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Rights & Permissions Free Resources Display this book on your site! Related Titles Beyond Bias and Barriers: Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients) Other Related Titles Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States 1995 Profile (1998) National Research Council (NRC) Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Page I   E-mail  Facebook  Digg  Stumble  Twitter More The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. DOCTORAL SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS IN THE UNITED STATES 1995 PROFILE Prudence Brown Peter Henderson Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, DC 1998 Page I Front Matter (R1-R4) Contents (R5-R8) Introduction (1-2) 1 Doctoral Population in the Sciences and Engineering (3-6) 2 Employment and Unemployment (7-10) 3 Principal Job (11-22) 4 Postdoctoral Appointments (23-26) 5 Second Job (27-28) 6 Employment Changes Since 1993 (29-30) 7 Articles, Papers, and Patents (31-34) 8 Professional Development (35-38) Detailed Statistical Tables (39-84) Appendix A (85-88) Appendix B (89-114) Appendix C (115-116) Appendix D (117-122) Appendix E (123-125)

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Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States DOCTORAL SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS IN THE UNITED STATES 1995 PROFILE Prudence Brown Peter Henderson Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, DC 1998

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Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The survey project is part of the program of the Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel (OSEP). The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Under authority of the charter granted by Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, areas of research, and topics for education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council (NRC) was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council. This report is based on research conducted by OSEP with the support of the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under NSF Contract No. SRS-9531746. Opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of OSEP and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsoring agencies. Recommended citation: Brown, P. and P. H. Henderson, 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. (The report gives the results of data collected in the Survey of Doctorate Recipients, sponsored by NSF, NIH, and DOE, and conducted by the NRC.) Available from: Survey of Doctorate Recipients Project National Research Council OSEP—Room TJ 2006 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418 Material in this publication is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. Printed in the United States of America

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Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING PERSONNEL ADVISORY COMMITTEE M. R. C. Greenwood (Chair), University of California David Breneman, University of Virginia Nancy Cantor, University of Michigan Carlos Gutierrez, California State University Stephen J. Lukasik, Independent Consultant William H. Miller, University of California (ex officio) Barry Munitz, California State University Janet Norwood, The Urban Institute John D. Wiley, University of Wisconsin Tadataka Yamada, SmithKline Beecham Corporation A. Thomas Young, Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired)

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Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The conduct of the 1995 Survey of Doctorate Recipients, maintenance of the resulting data file, and publication of this report were funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). Kelly Kang, who serves as project officer for NSF, and Nirmala Kannankutty of NSF assisted the project staff of the Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel (OSEP) with helpful advice on the draft report. The 1995 survey was conducted under the administrative supervision of Susan Mitchell and Peter Henderson. Prudence Brown and Peter Henderson analyzed the survey results and drafted the text. Julie Clarke prepared the report’s figures and Martha Bohman prepared the tables and finalized the manuscript for publication. Special appreciation is expressed to Eileen Milner, who supervised the coding and editing of the data, and to her data processing support staff—Kevin Williams, Gedamu Abraha, and Kevin Kocur. Thanks are also extended to Cindy Woods, senior analyst, and SiuChong Wan, statistical programmer, who were responsible for system design and file generation. This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the authors and the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity and evidence. The content of the review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report: Stephen J. Lukaski, independent consultant; and Carol B. Lynch, University of Colorado. While the individuals listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, responsibility for the final content of this report rests solely with the authors and the NRC. The work of this report was overseen by the Advisory Committee of OSEP, which is concerned with the activities of the National Research Council that contribute to the effective development and utilization of the nation’s scholars and research personnel. During the development of this report, Charlotte V. Kuh, Executive Director of OSEP, provided helpful guidance, as did Marilyn Baker, Associate Executive Director. Finally, thanks go to all of the doctorate recipients who have completed the survey over the years. Without their continuing cooperation, this survey project would not be possible. M. R. C. Greenwood, Chair Advisory Committee Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel