NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
This committee was supported by a contract with the National Science Foundation. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsor.
Cover art was created by Carrie Mallory. Ms. Mallory received her Bachelor of Fine Arts Degree from the Cooper Union. She takes many of her themes from the natural world and has exhibited at a number of juried shows in the Northern Virginia area. The art for this cover was inspired by the shoreline at Peggy's Cove, Nova Scotia.
Copies of this report are available from Ocean Studies Board, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20418.
Copyright 1995 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
COMMITTEE ON THE ARCTIC RESEARCH VESSEL
PAUL STOFFA (Chairman),
University of Texas, Austin
GERALD CANN, Independent Consultant,
Rockville, Maryland
DAVID DeMASTER,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh
RICHARD GOODY,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
JACQUELINE GREBMEIER,
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
RICHARD KU,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles
MARCUS LANGSETH,
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, New York
RICHARD MORITZ,
University of Washington, Seattle
JOHN MORRISON,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh
JOHN ORCUTT,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
LYNDA SHAPIRO,
University of Oregon, Charleston
DONALD WALSH,
International Maritime Incorporated, Myrtle Point, Oregon
Staff
ELIZABETH TURNER, Study Director
LORA TAYLOR, Senior Project Assistant
OCEAN STUDIES BOARD
WILLIAM MERRELL (Chairman),
Texas A&M University, Galveston
GERALD A. CANN, Senior Advisor to the Executive Committee,
Raytheon Company, Arlington, Virginia
WILLIAM CURRY,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
ELLEN DRUFFEL,
University of California, Irvine
RANA FINE,
University of Miami, Florida
JOHN E. FLIPSE, Independent Consultant,
Georgetown, South Carolina
SUSAN HANNA,
Oregon State University, Corvallis
JOHN E. HOBBIE,
Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
EILEEN E. HOFMANN,
Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
ROBERT B. GAGOSIAN,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
ROBERT KNOX,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
LOUIS L. LANZEROTTI,
AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey
JOHN MAGNUSON,
University of Wisconsin, Madison
B. GREGORY MITCHELL,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
ARTHUR NOWELL,
University of Washington, Seattle
TERRANCE J. QUINN,
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
BARRY RALEIGH,
University of Hawaii, Honolulu
JAMES P. RAY,
Shell Oil Company, Houston, Texas
PETER RHINES,
University of Washington, Seattle
BRIAN ROTHSCHILD,
University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth
THOMAS C. ROYER,
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
LYNDA SHAPIRO,
University of Oregon, Charleston
SHARON SMITH,
University of Miami, Florida
PAUL STOFFA,
University of Texas, Austin
Staff
MARY HOPE KATSOUROS, Director
EDWARD R. URBAN, JR., Staff Officer
DAN WALKER, Staff Officer
ELIZABETH TURNER, Research Associate
MARY PECHACEK, Administrative Associate
LORA TAYLOR, Senior Project Assistant
LAVONCYÉ MALLORY, Senior Secretary
PAULETTE SALMON, Project Assistant
POLAR RESEARCH BOARD
DAVID L. CLARK (Chairman),
University of Wisconsin, Madison
KNUT AAGAARD,
University of Washington, Seattle
JOHN B. ANDERSON,
Rice University, Houston, Texas
DAVID R. BAINES,
St. Maries Clinic, St. Maries, Idaho
ERNEST S. BURCH, JR., Consultant,
Camp Hill, Pennsylvania
GORDON F.N. COX,
Amoco Production Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma
ROBERT L. DEZAFRA,
State University of New York, Stony Brook
BERNARD HALLET,
University of Washington, Seattle
DOYAL A. HARPER,
Yerkes Observatory, Williams Bay, Wisconsin
DAVID M. HITE, Consultant,
Anchorage, Alaska
DIANNE M. McKNIGHT,
U.S. Geological Survey, Boulder, Colorado
DONAL T. MANAHAN,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles
WALTER C. OECHEL,
San Diego State University, San Diego, California
IRENE C. PEDEN,
University of Washington, Seattle
GLENN E. SHAW,
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
DONALD B. SINIFF,
University of Minnesota, St. Paul
JUNE LINDSTEDT-SIVA,
ARCO, Los Angeles, California
ROBERT M. WALKER,
Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
Ex-Officio Members
CHARLES R. BENTLEY,
University of Wisconsin, Madison
ELLEN S. MOSLEY-THOMPSON,
Ohio State University, Columbus
ROBERT H. RUTFORD,
University of Texas, Dallas
ORAN R. YOUNG,
Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
Staff
LOREN W. SETLOW, Director
TONI GREENLEAF, Senior Project Assistant/Financial Assistant
KELLY NORSINGLE, Senior Project Assistant
COMMISSION ON GEOSCIENCES, ENVIRONMENT, AND RESOURCES
M. GORDON WOLMAN (Chairman),
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
PATRICK R. ATKINS,
Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
JAMES P. BRUCE,
Canadian Climate Program Board, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
WILLIAM L. FISHER,
University of Texas, Austin
GEORGE M. HORNBERGER,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville
DEBRA KNOPMAN,
Progressive Policy Institute, Washington, D.C.
PERRY L. MCCARTY,
Stanford University, California
JUDY MCDOWELL,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
S. GEORGE PHILANDER,
Princeton University, New Jersey
RAYMOND A. PRICE,
Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario, Canada
THOMAS A. SCHELLING,
University of Maryland, College Park
ELLEN SILBERGELD,
University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore
STEVEN M. STANLEY,
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
VICTORIA J. TSCHINKEL,
Landers and Parsons, Tallahassee, Florida
Staff
STEPHEN RATTIEN, Executive Director
STEPHEN D. PARKER, Associate Executive Director
MORGAN GOPNIK, Assistant Executive Director
JIM MALLORY, Administrative Officer
GREGORY SYMMES, Reports Officer
SANDI FITZPATRICK, Administrative Associate
SUSAN SHERWIN, Project Assistant
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