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E
The Centers for Disease Control's
Surveillance Definition of AIDS
For the purposes of national reporting of some of the severe late
manifestations of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in
the United States, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) defines a case
of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) as an illness character-
ized by (1) one or more of the opportunistic diseases listed below
(diagnosed by methods considered reliable) that are at least moderately
indicative of underlying cellular immunodeficiency, and (2) the absence of
all known underlying causes of cellular immunodeficiency (other than
HIV infection) and the absence of all other causes of reduced resistance
reported to be associated with at least one of those opportunistic diseases.
Despite having the above, patients are excluded as AIDS cases if they
have a negative results) on testing for serum antibody to HIV, do not
have a positive culture for HIV, and have both a normal or high number
of CD4 T cells and a normal or high ratio of CD4 to CD8 T cells. A single
negative test for HIV may be applied here if it is an antibody test by
ELISA, immunofluorescent, or Western blot methods, because such tests
are very sensitive. Viral cultures are less sensitive but more specific, and
so may be relied on if positive but not if negative. If multiple antibody
tests have inconsistent results, the result applied to the case definition
SOURCE: Based on "The Case Definition of AIDS Used by CDC for National Reporting
CDC-reportable AIDS)," Document No. 0312S, August 1, 1985, Centers for Disease
Control, Atlanta, Ga.
316
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APPENDIX E 317
should be that of the majority. A positive culture, however, would
overrule negative antibody tests. In the absence of test results, patients
satisfying all other criteria in this definition are included as cases.
This general case definition can be made more explicit by specifying the
particular diseases considered at least moderately indicative of cellular
immunodeficiency that are used as indicators of AIDS. In the following
list of diseases, the required diagnostic methods with positive results are
shown in parentheses. "Microscopy" may include cytology.
Protozoal and Helminthic Infections
-
1. Cryptosporidiosis, intestinal, causing diarrhea for over one month
(on histology or stool microscopy).
2. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (on histology or microscopy of a
"touch" preparation, bronchial washings, or sputum).
3. Strongyloidosis causing pneumonia, central nervous system infec
~r infe.~.tinn rlisseminated beyond the gastrointestinal tract (on
tion, V1 BAA ~ J
histology).
4. Toxoplasmosis causing infection in internal organs other than the
liver, spleen, or lymph nodes (on histology or microscopy of a "touch"
preparation).
Fungal Infections
1. Candidiasis causing esophagitis (on histology, microscopy of a
"wet" preparation from the esophagus, or endoscopic or autopsy findings
of white plaques on an erythematous mucosal base, but not by culture
alone).
2. Cryptococcosis causing central nervous system or other infection
disseminated beyond lungs and lymph nodes (on culture, antigen detec-
tion, histology, or India ink preparation of cerebrospinal fluid).
Bacterial Infections
1. Mycobacterium avium or intracellulare (Mycobacterium avium com-
plex) or Mycobacterium kansasii causing infection disseminated beyond
lungs and lymph nodes (on culture).
.
Viral Infections
1. Cytomegalovirus causing infection in internal organs other than the
liver, spleen, or lymph nodes (on histology or cytology but not by culture
or serum antibody titer).
2. Herpes simplex virus causing chronic mucocutaneous infection with
ulcers persisting more than one month or pulmonary, gastrointestinal
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318 APPENDIX E
tract (beyond mouth, throat, or rectum), or disseminated infection, but
not encephalitis alone (on culture, histology, or cytology).
3. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, presumed to be caused
by papovavirus (on histology).
Cancer
1. Kaposi's sarcoma (on histology).
2. Lymphoma limited to the brain (on histology).
Other Opportunistic Infections with Positive Test for HIV
In the absence of the above opportunistic diseases, any of the following
diseases is considered indicative of AIDS if the patient had a positive test
for HIV:
1. Disseminated histoplasmosis (on culture, histology, or cytology).
2. Bronchial or pulmonary candidiasis (on microscopy or visualization
grossly of characteristic white plaques on the bronchial mucosa, but not
by culture alone).
3. Isosporiasis causing chronic diarrhea of over one month (on histol-
ogy or stool microscopy).
Chronic Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonitis
In the absence of the above opportunistic diseases, a histologically
confirmed diagnosis of chronic (persisting over two months) lymphoid
interstitial pneumonitis in a child (under 13 years of age) is indicative of
AIDS unless testis) for lIIV are negative. The histologic examination of
lung tissue must show diffuse interstitial and peribronchiolar infiltration
by lymphocytes, plasma cells with Russell bodies, plasmacytoid lympho-
cytes, and immunoblasts. Histologic and culture evaluation must not
identify a pathogenic organism as the cause of this pneumonia.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma with Positive Test for HIV
If the patient had a positive test for HIV, then the following histologic
types of lymphoma are indicative of AIDS, regardless of anatomic site:
1. Small noncleaved lymphoma (Burkitt's tumor or Burkitt-like lym-
phoma), but not small cleaved lymphoma.
2. Immunoblastic sarcoma (or immunoblastic lymphoma) of B-cell or
unknown immunologic phenotype (not of T-cell type). Other terms that
may be equivalent include diffuse undifferentiated non-Hodgkin's lym-
phoma, large-cell lymphoma (cleaved or noncleaved), diffuse histiocytic
lymphoma, reticulum cell sarcoma, and high-grade lymphoma.
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~ E 319
Lymphomas should not be accepted as indicative of AIDS if they are
described in any one of the foNowing ways: low grade, of T-ceN type
Immunologic phenotypes smaN craved lymphoma, lymphocyOc lym-
phoma (regardless of whether weN or poorly differentiated), lymphoblas-
dc lymphoma, plasmacytoid lymphocytes lymphoma, lymphocy~c leuke-
mia (acute or chronic), or Hodgkin's disease (or Hodgkin's lymphoma).
Representative terms from entire chapter:
lymph nodes
