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OCR for page 223
THE WORLD OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
graduate students and 4,695 postdoctoral fellows and were assisted by
24,481 technicians, secretaries, and other personnel.
Of the 14,362 individuals who replied to the individual questionnaire,
3.4 percent were less than 30 years old and 6.3 percent were at least 60
years of age; 36.2 percent ranged from 30 to 39 years; 36.3 percent ranged
from 40 to 49 years; and 17.8 percent were in the range 50 to 59 years.
This distribution is fairly close to that of the scientific population at large.
The average age of the group was 43.2 years, the median 41 to 42 years.
Only 5.1 percent of the total population was female.
Every state of the Union was represented in the reporting of birthplaces.
New York was represented by the largest number of scientists (1,9891;
Pennsylvania and Illinois followed with 880 and 855, respectively; and 631
were born in California; in all, 12,439 had been born in the United States,
and 1,866 were foreign-born. All but 41 of the foreign-born regarded
themselves as permanent residents of the United States at the time of the
questionnaire. The foreign-born life scientists had come to our shores from
81 different nations. The major sources were Canada (292), Germany
(236), England (162), Taiwan (142), India (97), Austria (89), Hungary
~ 68 ), Poland (55 ), and Japan (50 ~ .
WHERE LIFE SCIENTISTS WORK
Two thirds of the 12,383 investigators were employed by institutions of
higher learning; as shown in Table 7, 14 percent were employed by the
federal government, 10 percent by industry, and the remaining 10 percent
by a variety of nonprofit organizations e.g., hospitals, clinics, museums,
state and local governments and a few are self-employed. In a general
way, this pattern is relatively independent of the field in which these life
scientists were trained (Figure 331. With the exception of horticulturists,
those trained in the agricultural sciences are more likely to work for the
federal government than those trained in any other scientific area. Of the
68 percent who were trained in the basic biological sciences, biochemists
are by far the largest single group, constituting 15 percent of the total
population of this study, with microbiologists and physiologists 8 percent
and 7 percent of the total, respectively. Although, because of their num-
bers, these groups are predominant on the faculties of institutions of higher
education, biochemists, microbiologists, and pharmacologists are also in
great demand outside these institutions. Over 40 percent of those trained
in these three disciplines operate in nonacademic environments, with all
three unusually well represented in the laboratories of industry.
OCR for page 224
224 THE LIFE SCIENCES
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THE WORLD OF BlOEOGICAL RESEARCH 225
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OCR for page 226
226
THE LIFE SCIENCES
Of the 17 percent of our population who were originally trained as
physicians, one third also obtained Ph.D. degrees. Seventy percent of the
M.D.'s are on the faculties of universities, including virtually all the M.D.-
Ph.D.'s; rather few research-performing M.D.'s are in industry, but there
is unusually high representation in nonprofit institutions, particularly inde-
pendent hospitals and clinics and public-health organizations. Those trained
as physicians constituted 44 percent of the 3,170 reporting members of
faculties of medical schools (and these schools corresponded to 39 percent
of the total academic population); these were 87 percent of all reporting
physicians. The remainder of the medical faculty was drawn largely from
among those originally trained in the basic medical sciences; biochemists
predominated in this last group (15 percent of the gross total), with major
representation also from physiology, microbiology, and pharmacology.
Because of their relatively large total number, those trained in bio-
chemistry are found throughout the system in substantial numbers. Of
1,834 trained biochemists reporting, 59 percent (1,069) were in institutions
of higher reaming, including 491 in medical schools, 225 on arts and
sciences faculties, 126 in agricultural schools, and 37 in liberal arts col-
leges. Substantial numbers were also found elsewhere: 247 in the federal
government, 275 in industry, and 231 in other nonacademic, nonprofit
organizations. (The disciplinary designation, "biochemist," relates only to
the field of original doctoral-level training, and not to the area of science
in which the scientist is currently working.)
Of the life scientists in our sample employed by institutions of higher
learning, slightly less than 5 percent were at liberal arts colleges. Undoubt-
edly, a much larger fraction of life scientists, particularly botanists and
zoologists, are on the faculties of such institutions, but relatively few engage
in research on a scale sufficient to have put them within the scope of this
study.
The questionnaire addressed to department chairmen yielded an aggre-
gate faculty for all responding departments of 17,172, of whom 3,852 were
on faculties of arts and sciences, 3,907 on the faculties of agricultural
schools, and 8,915 on the faculties of medical schools. Although the general
employment patterns in the two questionnaire files are similar, the dis-
crepancies are of some interest. Whereas 39 percent of all individual
respondents were on the faculties of medical schools, 52 percent of the
total departmental faculties reported were so employed. To place this in
perspective, it should be noted that, of the 1,256 departments represented
in the study, 267 are in agricultural schools, 246 in faculties of arts and
sciences, and 694 in medical schools. Of the medical departments, 361
were departments of the preclinical and 333 of the clinical segments of
medical schools. Undoubtedly, the returns from the chairmen's question
OCR for page 227
THE WORLD OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH 227
naire should be taken as a more valid description of the distribution of the
faculties of life scientists than that provided by the individual returns.
The 1,689 individual scientists who indicated that they are employed
by the federal government appear to represent a large fraction of the senior
life scientists in the federal establishment. The major employers of the
1,689 reporting life scientists within the federal establishment are the
Departments of Agriculture (36 percent), Health, Education, and Well
Or ~
fare (27 percent), Defense (15 percent), and the Veterans Administration
(11 percent). The patterns of employment of scientists in the various
biological disciplines resect the character of the agency missions rather
closely. Thus, 84 percent of all those trained in agricultural sciences now
in the federal establishment are employed by the Department of Agriculture;
53 percent of all federally employed M.D.'s actively engaged in research
work for the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; 29 percent of
the M.D.'s work in the Veterans Administration; and 18 percent of the
M.D.'s work in the Department of Defense.
The disciplinary employment patterns in other areas are repeated in the
federal establishment: 32 percent of all federal life scientists were trained
in the basic medical sciences, varying from 12 percent in the Department
of Agriculture to 55 percent in the Department of Defense. Except for the
physicians employed by the Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare and the Veterans Administration and the agronomists employed by the
Department of Agriculture, biochemists again constitute the largest single
group of scientists in all federal agencies, ranging from 7 percent in the
Department of Agriculture to 16 percent in the Department of Defense,
21 percent in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and 26
percent in the Veterans Administration.
An additional 135 scientists were employed in federal contract research
centers, which are managed by educational or other nonprofit organizations.
State governments employed 229 life scientists (1.8 percent of the grand
total), largely in hospitals or state health departments and their labora-
tories, and approximately half as many life scientists were found in munici-
pally controlled institutions of the same character. A significant number,
462 scientists (3.7 percent of the total), were employed by nonprofit
institutes, foundations, and privately controlled museums.
There are no reliable indicators to determine whether the 1,155 indi-
vidual respondents who indicated that they are employed in industry con-
stitute either a large or a true sample of the total number of senior life
scientists employed in that sector of the economy. Seventy-six percent
were employed by manufacturing industries; two thirds of these were in
the pharmaceutical industry. Again, those trained in the basic medical
sciences predominate: 262 biochemists were the largest group, followed
OCR for page 228
228 THE LIFE SCIENCES
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
medical schools
