORT, see Oral rehydration therapy
Otitis media, see Streptococcus pneumonia
P
Parainfluenza viruses (PIV)
annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 88
as candidate, 5
disease burden, 149–158, 268–270
disease description, 267
disease distribution, 268–269
health benefits and expenditures associated with, 125
host immune response, 268
pathogen description, 267–268
prediction tables, 64–65, 68–69
probable vaccine target population, 269, 271
prospects for immunizing against, 267–273
prospects for vaccine development, 271–273
relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 128–129
suitability for vaccine control, 271
times associated with, 92
total disease burden value, 59, 60
vaccine preventable illness, 269, 271
Parental behavior, 107
Pathogen description
dengue virus, 171
enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 178–179
Haemophilus influenzae type b, 187
hepatitis A virus, 198
hepatitis B virus, 209
Japanese encephalitis virus, 224
Mycobacterium leprae, 241–242
Neisseria meningitidis, 253–254
parainfluenza viruses, 267–268
Plasmodium spp., 275–276
rabies virus, 289–290
respiratory syncytial virus, 299–300
rotavirus, 309
Salmonella typhi, 320
Shigella spp., 330
streptococcus A, 340–341
Streptococcus pneumoniae, 358
Vibrio cholerae, 377
yellow fever virus, 391
Pertussis vaccine, 111
PHC (primary hepatocellular carcinoma), 211, 213, 214
PIV, see Parainfluenza viruses
Plasmodium spp.
annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 88
as candidate, 5
disease description, 275
disease distribution, 277–278
health benefits and expenditures associated with, 125
host immune response, 276–277
pathogen description, 275–276
prediction tables, 64–65, 68–69
probable vaccine target population, 278, 280–281
prospects for immunizing against, 275–285
prospects for vaccine development, 283–285
relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 128–129
suitability for vaccine control, 281, 283
times associated with, 92
total disease burden value, 59, 60
vaccine preventable illness, 281
Pneumococcal meningitis, see Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pneumococcal meningitis, see Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pneumonia, see Streptococcus pneumonia
Poliomyelitis vaccine, 112
Population
by age groups, 46
estimates, 44–46
growth, 107
trends in, 85–86
world, 45
Portfolio approach for ranking vaccines, 110–111
“Portfolio” question, 28
Possible reduction in morbidity and mortality (PRMM), 83–84
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, acute (AGN), 338
Potential global health benefit, 39
Potential health benefits, 3
annualized present value of, 84
rankings of vaccine candidates based on, 17
Pregnancy, ectopic, 56
Present value, method of, 25
Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC), 211, 213, 214
Priority list, 14
Priority rankings, 13
Priority setting approach, 422
for health-related investments, 19–29
PRMM (possible reduction in morbidity and mortality), 83–84
Probable vaccine target population
defined, 10
enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 182–183
Haemophilus influenzae type b, 190–192
Japanese encephalitis virus, 227, 231
Mycobacterium leprae, 245
Neisseria meningitidis, 261–262
parainfluenza viruses, 269, 271
respiratory syncytial virus, 301, 303
Shigella spp., 333
Streptococcus pneumoniae, 370–372
yellow fever virus, 397–399
Project ranking and selection, methods for, 19–26
issues in, 27–28
Projects, interdependence among, 27–28
Prospects for immunizing against
dengue virus, 170–176
enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 178–185
Haemophilus influenzae type b, 186–194
hepatitis A virus, 197–206
hepatitis B virus, 208–219
Japanese encephalitis virus, 223–236
Mycobacterium leprae, 241–249
Neisseria meningitidis, 251–264
parainfluenza viruses, 267–273
Plasmodium spp., 275–285
rabies virus, 287–297
respiratory syncytial virus, 299–305
rotavirus, 308–316
Salmonella typhi, 319–327
Shigella spp., 329–336
streptococcus A, 338–352
Streptococcus pneumoniae, 357–374
Vibrio cholerae, 376–387
yellow fever virus, 390–401
Prospects for vaccine development
dengue virus, 175–176
enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 184–185
Haemophilus influenzae type b, 192–194
hepatitis A virus, 205–206
hepatitis B virus, 217–219
Japanese encephalitis virus, 232–236
Mycobacterium leprae, 246–249
Neisseria meningitidis, 262–264
parainfluenza viruses, 271–273
Plasmodium spp., 283–285
rabies virus, 296–297
respiratory syncytial virus, 303–305
rotavirus, 314–316
Salmonella typhi, 325–327
Shigella spp., 335–336
streptococcus A, 348–352
Streptococcus pneumoniae, 373–374
Vibrio cholerae, 383–387
yellow fever virus, 400–401
PRP vaccine, 94
Q
Quality-adjusted years of life saved, 26
Quantitative scores, 22
Quantitative structured model, 2–3
Questionnaire for assessing morbidity-mortality trade-offs, 403–411
R
Rabies vaccines, 288–289
Rabies virus
annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 88
as candidate, 5
disease description, 287–289
disease distribution, 290–291
health benefits and expenditures associated with, 125
host immune response, 290
pathogen description, 289–290
prediction tables, 66–67, 70–71
probable vaccine target population, 291, 294
prospects for immunizing against, 287–297
prospects for vaccine development, 296–297
relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 130–131
suitability for vaccine control, 295–296
times associated with, 92
total disease burden value, 59, 60
vaccine preventable illness, 294–295
Ranking vaccines, 13
Reductionist method, 33
Rehydration therapy, oral, see Oral rehydration therapy
Relative benefits, 35
Research, basic scientific, 31
Resource constraints on ranking of vaccine candidates, 16, 132, 421
Resource costs, 25
Resources, net opportunity cost of, 123
Respiratory disease, acute (ARI)
deaths due to, 151
disease burden from, 149–158
estimated mortality of, 150
population distribution and, 150
relative case frequencies, 153
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 88
as candidate, 6
disease burden, 149–158, 301, 302
disease description, 299
disease distribution, 300–301
health benefits and expenditures associated with, 125
host immune response, 300
pathogen description, 299–300
prediction tables, 66–67, 70–71
probable vaccine target population, 301, 303
prospects for immunizing against, 299–305
prospects for vaccine development, 303–305
relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 130–131
suitability for vaccine control, 303
times associated with, 93
total disease burden value, 59, 60
vaccine preventable illness, 303
RHD (rheumatic heart disease), 339, 343–345
Rheumatic fever, acute (ARF), 338–339
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD), 339, 343–345
Rotavirus
annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 89
as candidate, 6
disease description, 308–309
disease distribution, 310–311
health benefits and expenditures associated with, 126
host immune response, 310
pathogen description, 309
prediction tables, 66–67, 70–71
probable vaccine target population, 311, 314
prospects for immunizing against, 308–316
prospects for vaccine development, 314–316
relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 130–131
suitability for vaccine control, 314
times associated with, 93
total disease burden value, 59, 60
vaccine preventable illness, 311, 314
Route of administration, 69, 71, 74
RSV, see Respiratory syncytial virus
S
Salmonella typhi
annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 89
as candidate, 6
disease burden, 321–324
disease description, 319
disease distribution, 320–321
health benefits and expenditures associated with, 126
host immune response, 320
pathogen description, 320
prediction tables, 66–67, 70–71
probable vaccine target population, 321, 325
prospects for immunizing against, 319–327
prospects for vaccine development, 325–327
relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 130–131
suitability for vaccine control, 325
times associated with, 93
total disease burden value, 59, 60
vaccine preventable illness, 321, 325
Scientific research, basic, 31
Scoring, multiattribute, see Multiattribute scoring
Selection criteria, 13
Sensitivity analyses, 2, 3, 4, 141
discount rate effect on expenditure, 137
discount rate effect on IME, 136
Sequential screening methods, 27
Severity, levels of, 46
Shigella spp.
annual number of vaccineesand delay in benefits, 89
as candidate, 6
disease description, 329–330
disease distribution, 331–333
health benefits and expenditures associated with, 126
host immune response, 331
pathogen description, 330
prediction tables, 66–67, 70–71
probable vaccine target population, 333
prospects for immunizing against, 329–336
prospects for vaccine development, 335–336
relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 130–131
suitability for vaccine control, 334
times associated with, 93
total disease burden value, 59, 60
vaccine preventable illness, 333
Side effects, see Adverse reactions
Streptococcus A
annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 89
as candidate, 6
disease description, 338–339
disease distribution, 342–345
health benefits and expenditures associated with, 126
host immune response, 341–342
pathogen description, 340–341
prediction tables, 66–67, 70–71
probable vaccine target population, 345, 347
prospects for immunizing against, 338–352
prospects for vaccine development, 348–352
relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 130–131
suitability for vaccine control, 347–348
times associated with, 93
total disease burden value, 59, 60
vaccine preventable illness, 345, 347
Streptococcus pneumoniae
annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 89
as candidate, 6
disease burden, 149–158, 359–370
disease burden table, 158
disease description, 357–358
disease distribution, 359–370
health benefits and expenditures associated with, 126
host immune response, 358–359
pathogen description, 358
prediction tables, 66–67, 70–71
probable vaccine target population, 370–372
prospects for immunizing against, 357–374
prospects for vaccine development, 373–374
relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 130–131
suitability for vaccine control, 372–373
times associated with, 93
total disease burden value, 59, 60
vaccine preventable illness, 371–372
Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine, 140
Subscores, 22
Suitability for vaccine control
dengue virus, 174
enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 183–184
Haemophilus influenzae type b, 192
hepatitis A virus, 204–205
hepatitis B virus, 217
Japanese encephalitis virus, 232
Mycobacterium leprae, 245–246
Neisseria meningitidis, 262
parainfluenza viruses, 271
rabies virus, 295–296
respiratory syncytial virus, 303
rotavirus, 314
Salmonella typhi, 325
Shigella spp., 334
streptococcus A, 347–348
Streptococcus pneumoniae, 372–373
Vibrio cholerae, 382
yellow fever virus, 399
Surveillance data, 52
Synthetic vaccines, 386–387
T
T protein, 340
Target populations, 64–65, 68–69, 72, 85, 134
individuals entering, 87–89
probable vaccine, see Probable vaccine target population
TDBV, see Total disease burden values
Technical notes, 412
Total disease burden values (TDBV), 9, 94
assumptions for, 132–134
calculating, 82
example of, 52–53
ranking of diseases by, 15
Trade-off values, 48
example of, 49
morbidity-mortality, see Morbidity-mortality trade-offs
mortality, see Mortality trade-offs
Typhoid fever, see Salmonella typhi
U
U, see Differential utilization
Urban population, 45
Utilization, vaccine, 31, 78–80
in developing world, 79–80
differential, see Differential utilization
prediction of, in defined populations, 78
treatment of, 10
Utilization rates, 76–77
V
Vaccination, see Immunization entries
Vaccine candidates
benefits and affordability of, 127
health benefits associated with, 82–105
rankings based on potential health benefits, 17
resource constraints on, 16, 132, 421
target populations and, 72
Vaccine control, suitability for, see Suitability for vaccine control
Vaccine coverage, 24
Vaccine development, accelerated, 106–119
basic research priorities and, 144
judging feasibility of, 143–144
pathogens not candidates but discussed in first report, 148
potential candidate diseases for, 148
selecting candidates for, 144–145
selection of candidates for, 143–148
Vaccine development predictions, 9–10, 63–75
adverse reactions, 74
cost of development, 73
cost per dose, 74
delivery requirements, 74
efficacy, 73–74
need for, 63
number of doses, 74
probability of successful development, 72
production technology, 74
route of administration, 74
time to licensure, 73
vaccine characteristics, 73–74
Vaccine development prospects, see Prospects for vaccine development
Vaccine dominance, 41
Vaccine improvement projects, 94–95
Vaccine preventable illness (VPI), 83, 85
assumptions on, 134
defined, 182n
dengue virus, 174
enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 182–183
estimation of, 11
Haemophilus influenzae type b, 190, 192
hepatitis A virus, 204
hepatitis B virus, 217
Japanese encephalitis virus, 231–232
Mycobacterium leprae, 245
Neisseria meningitidis, 261
parainfluenza viruses, 269, 271
Plasmodium spp., 281
rabies virus, 294–295
respiratory syncytial virus, 303
Shigella spp., 333
Streptococcus pneumoniae, 371–372
Vibrio cholerae, 382
yellow fever virus, 398–399
Vaccine preventable proportion, 82–83
Vaccine target population, probable, see Probable vaccine target population
Vaccines
accelerated, see Vaccine development, accelerated
administration of, cost of, 32
adoption of, time to, 10–11
amortized cost of, 34
availability of, 77–78
benefits of, equity considerations in, 106–111
candidates for, see Vaccine candidates
combination of, 28
development of, 1
hypothetical, rankings of, 40
incorporation into WHO-EPI, 69, 71
industry interest in, 112–113
interdependence of development efforts for, 111
labile, 112
live attenuated, 383–384
new, assessing likely utilization of, 76–80
portfolio approach for ranking, 110–111
predictions for, see Vaccine development predictions
preventable illness, see Vaccine preventable illness
prospects for, see Prospects for vaccine development
rabies, 288–289
ranking, 13
recommendations for use of, 110
secondary impacts of, 32
stage of development of, 110
synthetic, 386–387
target population, see Probable vaccine target population
total time to steady-state use of, 91–93
utilization of, see Utilization, vaccine
Value judgments, 2
individual, see Trade-off values
in quantifying morbidity and mortality, 54–57
Vector control, 114
Vibrio cholerae
annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 89
as candidate, 6
disease burden, 378–381
disease description, 376–377
disease distribution, 378–381
health benefits and expenditures associated with, 126
host immune response, 377
pathogen description, 377
prediction tables, 66–67, 70–71
probable vaccine target population, 378, 382
prospects for immunizing against, 376–387
prospects for vaccine development, 383–387
relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 130–131
suitability for vaccine control, 382
times associated with, 93
total disease burden value, 59, 60
vaccine preventable illness, 382
Volume 1, contents to, 423
Volume 2, contents of supplement to, 420
VPI, see Vaccine preventable illness
W
Weighted scores, 22
WHO-EPI, see World Health Organization’s Expanded Program on Immunization
Widespread epidemics, 114–115, 118
World Health Organization’s Expanded Program on Immunization (WHO-EPI), 10, 32, 79
vaccine incorporation into, 69, 71
World population data, 45
Y
Years of life saved, quality-adjusted, 26
Yellow fever virus (YF)
annual number of vaccinees and delay in benefits, 89
as candidate, 6
disease burden, 392–397
disease description, 390–391
disease distribution, 392–397
health benefits and expenditures associated with, 126
host immune response, 391–392
pathogen description, 391
prediction tables, 66–67, 70–71
probable vaccine target population, 397–399
prospects for immunizing against, 390–401
prospects for vaccine development, 400–401
relationships between expenditures and health benefits, 130–131
suitability for vaccine control, 399
times associated with, 93
total disease burden value, 59, 60
vaccine preventable illness, 398–399
YF, see Yellow fever virus