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OCR for page 325
Index
A
Abortion
access to services, 86, 114,193,276
age restnaions, 9, 192
attitudes about, 17-18, 86, 113, 191
complications of, 9, 125, 277-278
and contraception, 112-113, 16;
conmcepnve use following, 113,
193-194
dday in obtaining, 9, 114, 190195, 277
delayed effects of, 12;
detcrsninants, 112-113
eEects on birth rates and sexual and
fertility behavior, 19~194
effects on male partner, 196
faalines for performing, 191
federal funding of, 85
fees for, 192-193
judicial bypass of parental consent for, 7,
192, 194-195,276-277
health risks associated with, 125,277
legalization of, 9, 17, 58,61,80, 92,
190,193,248,276
Medicaid reimbursement for, 85, 191,
193, 194
mortality rates, 125
numbers and rates of, 1, 1:, S0~5, 58,
60,74, 8;.112, 113,261, 276
parental consent for, 9, 17, 114,192,
194-19S, 249, 276-277
parental influenec on, 113
paynacnt sources for, 193
psychological effects of, 195-196
32j
race differences in, :8, 60, 85, 113, 117
recommendations regarding, 6, 9, 26S,
27~279, 285
religiousness/religious affiliation and,
113
repeat, 112
research pnonties on, 244, 249, 27~277
eele~rssion presentation of, 91
underreporting of, 52, 69, 7~71, 113,
239-240
Abortion sennces
contraceptive seances offered by
provenders, 191, 279
pregnancy testing and counseling by
providers, 174, 191-192, 27&-279
Absent fatherhood
socioeconomic factors assomaecd with,
82
trends in, 7~77
Abstinence, see Initiation of sexual activity
Academic achievement/aspirations
abomon decisions based on, 112
contraceptive use and, 101, 120
nonmantal childbeanog and, ITS, 120
sexual activity and, 10~101, 120
see also Educational at~amment
Acquired immune deficiency nines,
. . .
condoms tO prc~rcnt transmission,
166
Adolescent development, 7~93, 110
Adolescent Family Life Act, Title XX,
22-23, 25, 248
Adolescent Family Life Comprehensive
Care Prodders, 223
OCR for page 326
326 INDEX
Adolescent Family Life Program, 23, 227
Adolescent Health Sernces and Pregnancy
Prevention and Care Act of 1978,
2l, 222
Adolescent Media Project, 1~2-1~3
Adolescent Pregnancy Childwatch
Program, 182
Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention and Care
Program, 22
Adolescent Pregnancy Projects, 223
Adolescents
number in United States, 3030
socioeconomic trends on, 81
transition behaviors of, 93, 102,
24~244; see also Alcohol use,
sexual attitudes and behavior
associated with; Delinquency,
sexual attitudes and behavior
associated with; Drug use
Adoption
data sources and needs on, 71, 116, 239,
245
determinants of, 11:
rates, 61, 74, 227, 276
recommendations regarding, 6, 9-10,
23, 26S, 279-280
residential programs, 228
services, 221-228, 281
underreporting of, 61, 69-70
Aid to Families With Dependent Children
(AFDC)
assistance in obtaining, 190
cost savings of avoiding, 184
eligibility for, 198, 20S, 287
expenditures to adolescent mothers,
132-133, 205-206, 266
incentive to early childbearing, llS,
119, 206, 287
recommendations regarding, 287
socioeconomic factors associated with,
206
state supplementation of, 24
use of payments tO finish school, 258
Alan Guttmacher Institute, 16, 22, o2, 70,
8085, 91, 109, 113, 114, 124, 125,
144, 153, 157, 174, 193, 208, 239,
240
Alcohol use, sexual attitudes and behavior
associated until, 93, 102
Alliance for Young Families, 210
Alternative schools, 210, 216-218, 230
American Civil Liberties Union, 23
American College of Obstetricians and
Gynecologists recommendations for
prenatal care, 197, 283
American Public Welfare System
data collection by, 71, 239
see also Aid tO Families With Dependent
Children; Public assistance; Welfare
Antecedents of adolescent pregnancy and
parenting, 31, 244 24;
Attitudes
abortion, 17-18, 86, 113, 191
alternative schools, 218
cohabitation, 84
conservatism and new morality, 86-87
contraception, 109,110,148, 166-167
family planning, 86
importance in sexual behavior and
decision making, 12~121
marriage, 77, 83, 98
nonmantal childbearing, 77, 83, 86, 98,
99, 117-118
perception of opportunities, 82-83, 89,
118, 120
programs to influence, 146; see also
Preventive intenrentions; Programs
that enhance life options
self-perception, 109, 12~121
about sex education, 14~144
about sexual activity, 69, 83. 84, 98
and soQocultural developments, 7~93
B
Bank Street College youth employment
demonstration project, 181, 214
Bayley Infant Scales, 212
Benign breast disease, 162
Big Brothers and Big Sisters, 178
Birth control pills, see Contraceptive pills
Birthnght, 174
Births to adolescents
numbers and rates of, 1, 1;, 53, 54~;5,
58~0, 6;-67, 72, 261, 276
see also L'ginmation; Nonmarital
childbeanog
13ndge Over Troubled Waters, 182
Bureau of Maternal and Child Health
Services, 21
C
Canada, rates of adolescent pregnancy, 16
OCR for page 327
INDEX 327
Cancers, uterine and endomemal, 162
Cardiovascular problems from oral
contraceptives, 162
Catholicism / Catholics
abomons among, 113
as art indicator of sexual activity, 100
Center for Population Options, 24, 90,
151-1~2, 168, 170, 176-177, 272
Centers for Disease Control, 7~71, 130,
239
Child abuse by adolescent parents, 137
Child care
for firstborns of unmarred mothers, 61,
64
inadequacies in, 209
positive effects of, 229
programs, 209-211
recommendations regarding, 12,
289-290
Child Health Act of 1967, Title U 21
Child support
adolescent mothers receiving, 132
enforcement, 11, 206 209, 249, 259,
28~2%6
Ether's liability for, 206 207
Child Support Enforcement Program, 207
Chil~eanug by adolescents, see Births to
adolescents; Legitimation;
Nonmarital childbearing; Pregnancy
and childbearing
Children of adolescent mothers
developmental problems of, see
Developmental effects on children of
teenage mothers
developmental prograsns for, 12,
208~21;, 291-292
Realm risks tO, 124, 261-262
Children's Defense Fund, 124, 182-183.
271
Cleveland Program for Sexual Learning,
Sardine, 175
Clinics, see Family planning clinics;
School-based clinics
Cohabitation, 84
Community of Caring, 216
Comprelensi~c care programs
brokerage modd, 224
case management by, 223
commun~ty-b~ced prevention, 181-182
corcser~nces, 200 201, 210216
costs, 225
duration of effects from, 200, 204
goals of, 203, 222-223
outcome evaluations of, 203, 220227,
230
recommendations regarding, 29~291
repeat pregnancy rates, 20~204
Condoms
attitudes about, 166-167
distribution programs, 166-168
efficacy, 161, 271-272
intcrfaencc with sexual pleasure, 167,
272
and prevention of sexually transmitted
disease, 166, 275
rates of use, 46, 163, 167
research needs on, 258
sources, 154
Contraceptive foam, 46, 161; see also
Spermicides
Contraceptive pills
age factor in use, 106
COStS, 159
effects on liberalization of sexual
practices, 165, 271
efficacy of, 161, 271-272
estrogen doses, 162
health benefits of, 162
health complications of 162
.
mortality risk, 161
perceptions of health risks, 272
prevalence of use, 46, 48, 107, 113, 154,
162-163
recommcudanons regarding, 7, 272
research needs on, 258
sources, 154,158, 162
Conmcepave service providers
clinics, 1501~9, 162-163, 273; see also
Family planning clinics;
School-based clinics
community seance organizations, 8, 155
funnily planning senders, 153-154
health departments, 8,155
hospitals, 8, lSS
pmratc physicians, 150157, 159,
162-163
recommendations regarding, 8, 274
school-based clinics, 8, 168-173,
270275
Conmccptivc sconces
access to, 86
attitudes about, 86
availability of, 11, 22, 203, 274, 284 285
OCR for page 328
328 INDEX
condom distribution programs, 8, Costs
16~168, 27:
costs ofproviding, 159-160
counseling, 191
data needs on, 239
effectiveness, 18~187, 229
funding for, 160
Medicaid reimbursement for, 8, 161, 272
monitoring needs, 239
negative aspects, 165
parental consent and notification
requirements, 15~-157, 159, 249
recommendations regarding, 8, 11,
28028:
scope of, 8, 153, 155, 157-158
teenagers' first source, 154
Contraceptive use
abortion as a substitute for, 112-113
age of first intercourse and, 4809, 74,
10~107, 165
data collection on, 71
following abortions, 113, 19~194
gender roles and, 83
mortality risk of, 161-162
pregnancy probability and, 3, 49
rates of, 46 48, on, 72
recommendations on, 7-8, 271-276
reliance on male methods, 49, 106, 27~;
see also Condoms; Withdrawal as
contraceptive method
television reference to, 91
Contraceptive use detersninants
academic achievement/aspirations, 107,
120
acceptance of own sexuality, 109
attitudes, 109-110,148, 16~167
commitment in relationship, 107
development charactenstics, 110
levels of sexual knowledge, 108, 110,
147, 148, 172
mother-daughter communication, 1~0
parental support and controls, 11~111
parents' coeducation, 107,111
self-esteem, 110
Contraceptives
continuation of, 164, 170
failure rates of, 49, 52-~3, 56, 74, 111,
161, 272
television advertising of, 8, 91, 153,
275-276
traits of poor users of, 110
see also specific contraccptilJes
adolescent pregnancy and parenting, 31,
74, 184-180, 205-206
child care, 210
comprehensive care programs, 22o
contraceptive services, 159-160
data collection on fertility, 70
pediatric care, 203
prenatal care and delivery, 197-198
Project Redirection, 225
school-based clinics, 170
sex and family life education programs,
147-148
WIC nutrition program, 201
D
Data on fertility
availability, 34, 41, 52, 58, 61, 67-71
categories of race and ethnic differences,
233, 238
costs of collecting, 70
inconsistencies in, 68, 232-233
of males, 52
overreporting, 69
priorities for collection, 13, 232-240
recommendations regarding, 232-240
from service provenders, 71, 238-240
sources, 33-34, 6~-71, 170, 232-240
underrepornug, o2, 69-71
verification of, 69-70
from vital statistics, 3~34, SO, o3,
7~71, 237-23S, 240
see also Surveys
Dating and scum behavior, 101, 102
Deficit Reduction Act of 1984, 287
Delay of sexual initiation, see Initiation of
. .
sexua activity
Delinquency, sexual attitudes and behavior
associated with, 93, 243
Dada Sigma Theta, program to enhance life
opnons, 178
Demonstration projects, see Abortion
services; Children of adolescent
mothers; Economic support;
Expersmcntal research; Prenatal care
and delivery; Pre~rennve
inrenrennons; Programs that
enhance life options; ~pecsfsc names
Developmental effects on children of
teenage mothers
intelligence and achievement scores,
134 135,212
OCR for page 329
INDEX 329
learning disabilities, 137, 211-212
mediation of, 137, 139, 208-214
research needs on, 246-247 childbearing, 119
retention in grade, 134 programs for enhancing, 179-181
school behavioral problems, 136 218-220, 230
socioemotional, 136-13/ trends in, 39, 82
substance abuse, 136 Employment, maternal
Diaphragms
prevalence of use, 46, 1~4
sources for, 154, 158, 162
Divorce
early childbearing associated with, 129
... . . . ..
ear y lnltlatlon or sexual activity
associated with, 104
trends in rates of, 76
see also Marital disruption
The Door, 182
Douche as contraceptive method, 48
Drug use
sexual altitudes and behavior correlated
with. 93, 102, 243
E
Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and
Treatment Program, 10. 198, 282,
284
Economic support
programs, 205-206; see also Aid to
Families With Dependent Children;
Child support; Medicaid
recommendations regarding, 11,
28~-287
Education
.. . . . . . . .
a~scrunmanon associated with
pregnancy, 127-128, 217
remedial, 179
see also Mother's education; Parenting
education; Parents' education
Education Amendments of 1972, Title IX.
128,217,248
Educational attainment
early childbe~nng and, 125-128, 217,
262
postsecondary, 127
of teenage fathers, 126
see also Academic
achievement/aspirations
Educational counseling, 179, 181
Emergency services for pregnant and
parceling adolescents, 21~215
Employability, programs for enhancing,
179-181, 219
Employment, adolescent
as determinant of nonmarital
factors conmbuting tO increases in,
78-79
of heads of household, 78
implications for adolescent development,
79
median family income correlated with,
80
Employment, women's, 7~79
Ethnographic studies, unavailability of data
for,34,41,52,58,61, 68,241
Europe
child support enforcement in, 208
contraceptive advertising in, 153
Evaluation research see Outcome
evaluations; Process evaluations
Experimental research
priorities for, 14, 257-259
Families, female-headed
initiation of sexual intercourse by girls in,
104
maternal employment in, 78
nonmantal childbearing by adolescents
in, 119
public assistance tO, 81, 119
research priorities on, 245
socioeconomic status, 8~81, 89
trends in, 76. 80, 82
Family care programs, 22~221
Family communications programs,
149-1~0; 187
Family Focus dro~in centers, 216
Family income
changing patterns of. 79-80
median, 80, 266
race differences in, 80, 131-132
Family life education, content and focus of,
', 146, 269-270
Family planning clinics
acceptance of Medicaid reimbursement,
159
attendance, 163-16~. 169. 172-173, 273
OCR for page 330
330 INDEX
charactenstics of patients of, 163
fees, 159
parental consent and notification
requirements of, 15~156
prevalence in United States, l'=l;S
rate of adolescent use of, 157-158
services provided by, 8, 155, 174, 191
see also School-based clinics
Family planning services, see Contraceptive
sennces
Family Planning Services and Population
Research Act, Title X. 8, 21-24
Family size of early childbearers, 129
Family structure
changes in, 76-77, 82
of early childbearers, 129-130
influence on adolescent sexual activity,
104
race differences in, 7~77, 117
spacing of births, 129
see also Families, female-headed
Fatherhood
marital status and, 77-78
programs, 213-214
see also Absent fatherhood
Fecundity, data on, 40, 96
Fertility
completed age at firs: birth, 129, 130
male, need for data on, 52
rates in schools with clinics, 110
see also Data on fertility
Food Stamp program, 133, 20o
G
Gall bladder disease from oral
contraceptives, 162
Gender roles
changes in, 83-87
influence of working women on attitudes
about, 79
Genital }herpes, condoms to prevent, 166
H
Health care programs, 196-20~; see also
Comprehensive care programs;
Contraceptive services; Nutntion;
Pediatric care; Postpartum care by
nurs~midwives; Prenatal care and
delivery; Sex and family life
education
recommendations regarding, 10. 282
Health Insurance Association of America,
198
Health risks
of abortion, 120, 177
of adolescent pregnancy and
childbearing, 1,12~12o, 139,196
of contraceptives, 161-162, 271
Health Services and Centers Amendments
Act, Title VI, 21
High-Scope Project, 211
Hispanics
unavailability of data on, 34, 41, :2, 58.
61,68
see Race and ethnic differences
Hormone levels, influence on girls' sexual
behavior, 96
Hospitalization, contraceptive side effects
requiring, 162
Hot lines, operations and services, 170175
Hypertension from oral contraceptives, 162
I
Improved Pregnancy Outcome Project, 199
Income
early childbearing effects on levels of,
13~132
see also Family income
Infant Stimulation/Mother Training
Project, 212
... . , ..
runatlon or sexua . aCt2Vlty
age trends in, 4204, 96, 98-99
by girls in female-headed families, 104
contraceptive use and, 48 49, 74,
100107, 165
delay of, 3, 7, 172, 258, 269-271
marital disruption associated with, 104
mother's educational attainment and, 44
peer group influence on, 105-106
race differences in, 98
socioeconomic status and, 44
Intelligence
of children of teenage mothas, 13013:,
212
sexual activity correlated with, 100 101
Intergenerational effects of early
childbearing, 6, 136-139
Intrautenne devices (IUDs)
health risks of, 162
pregnancy rate with, 52, :3, 161
prevalence of use, 46, 107, 113, 154
sources, 154, 1~8, 162
OCR for page 331
INDEX 331
J
Job Corps, 180
lob opportunities for adolescents, 82, 262
Job training for adolescent fathers, 18~181
Johns Hopkins School of Mediane
Adolescent Pregnancy Program,
171-172, 202, 223
school-based clinic model, 171-173, 202,
204
Junior League Teen Outreach Program,
176, 187
K
Kappa Alpha Psi program tO enhance life
options, 178
L
Labor force participation
by early childbearers, 13~132
by parents of adolescents, 78-79
program tO improve adolescent, 181
rates of adolescent, 39, 13~132
I~egitimanon
determinants, 61, 115
educanonal attainment following, 127
raial/ethnic patterns of, 78, 115, 128
rates of, 60 63, 74, 77-78, 114, 128
Life options, see Programs that chance life
options
Life Planning Project, 176
Life planning, programs tO improve,
17~117, 21~216, 267, 288
Life Skills Counseling program, 148
Life skills training, 11-12, 21~217, 288
Liver tumors from oral contraceptives, 162
Low b~hweight infants
costs of care, 203
prenatal care interventions, 196, 201
M
Marital disruption
association with initiation of adolescent
sexual activity, 104
factors contributing to, 85
Marital stabilizer, adolescent parenthood
implications for, 1-2, 18, 129, 262
Marriage
attitudes about, 77, 83, 98
changing patterns of, 77-78, 85
to legitimate a birth, see Legitimation
prevalence among teenagers, 35-36, 72
Maternal and Child Health block grant
services funded by, 22, 160, 19~199
Maternal-In~nt Care Program, 170, 223
Media
approaches to preventive interventions,
150, ljl-1~3, 270~271
research priorities regarding, 249
treatment of sexuality, 7, 19, 91-92,
1~1-152, 249
see also Radio, public service
announcements on pregnancy and
childbearing; Television
Medicaid
eligibility, 10, 198, 202, 282, 284, 287
expenditures for adolescent mothers and
their children, 133, 205
recommendations regarding, 8, 10, 273,
282
as a source of fertility data, 71
Medicaid reimbursement
for abortions, 83, 191, 193, 194
for contraceptive services, 159, 161
for prenatal care and delivery, 10, 198
Miscarriages
numbers and rates of, 54-50, 74,
123 124
reporting of, 70
Mortality risk
of abortion, 125
of contraceptive use, 161-162
of pregnancy and childbearing, 124
Mother's education
child de~rdopment effects associated
with, 135-136
ininanon of sexual activity correlated
with, 44
see also Academic
achic~remcnt/aspiranons;
Educational attainment
Motha-daughter relationship
association of sexual activity with, 102
contraceptive use end, 110, lS0
see also Parent-child relationship
N
National Association of State Boards of
Education, 144
National Center for Health Statistics,.
15-16, 112, 116, 235, 239
OCR for page 332
332 INDEX
National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development, 24
National Institures of Health, 24
National Urban League, 178, 182-183, 271
Native Amencans, need for data on, 68,
234, 241
Natural family planning, see Rhythm
method of contraception
Neighborhood, sexual activity correlated
with, 97
Nonmantal childbeanog
attitudes toward, 77, 83, 86, 98, 99,
117-118
determinants, 6,118-120, 266
family structural hanges arising from,
76, 85
family support role, 246
race differences in, 6~67, 86, 98,
116-117
rate among adolescents, 1, 61, 6~-67, 74,
128
television portrayal of, 91
Nonmantal pregnancy, risk of, o~S1, 108;
see also Pregnancy resolution
Nurse-midwives, prenatal and postpartum
care by, 199
Nutntion
eating habits of adolescents, 124, 283
services to improve, 20~20l, 229, 283
o
Obstesncian-gynecologists
abomon services provided by, 191
.. . . .
propulsion or contraceptives to minors,
156
Of lice of Adolescent Pregnancy Programs
(OAPP), 22, 25, 149, 223, 22S, 228
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, 22
Oral conmcepnves, see Con~racepnve pills
Outcome evaluations
of adolescent fatherhood programs, 214
of comprehensive care programs,
22 - Z7, 230
control groups in, Z~Z6, 2025:
of educational improvement: programs,
179
of funnily co::lmunication programs,
149-150
impediments to performing, 142-14;,
186
of life phoning programs, 177
of Project Choice, 176
of school-based clinics, 170-171, 187,
203
of sex education programs, 146-147, 187
Outcome measures, 252-2~3
Outreach programs to promote condom
use, 167-168
Ovarian retention cysts, oral contraceptives
to prevent, 162
p
Parent-child communication
community programs to improve,
14~146, 149-150
nonmarital childbearing associated with,
118
research needs on, 245-246
sexual activity associated with, 102-10
see also Mother-daughter relationship
Parental supervision
nonmantak hildbearing associated with,
118
sexual activity associated with, 10~104
Parental support and controls
effect on adolescent sexual behavior,
102-104
effect on contracepnve use, 11~111
Parenting adolescents, characteristics, 116
Parennog education, 12, 181, 211-214,
229, 291-292
Parents' education
abortion decisions ant, 112
adolescent sexual activity and, 10~101
contraccptiveusc end, 107, 111
see also Mother's education
Pediamc care
for congenital problems, 203
costs, 203
effectiveness, 229
model programs, 202
parenting education with, 212
providers, 201-202, 283-284
recommendanons regarding, 10,
28~284
Pediatricians, provision of contraceptives to
minors, 156
Peer counselors, interventions using,
14~146, 149, 270
Peer groups, influence on early sexual
activity, 105-106
Peer pressure, 97, 105
Pelvic exams, availability at clinics, 155,
169, 272
OCR for page 333
INDEX 333
Pelvic inflammatory disease from IUDs.
162
Physical maturity
initiation of sexual activity and, 96
race differences in, 97
Planned Parenthood clinics, 155,164; see
also Family planning clinics;
School-based clinics
Policy goals and recommendations
alternatives to childbeanog and
parenting, 5,8-10, 276
abortion, 9, 276-279
adoption, 9-10, 279-280
pregnancy rate reduction, 3, 5-6,
265-266
contraception, 7-8, 271-276
delay inination of sexual activity, 7,
269-271
enhance life options, 6-7, 266-269
promotion of positive outcomes for
parents and children, 10-12, 281
development of children, 291-292
economic support, 11, 285-287
health, 10,281-284
life options, 11-12, 287-291
prevent subsequent untimely births,
10-11,284-285
Postpartum care by nurse-midwives, 199
Postponing Sexual Involvement program,
148-149,177
Postwar baby boom, 76,87
poverty
nomnantal childbearing correlated with,
6,118-119,266
prog~n,81
proportion of children in, 81
sexual attitudes and behavior associated
with, 6,97,266
see alto Socioeconomic status
Pregnancy
adolescent, number and rate of, To,
51-~2, 05o, 12, 261
contraceptive availability associated with,
165, 271
cctopic, 162
educational discn~ninaiion on basis of,
127-128, 217
medical complications of al, 120125,
196
repeat, 1, 1~11, 20~204, 280285
underreporting of, 113
Pregnancy and childbearing
approach to soling, 18-21
nature of the problem, 1~18
public policies toward, 21-2;
Pregnancy intention, o2, 56, 112
Pregnancy probability, factors affecting, 33,
49-50
Pregnancy resolution
trends in, 33, 51~7
see also Abortion; Adoption;
Legitimation; Nonmantal
childbearing
Pregnancy fessing and counseling,
173-17;, 191-~92,199,
278-279
Premanurity, 124-125, 196
Prenatal care and delivery
costs, 197-198
delayin obtaining, 198-lg9
funding needs, 197
importance of, 124, 196-197, 229
Medicaid reimbursement for, 198
nutrition services, 200'201, 229, 283
provides, 197,199-200
recommendations regarding, 10,
28~-283
trends in use of services, 197
Prenatal/Early lacy Project, 202,223
Preventive interventions
access to contraception, 15~175
assertiveness and decision-making
training, 7, 14~149, 187, 210
break-even analysis of, 185, 188
by coalitions and interest groups,
182-183
condom Retribution programs, 16~168
cost-bc~cfit analyses of, 180186, 188,
256
cost c~cCtivencss of, l~
evaluation of collectiveness, 142-143,
149-150, 151, 152-153, 17~171,
116,177, 119, 187-188
Emily communication r)ro~rams
149-150, 187
funding for, 143
hot lines, 174 175
media approaches to, 150, 151-153,
27~271; see also Radio, public
serges announcemcots OF preo~lCy
and childbeanog; Derision
pregnancy testing and counseling,
173-175, 191-192, 199, 27~279
programs that impart knowledge/
influence attitudes, 14~153
public service announcements, 152
~O ,
OCR for page 334
334 INDEX
recommcodarsons regarding, 8-10,
276~280
role model and mentonug programs,
177-178, 221-222, 268-270
successful programs, 187-188
teenage thcatre projects, 15~151
types and aims, 141-142
see also Cont:raceprive services; Family life
cducarson, content and focus of;
Programs thee enhance liEc options;
School-based clinics; Sex education
Private physicians
abortion services by, 191
contraceptive services by, 154 1;7, 159,
162-163
Pro-life organizations, pregnancy testing
and counseling, 174
Process evaluanons, 152-153, 251-252
Program c~raluanon research, 13, 25~257;
see also Outcome evaluanons;
Process c~aluanons
Programs that enhance life options
alternative schools, 216-218, 267-268,
288
Choices workbook, 177
communsty-based comprehensive,
181-182
educational, 12, 17~179, 267-268,
288-289
ernploymcn:, 12, 179-181, 218-220,
268, 289
[asnily care, 220~221
lifcpl"~g, 175-177, 215-216, 267,
288
fife skills "raining, 11-12, 21~217, 288
recomsnendanons regarding, ~7,
266-269, 287, 291
Project Choice, 116
Project Redirection
community women component of, 178,
221-222
effemi~cness, 219, 225
employability dc~relopment, 219
lift plying through, 216
operating COStS, 225
repeat pregnancy rate, 204
support for, 223
Protes~t ~ndamcutalism, effect on
adolescent sexual belabor, 90, 100
Psychological consequences of abortions,
19~196
Pubery, assomanon With initiation of
sexual activity, 96
Public assistance
factor in legitimation decisions, 115
to female-}2eaded families, 81, 119
minority dependence on, 82
sources of, 81
see also Aid to Families With Dependent
Children; Welfare; Welfare
dependence
Public Health Services Act of 1970
Title X, 21, 160, 272-273
Title XX, 227
Public policies influencing sexual and
fertility behavior, 21-25, 248-249
Public/Pnvate Ventures Summer Training
and Education Program, 18~181
R
Race and ethnic differences
abortion rates, 58, 60, So, 113, 117
absent fatherhood, 77
adolescents who keep and raise their
children, 61
approach tO women's movement, 86
attitudes, 98
births tO adolescents, 53, 58-59
contracepnve use, 117
di~icultics in detemiisiing, 68
familyincome, 80, 131-1S2
family structure, ~76-77, 117
initiation of sexual intercourse, 98
labor force participation, 13~132
marriage patterns, 36, 77-78, 110, 12%
nonmantal childbearing, 65 67, 86, 98,
11~117
peer pressures, 97
physical maturity, 97
poverty status, 8~82
pubertal correlation tenth sexual
behavior, 96
research necks on, 247-248
school enrollment patterns, 3~38, 181
sexual activity of teenagers, 41 46, 50,
247
Radio, public sconce announcements on
adolescent pregnancy and
childbearing, 152-153
Reagan adminis~anon, 22, 183
Rebelliousness, nonmarital chilcDoearing
correlated untie, 118
Recession, eject on youth movement, 88
Religiousness
contraccpti~rc use and, 111
OCR for page 335
INDEX 335
influence in abortion decision, 113
sexual activity and, 90, 99-100
Remarriage by early childbearers, 129
Research pnonties
abortion, 244, 249, 276
adolescent males, 242-243
adoption, 244
community factors affecting sexual
decision making, 247-248
ethnographic studies, 241
family factors affecting sexual decision
making, 245
paren:-child communication, 245-246
· psychological antecedents and
consequences of sexual decision
making, 244 245
public policies, 24~249
race differences, 247-248
school dropout, 243
transition behaviors, 93, 102, 243-244
very young teenagers, 242
see also Program evaluation research
Reservation wage, effect of early
childbearing on, 131-132
Rhythm method of contraception, 48, 161
Rochester Adolescent Maternity Project,
212, 223
Role models
older siblings, 104
programs using, 177-178, 221-222,
26~270
working women as, 79
The Rubber Tree, 167
S
School, dropping Out of
after pregnancy, 12~127
effects on early childbeanog, 126
rates among teenagers, 36, 38, 170
research needs on, 243
sexual activity correlated with, 14 16
School-based clinics
accessibility of parent records, 170
child care services, 210
costs and support, 170, 210
cffecn~rencss, 17~171, 187, 203
family planning services of, 169
goals and sentences of, 16~169, 174
limitations, 171
prenatal care through, 199, 283
recommendations regarding, 274-270
Schools
enrollment trends by age and race, 36-38
racial composition correlated with sexual
activity, 98-99
Segregation, sexual activity correlated
with, 8/, 97-99
Select Committee on Children, Youth and
Families, 170
Self-esteem
contraceptive use and, 110
program for improving, 176
sexual activity and, 101
Self-percepsion, association with sexual
behavior and decision making,
12~121
Sex education
assertiveness and decision making
training with, 148
attitudes about, 143-144
community-based, 14:
content and comprehensiveness of, 8,
144 145, 272
effectiveness of programs, 146~147, 187
parental role in, 7, 103, 143
policy recommendations, 7-8, 269-270,
272, 273
relationship between adolescent sexual
behavior and, 109, 146
school-based, 14~14
traditional values, insm~ciion in, 145
see also Family life education, content and
focus of
Sexual acii`,ity
age at initiation, 4102, 9097
attitudes about, 69, 83, 84, 98
child support enforcement as a deterrent
to, 208
frequency of intercourse, 42,44, 97, 101
nature of the problem, 1~17
o~rcrreporting of, 69
racial/ethnic variation in, 40 42, 45, 50,
247
rates among unmamed teenagers, 15, 40,
45, 50, 72, 84, 96-97
transition behaviors associated with, 93,
102, 24~244
underreporting of, 46
S=cual activity determinants
academic aspirationslachievanent,
100 101, 120
age, 9~97
contraception availability, 16'
family stn~cn~re, 104
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336 INDEX
IQ, 100 101
mothes's age at marriage, 104
mother's sexual and fertility experience,
104
parent-child communication, 102-103
parental support and controls, 102-104
parents' educationala:rainment,44 lo,
10~101
peer groups, 10~106
pubertal development, 96
racial composition of schools, 9~99
religiousness, 99-100
school dropout rate, 4406
selffftcern, 101
socioeconomic status, 97
Sexual decision making
age factor in, 101
attinldeimportancein, 12~121
faultily roles in, 245
psychosocial antecedents and
consequences, 244 245
Sexual intercourse, see Initiation of sexual
intercourse; Sexual activity
Sexual knowledge, adolescent levels of, 108
Sexual partners
abortion effects on, 196
initial, age of, 97
stability of relationship, 107
Sexually transmitted disease
condoms to prevent, 166, 27:
exposure to, 6
screening for, 169
Sickle cell anemia' screening in school-based
clinics, 169
Single parenthood
economic outcomes of, 129
see also Families, femal~headed
Smoking, early sacual activity conciated
with, 102
Soap operas
"General High School," 1~151
portrayal of sexual relationships in, 91
Social Seventy Am
Title IV-D, 207
Title XIX, 193
Title XX, 210
Social services block grant funding for
family piercing services, 161
Sociocultural developments and sexual
attitudes and behavior, 75~93
~ . .
oaceconom~c status
abortions according to, 113
absent fatherhood and, 82
age of initiation of sexual activity and, 44
associated with pregnancy complications,
12~12:
of femal~headed families, 8~81, 89
Legitimation end, 115
sexual activity and, 97
trends in, 81
Spermicides
rates ofuse, 163
sources, 154
Stenlization as contraceptive method,
8~84, 130, 1~3
SnIIbirths, 124
Student revolts, 83, 87-88
Supplemental Food Program for Women,
Infants and Children, 200 201, 283
Surgeon General recommendations for
prenatal care, 197
Surreys
Current Population Surrey, 50, 230235
enhancement of data collection through,
23~237
general population, 50, 230235
health and fertility, 23~-237
Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey, 23~237
High School and Beyond Surrey, 237
household, 68 69
Kantner-Zelnik, 49, 5~51, 52
National Health and Nurntion
~aminaiior~ Survey, 40
National Longitudinal Surrey of Youth,
43~o, 76, 96, 237, 240
National Natality Sunrey, 23~236
National Survey of Children, 98
National Survey of F=nily Growth, 41,
44,48,50,96,23S, 240
National Survey of Young Women, 42,
98, 1~8, 166
Nielsen Company, 90
problems with, 69-70
youth, 237
Youth Attitude Surrey, 84
Teen Fathers Collaboration Project, 181,
214, 216
Teen Outreach Project, 176, 181
Teen Parent Family Support Project, 210
Teenage theatre, "General High School"
soap opera, 15~151
OCR for page 337
INDEX 337
Television
adolescent viewing time, 9~91
sexual programming, 7, 19, 91-92,
151-1~2, 249, 27~271
video cassette recorders, 92
_ . . . . .
elenslor1 a vertlsmg
of contraceptives, 8, 91, 153, 275-276
to improve parent-child communication,
150
sexual message tO adolescents, 91
Thromboembolic disorders from oral
contraceptives, 162
Too Early Childbearing Network, 178,
183, 204, 216, 223
Traditional values
. . ,
instruction as part or sex
education/family life education, 145,
146, 148
youth rejection of, 16, 87-90
U
Underreporting
of abortions, 52, 69, 7~71, 113,
239-240
of adoptions, S1, 69-70
of pregnanaes, 113
of sexual activity, 46
Unemployment
adolescent rates by race, sex, and age, 39
black family instability and, 82, 85
nonmaritalchildbearing end, 119
women's changing patterns of, 78-19
Urban lastitute evaluation of
comprehensive care program, 144
Uzgiris-Hunt Infant Ordinal Scales, 212
V
Vietnam War, effect on youth attitudes, 87,
88, 92
Voluntary Cooperative Information System
data collection on adoption, 71, 239
W
Watergate
effect on youth attitudes, 89
Welfare
benefit levels, 115, 119
expenditures to adolescent mothers,
132-133
see also Aid tO Families With Dependent
Children
Welfare dependence
of early childbearers, 2, 130, 132-134,
138, 205
factors associated with, 206, 262
influence on adolescent pregnancy
resolution decisions, 110, 119, 206,
287
Withdrawal as contracepnve method, 46,
48, 161
Women's movement
contributions to sexual freedom, 8086
influence on adolescents, 86, 92
influence on gender roles, 8~84
y
Young Mothers Program, 200, 204, 223
Youth employment programs, 179-181,
218-220, 230, 288
Youth Incentive Entitlement Pilot Projects,
180
Yout~movemcnt, 87-90
Representative terms from entire chapter:
prenatal care
