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Energetics of the Earth (1980)

Chapter: REFERENCES

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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1980. Energetics of the Earth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9579.
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Page 125
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1980. Energetics of the Earth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9579.
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Page 126
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1980. Energetics of the Earth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9579.
×
Page 127
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1980. Energetics of the Earth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9579.
×
Page 128
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1980. Energetics of the Earth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9579.
×
Page 129
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1980. Energetics of the Earth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9579.
×
Page 130
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1980. Energetics of the Earth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9579.
×
Page 131
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1980. Energetics of the Earth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9579.
×
Page 132

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References Acheson, D. J., and R. Hide, Hydromagnetics of rotating fluids, Rep. Prog. Phys., 36, 159-221, 1973. Ahrens, T. J., Petrological properties of the upper 670 km of the earth's mantle; geophys- ical implications, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 7, 167-186, 1973. Akimoto, S., The system MgO-FeO-SiO2 at high pressures and temperatures. Phase equilibria and elastic properties, Tectonophysics, 13, 161-187, 1972. Albarede, F., The heat flow-heat generation relationship: an interaction model of fluids with cooling intrusions, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 27, 73-78, 1975. Alder, B. J., Is the mantle soluble in the core?, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 4973-4979, 1966. Alder, B. J., and M. Trigueros, Suggestion of a eutectic region between the liquid and solid core of the earth, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 2535-2539, 1977. Anderson, P. D., and R. Hultgren, The thermodynamics of solid iron at elevated temper- atures, Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME, 224, 842~45, 1962. Backus, G. E., Gross thermodynamics of heat engines in deep interior of earth, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 72, 1555-1558, 1975. Birch, F., Elasticity and constitution of the earth's interior, J. Geophys. Res., 57, 227-286, 1952. Birch, F., Some geophysical applications of high-pressure research, in Solids Under Pressure, ed. by W. Paul and D.M. Warschauer, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963. Birch, F., Speculations on the earth's thermal history, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 76, 133-154, 1965a. Birch, F., Energetics of core formation, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 6217~221, 1965b. Birch, F., The melting relations of iron, and temperatures in the earth's core, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 29, 373-387, 1972. Bolt, B. A., The density distribution near the base of the mantle and near the earth's center, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 5, 301-311, 1972. Bolt, B. A., and R. Uhrhammer, Resolution techniques for density and heterogeneity in the earth, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 42, 419~35, 1975. Boschi, E., Melting of iron, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 38, 322-334, 1974. 125

126 ENERGETICS OF THE EARTH Boschi, E., The melting relations of iron and temperatures in the earth's core, Riv. Nuovo Cimento, Series 2, 5, 501-531, 1975. Boyd, F. R., and P. H. Nixon, Structure of the upper mantle under Lesotho, Carnegie Inst. Washington Yearb., 72, 431~145, 1973. Braginsky, S. I., Structure of the F layer and reasons for convection in the earth's core, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 149, 8-10, 1963. BraEgnsky, S. I., Magnetohydrodynamics of the earth's core, Geomagn. Heron., 4, 69B-712, 1964, (Engl. transl.). Braginsky, S. I., Theory of the hydromagnetic dynamo, Sov. Phys. JETP, 20, 1462-1471, 1965. Braginsky, S. I., On the nearly axially-symmetrical model of the hydromagnetic dynamo of the earth, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 11, 191-199, 1976. Brett, R., The current status of speculations on the composition of the core of the earth, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 14, 375-383, 1976. Brett, R., and P. M. Bell, Melting relations in the Fe-rich portion of the system Fe-FeS at 30 kbar pressure, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 6, 479~82, 1969. Bukowinski, M. S. T., The effect of pressure on the physics and chemistry of potassium, Geophys. Res. Lett., 3, 491-494, 1976. Bukowinski, M. S. T., A theoretical equation of state for the inner core, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 14, 333-344, lg77. Bullard, E. C., and D. Gubbins, Generation of magnetic fields by fluid motions of global scale, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 8, 43-56, 1977. Bullen, K. E., The variation of density and the ellipticities of strata of equal density within the earth, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., Geophys. Suppl., 3, 395~01, 1936. Bullen, K. E., The problem of the earth's density variation, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 30, 235-250, 1940. Bullen, K. E., An earth model based on a compressibility-pressure hypothesis, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., Geophys. Suppl., 6, 5~59, 1950. Bullen, K. E., Cores of the terrestrial planets, Nature, 243, 68, 1973a. Bullen, K. E., On planetary cores, Moon, 7, 384, 1973b. Busse, F. H., On the stability of two-dimensional convection in a layer heated from below, J. Math. Phys., 46, 14~150, 1967. Busse, F. H., Patterns of convection in spherical shells,J. Fluid Mech., 72, 67-85, 1975a. Busse, F. H., A model of the geodynamo, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 42, 437~59, 1975b. Busse, F. H., and P. G. Cuong, Convection in rapidly rotating spherical fluid shells, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 8, 17~4, 1977. Calame, O., and J. D. Mulholland, Lunar tidal acceleration determined from laser range measurements, Science, 199, 977-978, 1978. Cannon, J. F., Behavior of the elements at high pressures, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3, 781~24, lg74. Cathles, L. M., The Viscosity of the Earth's Mantle, Princeton University Press, Prince- ton, N.J., 1975. Chandrasekhar, S., Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability, Clarendon Press, Ox- ford, 1961. Chapman, D. S., and H. N. Pollack, Global heat flow, a new look, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 28, 23-32, 19t5. Chapman, D. S., and H. N. Pollack, Regional geotherms and lithospheric thickness, Geology, 5, 265-268, 1977. Christensen, N. I., and M. H. Salisbury, Structure and consitution of the lower oceanic crust, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 13, 57~6, 1975.

References 127 Clark, S. P., Jr., and A. E. Ringwood, Density distribution and constitution of the mantle, Rev. Geophys., 2, 35~8,1964. Cleary, J. R., The D" region, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 9, 13-27, 1974. Craig, H., J. E. Lupton, J. A. Welhan, and R. Poreda, Helium isotope ratios in Yel- lowstone and Lassen Park volcanic gases, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 897-900, 1978. Davies, G. F., Whole-mantle convection and plate tectonics, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 49, 459 486, 1977. Dickman, S. R., Secular trend of the earth's rotation pole: Consideration of motion of the latitude observatories, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 51, 229-244, 1977. Drabble, J. R., and H. J. Goldsmid, Thermal Conduction in Semiconductors, Pergamon Press, London, 1961. Dubrovskii, V. A., and V. Pankov, On the composition of the earth's core, Phys. Solid Earth, 452~55, 1972, (Engl. transl.). Dziewonski, A., A. L. Hales, and E. R. Lapwood, Parametrically simple earth models consistent with geophysical data, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 10, 12~8, 1975. Eddington, A. S., The Internal Constitution of the Stars, Cambridge University Press, London, 1926. Elsasser, W. M., P. Olson, and B. D. Marsh, The depth of mantle convection, J. Geo- phys. Res., 84, 147-155, 1979. Filipov, S. I., N. B. Kazakov, and L. A. Pronin, Velocities of ultrasonic waves, com- pressibility of liquid metals, and their relation to various physical properties (in Russian), Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn., Zaved. Chern. Metall., 9, 8-14, 1966. Flasar, F. M., and F. Birch, Energetics of core formation, a correction, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 6101-6103, 1973. Foster, T. D., Intermittent convection, Geophys. Fluid Dyn., 2, 201-217, 1971. Ganapathy, R., and E. Anders, Bulk composition of the moon and earth, estimated from meteorites, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, Suppl. 5, 1181-1206, 1974. Gilman, P. A., Nonlinear dynamics of Boussinesq convection in a deep rotating spherical shell, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 8, 93-135, 1977. Glansdorff, P., and I. Prigogine, Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability, and Fluctuations, Interscience, New York, 1971. Goettel, K. A., Partitioning of potassium between silicates and sulphide melts: experi- ments relevant to the earth's core, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 6, 161-166, 1972. Goettel, K. A., Models for the origin and composition of the earth, and the hypothesis of potassium in the earth's core, Geophys. Surv., 2, 369-397, 1976. Graham, E. K., Elasticity and composition of the upper mantle, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 20, 285-302, 1970. Graham, E. K., and D. Dobrzykowski, Temperatures in the mantle as inferred from simple compositional models, Am. Mineral., 61, 549-559, 1976. Green, D. H., J. W. Morgan, and K. S. Heier, Thorium, uranium, and potassium abun- dances in peridotite inclusions and their host basalts, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 4, 155-166, 1968. Gubbins, D., Can the earth's magnetic f~eld be sustained by core oscillations?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2, 409~12, 1975. Gubbins, D., Observational constraints on the generation process of the earth's magnetic field, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 47, 19-39, 1976. Gubbins, D., Energetics of the earth's core,J. Geophys. (Z. Geofys.), 43, 453~64, 1977. Guggenheim, E. A., Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard Gibbs, Methuen, London, 1933. Hanks, T. C., and D. L. Anderson, The early thermal history of the earth, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 2, 19-29, 1969.

128 ENERGETICS OF THE EARTH Harte, B., Kimberlite nodules, upper mantle petrology and geotherms, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 288, 487-500, 1978. Heier, K. S., The distribution and redistribution of heat-producing elements in the con- tinents, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 288, 393~400, 1978. Heier, K. S., and G. Gr~nlie, Heat flow-heat generation studies in Norway, inEnergetics of Geological Processes, ed. by S. K. Saxena and S. BhattacharJi, pp. 217-235, Springer, New York, 1977. Hewitt, J. M., D. P. McKenzie, and N. O. Weiss, Dissipative heating in convective flows, J. Fluid Tech., 68, 721-738, 1975. Hide, R., The hydrodynamics of the earth's core, in Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, ed. by L. H. Ahrens, K. Rankama, and S. K. Runcorn, vol. 1, pp. 9~137, 1956. Higgins, G. H., and G. C. Kennedy, The adiabatic gradient and the melting point gradient in the core of the earth, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 187~1878, 1971. Horai, K. I., and G. Simmons, An empirical relationship between thermal conductivity and Debye temperature for silicates, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 978-982, 1970. Howard, L. N., Convection at high Rayleigh numbers, in Proc. 11th Int. Congr. Appl. Mech., Munich, 1964, ed. by H. Gortler, Springer, Berlin, 1109 1115, 1966. Hsui, A. T., D. L. Turcotte, and K. E. Torrance, Finite-amplitude thermal convection within a self gravitating fluid sphere, Geophys. Fluid Dyn., 3, 35-44, 1972. Irving, E., and J. K. Park, Hairpins and superintervals, Can. J. Earth Sci., 9, 1318-1324, 1972. Jacobs, J. A., The Earth's Core, Academic, New York, 1975. Johnson, L. R., Array measurements of P velocities in the lower mantle, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 59, 973-1008, 1969. Jones, G. M., Thermal interaction of the core and the mantle and long-term behavior of the geomagnetic field, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 1703-1709, 1977. Jordan, T. H., and D. L. Anderson, Earth structure from free oscillations and travel times, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 36, 411-459, 1974. Kieffer, S. W., Lattice thermal conductivity within the earth and considerations of a relationship between the pressure dependence of the thermal diffusivity and the volume dependence of the Gruneisen parameter, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 3025-3030, 1976. Kirshenbaum, A. D., and J. A. Cahill, The density of liquid iron from the melting point to 2500°K, Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME, 224, 816 819, 1962. Knopoff L., and J. N. Shapiro, Comments on the interrelationships between Gruneisen's parameter and shock and isothermal equations of state, J. Geophys Res., 74, 1439-1450, 1969. Kraut, E. A., and G. C. Kennedy, New melting law at high pressures, Phys. Rev., 151, 668~75, 1966. Krishnamurti, R., On the transition to turbulent convection, Part 2. The transition to time-dependent flow, J. Fluid Mech., 42, 309 320, 1970. Kullerud, G., Sulfide phase relations, Mineral. Soc. Am. Spec. Publ., 3, 199 210, 1970. Kurz, W., and B. Lux, Die schallengeschwindigkeit von eisen und eisenlegierungen im festen und flussigen zustand, High Temp. High Pressures, 1, 387-399, 1969. Lachenbruch, A. H., Preliminary geothermal model for the Sierra Nevada, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 6977-6989,1968. Lambeck, K., Effect of tidal dissipation in the oceans on the moon's orbit and the earth's rotation, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 2917-2925, 1975. Larimer, J. W., Composition of the earth: chondritic or achondritic?, Geochim. Cosmo- chim. Acta, 35, 769-786, 1971 . Lawson, A. W., On the high temperature heat conductivity of insulators, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 3, 15~161, 1957.

References 129 Leppaluoto, D. A., Iron at pressures of the earth's core: properties inferred from the significant structure theory of liquids, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Calif. at Berkeley, 1 972a. Leppaluoto, D. A., Melting of iron by significant structure theory, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 6, 175-181, 1972b. Levy, E. H., Kinematic reversal schemes for the geomagnetic dipole, Astrophys. J., 171, 635 642, 1972. Lewis, J. S., Consequences of the presence of sulphur in the core of the earth, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 11, 13~134, 1971. Lewis, J. S., MetaVsilicate fractionation in the solar system, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 15, 286-290, 1972. Liu, L. G., On the (by, c, I,) triple point of iron and the earth's core, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 43, 697-705, 1975a. Liu, L. G., Post-oxide phases of olivine and pyroxene and mineralogy of the mantle, Nature, 258, 514}512, 1975b. Liu, L. G., Mineralogy and chemistry of the earth's mantle, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 48, 53~2, 1977. Liu, L. G., and W. A. Basset, The melting of iron up to 200 kbar, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 3777-3782, 1975. Loper, D. E., Torque balance and energy budget for the precessionally driven dynamo, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 11, 43~0, 1975. Loper, D. E., The gravitationally powered dynamo, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 54, 389~04, 1978. Loper, D. E., and P. H. Roberts, On the motion of an iron-alloy core containing a slurry, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 9, 289-321, 1978. MacDonald, G. J. F., Geophysical deductions from observations of heat flow, chap. 7 in Terrestrial Heat Flow, ed. by W. H. K. Lee, Geophys. Monogr. No. 8, Am. Geophys. Union, Washington, D.C., 1965. McKenzie, D. P., Some remarks on heat flow and gravity anomalies, J. Geophys. Res., 72, 6261~273, 1967. McKenzie, D. P., The influence of the boundary conditions and rotation convection in the earth's mantle, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 15, 457-500, 1968. McKenzie, D. P., J. M. Roberts, and N. O. Weiss, Convection in the earth's mantle: towards a numerical simulation, J. Fluid Mech., 62, 465-538, 1974. McKenzie, D., and N. Weiss, Speculations on the thermal and tectonic history of the earth, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 42, 131-174, 1975. Malkus, W. V. R., Precessional torques as the cause of geomagnetism, J. Geophys. Res., 6;8, 2871-2886, 1963. Mao, H. K., Thermal and electrical properties of the earth's mantle, Carnegie Inst. Washington Yearb., 72, 557-564, 1973a. Mao, H. K., Observation of optical absorption and electrical conductivity in magnesiowustite at high pressures, Carnegie Inst. Washington Yearb., 72, 55~557, 1973b. Mao, H. K., and P. M. Bell, Electrical conductivity and the red shift of absorption in olivine and spinet at high pressure, Science, 176, 403-406, 1972. Mao, H. K., and P. M. Bell, Disproportionation equilibrium in iron-bearing systems at pressures above 100 kbar with application to chemistry of the earth's mantle, in Ener- getics of Geological Processes, ed. by S. K. Saxena and S. Bhattacharji, pp. 236-249, Springer, New York, 1977. Mason, B., Composition of the earth, Nature, 211, 616~18, 1966. Metchnik, V. J., M. T. Gladwin, and F. D. Stacey, Core convection as a power source

130 ENERGETICS OF THE EARTH for the geomagnetic dynamo-a thermodynamic argument, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 26, 405~15, 1974. Monin, A. S., On some global problems of geophysical fluid dynamics (a review), Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 75, 34-39, 1978. Moore, D. R., and N. O. Weiss, Two-dimensional Rayleigh-Benard convection, J. Fluid Mech., 58, 28~312, 1973. Morgan, P., D. D. Blackwell, R. E. Spafford, and R. B. Smith, Heat flow measurements in Yellowstone Lake and the thermal structure of the Yellowstone Caldera, J. Geo- phys. Res., 82, 371~3732, 1977. Murthy, V. Rama, Composition of the core and the early chemical history of the earth, in The Early History of the Earth, ed. by B. F. Windley, pp. 21-31, John Wiley, London, 1976. Murthy, V. Rama, and H. T. Hall, The chemical composition of the earth's core: pos- sibility of sulphur in the core, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 2, 276-282, 1970. Murthy, V. Rama, and H. T. Holl, The origin and composition of the earth's core, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter-, 6, 123-130, 1972. Mysen, B. O., and A. L. Boettcher, Melting of a hydrous mantle: I. Phase relations of natural peridotite at high pressures and temperatures with controlled activities of water, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen, J. Petrol., 16, 520-548, 1975. Newton, R. R., Experimental evidence for a secular decrease in the gravitational con- stant G. J. Geophys. Res., 73, 3765-3771, 1968. Olson, P., Internal waves in the earth's core, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 51, 183-215, 1977. Oversby, V. M., and A. E. Ringwood, Potassium distribution between metal and silicate and its bearing on the occurrence of potassium in the core, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 14, 345-347, 1972. Palm, E., Nonlinear thermal convection, Annul Rev. Fluid Mech., 7, 39-61, 1975. Parker, R. L., and D. W. Oldenburg, Thermal models of ocean ridges, Nature, 242, 137-139, 1973. Peltier, W. R., Glacial-isostatic adjustment: II. The inverse problem, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 46, 605 646, 1976. Powell, R., The thermodynamics of pyroxene geotherms, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 288, 457~69, 1978. Prigogine, I., Time, structure, and fluctuations, Science, 201, 777-785, 1978. Prigogine, I., and R. Defay, Chemical Thermodynamics, Longmans Green, London, 1954. Richter, F. M., Finite amplitude convection through a phase boundary, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 35, 267-276, 1973. Ringwood, A. E., Composition and origin of the earth, Publ. 1299, Res. Sch. Earth Sci., Aust. Nat. Univ., Canberra, 1977. Ringwood, A. E., and A. Major, The system Mg2SiO4-Fe2SiO4 at high pressures and temperatures, Phys. Earth. Planet. Inter., 3, 8~108, 1970. Rochester, M. G., The earth's rotation, Eos, 54, 769~780, 1973. Rochester, M. G., J. A. Jacobs, D. E. Smylie, and K. F. Chong, Can precession power the geomagnetic dynamo?, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 43, 661~78, 1975. Ross, J. E., and L. H. Aller, The chemical composition of the sun, Nature, 191, 1223-1229, 1976. Roy, R. F., D. D. Blackwell, and E. R. Decker, Continental heat flow, in The Nature of the Solid Earth, ed. by E. C. Robertson, pp. 506 543, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. Rybach, L., D. Werner, S. Mueller, and G. Berset, Heat flow, heat production and crustal dynamics in the central Alps, Switzerland, Tectonophysics, 41, 113-126, 1977.

References 13 1 Safronov, V. S., Evolution of the Protoplanetary Cloud and Formation of the Earth and Planets, Nauka, Moscow (NASA-TTF~77), 1969. Schatz, J. F., and G. Simmons, Thermal conductivity of earth materials at high tempera- tures, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 6~6983, 1972. Schubert, G., and D. L. Turcotte, Phase changes and mantle convection, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 1424-1432,197 1. Schubert, G., D. A. Yuen, and D. L. Turcotte, Role of phase transitions in a dynamic mantle, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 42, 705-735, 1975. Sclater, J. G., and J. Francheteau, The implication of terrestrial heat flow observations on current tectonic and geochemical models of the crust and upper mantle of the earth, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 20, 50~542, 1970. Sharpe, H. N., and W. R. Pettier, Parametenzed mantle convection and the earth's thermal history, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 737-740, 1978. Solomon, S. S., Geophysical constraints on radial and lateral temperature variations in the upper mantle, Am. Mineral., 61, 788~03, 1976. Somerville, M., Elasticity, Constitution and temperature of earth's lower mantle, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Calif. at Berkeley, 1977. Stacey, F. D., A thermal model of the earth, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 15, 341-348, 1977. Sterrett, K. F., W. Klement, and G. C. Kennedy, The effect of pressure on the melting of iron, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 1979-1984, 1965. Stewart, R. M., Composition and temperature of the outer core, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 258~2597, 1973. Thomsen, L., Equations of state and the interior of the earth, in Mantle and Core in Planetary Physics, ed. by J. Coulomb and M. Caputo, Proc. Int. Sch. Phys. Enrico Fermi, vol. 50, Academic, New York, 1971. Tozer, D. C., The present thermal state of the terrestrial planets, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 6' 182-197, 1972. Tozer, D. C., The thermal state and evolution of the earth and terrestrial planets, Sci. Prog., Oxford., 64, 1-28, 1977. Theme, D. R., and R. N. Keeler, Anomalous melting transition in the significant struc- ture theory of liquids, J. Chem. Phys., 47, 4283-4285, 1967. Turcotte, D. L., and E. R. Oxburgh, Finite amplitude convection cells and continental drift, J. Fluid Mech., 28, 29-42, 1967. Usselman, T. M., Experimental approach to the state of the core: Part I. The liquidus relations of the Fe-rich portion of the Fe-Ni-S system from 30 to 100 kbar, Am. J. Sci., 275, 278-290, 1975a. Usselman, T. M., Experimental approach to the state of the core: Part II. Composition and thermal regime, Am. J. Sci., 275, 291-303, 1975b. Verhoogen, J., Von Zeipel's theorem and convection in the earth, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 29, 361-365, 1948. Verhoogen, J., The adiabatic gradient in the mantle, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 32, 41-43, 1951. Verhoogen, J., Petrological evidence on temperature distribution in the mantle of the earth, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 35, 85-92, 1954. Verhoogen, J., Heat balance of the earth's core, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 4, 27~281, 1961. Verhoogen, J., Phase changes and convection in the earth's mantle, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 258, 27~283, 1965. Verhoogen, J., Thermal regime of the earth's core, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 7, 47-58, 1973.

132 ENERGETICS OF THE EARTH Walzer, V., Convection currents in the earth's mantle and the spherical harmonic development of the topography of the earth, Pure Appl. Geophys., 87, 73-92, 1971. Wang, C. Y., Temperature in the lower mantle, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 27, 2~36, 1972. Watt, J. P., and R. J. O'Connell, Mixed-oxide and perovskite-structure model mantles from 70~1200 km, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 54, 601~30, 1978. Wetherill, G. W., Interplanetary bodies and solar system history, Carnegie lest. Washington Yearb., 75, lSl-169, 1976. Wetherill, G. W., Evolution of small bodies in the solar system, Carnegie Inst. Washing- ton Yearb., 76, 761-792, 1977. Williams, D. L., and R. P. van Herzen, Heat loss from the earth: new estimate, Geology, 2, 327-328, 1974. Wyllie, P. J., The Dynamic Earth: Textbook in Geosciences, John Wiley, New York, 1971. Yukutake, T., The effect of change in the geomagnetic dipole moment on the rate of the earth's rotation, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 24, 19~7, 1972.

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