FIGURE 2-1 Examples of point pricing of traffic entering the central area. Point pricing could apply on (a) an individual route, (b) only the most congested routes, or (c) all the routes serving a central area. The first case would be facility pricing, the second would be an extended version of facility pricing, and the last would be a form of cordon pricing.

Cordon pricing is planned for Stockholm beginning about 1997, and point pricing is being actively considered in the Netherlands. A multiple-cordon pricing system was studied for Hong Kong and is being studied for London (Gomez-Ibanez and Small forthcoming). Rapid innovations and applications in electronic toll collection technologies are making the more complex pricing versions (e.g., zone pricing and charges for distance traveled) increasingly feasible (see papers by Pietrzyk and by May in Volume 2).

A simple form of congestion pricing has been in place in Singapore since 1975 (Hau 1992). Motorists wishing to enter the core area of the city covering 5 km² (about 2.4 mi²) during the morning and evening peaks