GAO. 1996a. Energy Management: Technology Development Program Taking Action to Address Problems. GAO/RCED-96-184. Washington, D.C.: GAO.

GAO. 1996b. Superfund: How States Establish and Apply Environmental Standards When Cleaning up Sites. GAO/RCED-96-70. Washington, D.C.: GAO.

GAO. 1997. Department of Energy: Funding and Workforce Reduced, but Spending Remains Stable. GAO/RCED-97-96. Washington, D.C.: GAO.

GAO. 1998a. DOE: Alternative Financing and Contracting Strategies for Cleanup Projects. Washington, D.C.: GAO.

GAO. 1998b. Nuclear Waste: Further Actions Needed to Increase the Use of Innovative Cleanup Technologies. GAO/RCED-98-249. Washington, D.C.: GAO.

Guerrero, P. F. 1997. Federal hazardous waste sites: Opportunities for more cost-effective cleanups. Testimony before the Subcommittee on Superfund, Waste Control, and Risk Assessment, Committee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate, May 9, 1995. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office.

Hill, G. R., C. H. Sink, and D. A. Lynn. 1997. Three Tiers and Six Gates: Implementing Streamlined Regulatory Review and Acceptance of Innovative Environmental Technologies Draft for Review. Norcross, Ga.: Southern States Energy Board.

Ho, S. V. 1997. Scale-up aspects of the Lasagna® process for in situ soil decontamination. Journal of Hazardous Materials 55:39–60.

Josten, N. E., R. J. Gehrke, and M. V. Carpenter. 1995. Dig-face Monitoring During Excavation of a Radioactive Plume at Mound Laboratory, Ohio. INEL-95/0633. Idaho Falls, Id.: Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory.

MacDonald, J. A. 1997. Hard times for innovative cleanup technology: What can be done to remove market barriers to new groundwater and soil remediation technologies? Environmental Science and Technology 31(12):560A–563A.

Mintz, J. 1997. Lockheed Martin mired in toxic mess cleanup: Company failing to fulfill government contract. Washington Post (October 5):A14.

Monsanto Company. 1998. Rapid Commercialization Initiative (RCI) Final Report for an Integrated In-Situ Remediation Technology (Lasagna®). Morgantown, W.V.: Morgan-town Energy Technology Center. http://www.rtdf.org/lastechp.htm.

NRC (National Research Council). 1997a. Innovations in Ground Water and Soil Cleanup: From Concept to Commercialization. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

NRC. 1997b. Peer Review in the Department of Energy—Office of Science and Technology: Interim Report. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

NRC. In review. Decision Making Related to the U.S. Department of Energy's Environmental Management Office of Science and Technology. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Nemeth, K. J., C. H. Sink, G. R. Hill, and A. Rappazzo. 1997. Strategy for regulatory review and acceptance of innovative environmental technology . Presented at X-Change 97: The Global D&D Marketplace, Miami, Fla., December 1–5.

Rezendes, V. S. 1997. Cleanup technology: DOE's program to develop new technologies for environmental cleanup. Testimony before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives, May 7,1997. GAO/T-RCED-97-161. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office.

Sandia National Laboratories. Undated. Thermal Enhanced Vapor Extraction System. Albuquerque, N.M.: Sandia National Laboratories.

Udell, K. S. Undated. Thermal Treatment of Low Permeability Soils Using Electrical Resistance Heating. Berkeley, Calif.: Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center, College of Engineering, University of California.

Front Matter (R1-R15)

Executive Summary (1-14)

1 Introducution: DOE's Groundwater and Soil Contamination Problem (15-38)

2 The Changing Regulatory Environment (39-71)

3 Metal and Radionuclides: Technologies for Characterization, Remediation, and Containment (72-128)

4 DNAPLs: Technologies for Characterization, Remediation, and Containment (129-201)

5 DOE Remediation Technology Development: Past Experience and Future Directions (202-239)

6 Findings and Recommendations (240-250)

Appendix A Facilities at which DOE is Responsible for Environmental Cleanup (251-263)

Appendix B SCFA Technology Deployment Report (264-268)

Appendix C Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff (269-273)

Appendix D Acronyms (274-276)

Index (277-285)