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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Groundwater and Soil Cleanup: Improving Management of Persistent Contaminants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9615.
×

Index

A

Accelerated Site Technology Deployment Program, 12, 212, 213-214, 218, 246

Accelerating Cleanup: Paths to Closure, 36

Advanced Applied Technology Demonstration Facility, 13

Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, 60, 190, 246

Air pollution, incineration of contaminants, 19

Air sparging, 7, 135, 147-150, 215, 242

Alcohol flushing, 150-154, 266

Alternate concentration limits, 48-49

American Academy of Environmental Engineers, 13, 246

American Society for Testing and Materials, 65, 66

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 209

Applicable or relevant and appropriate requirement, 48, 49, 51

Army Corps of Engineers, 211, 220

Army Environmental Center, 227

Atoms for Peace Program, 25

Attenuation, see Natural attenuation

B

Barrier technologies, see Subsurface barriers

Bioremediation, 215, 216, 217, 266, 267

DNAPLs, 8, 136, 173-180, 185, 187, 189, 194

metals and radionuclides, 6, 78, 110-112, 121

see also Natural attenuation

Bioventing, 13, 140-141, 246

Brownfield sites, 4, 54, 63-64, 69

Budgetary issues, see Funding

Buried waste containment system, 225, 226

C

Canada, 161

Carbon tetrachloride, 29, 156, 184

Chlorinated solvents, vii, 4, 7, 8, 9, 30, 129, 130, 133, 149, 158, 168, 173, 176-178, 182, 183, 184, 186, 189-191, 193

see also specific substances

Chlorofluorocarbons, 29

Chromatography, 82

Chromium, 5, 27, 29, 33, 48, 50, 73, 74, 76, 106, 110, 111, 222-225, 243

Clean Water Act, 42

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Groundwater and Soil Cleanup: Improving Management of Persistent Contaminants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9615.
×

Climatic conditions, 27, 181

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability

Act, 3, 10, 40, 41, 43-51, 53, 54, 61, 62, 68, 69, 203, 206

brownfields programs, 63, 64

monitored natural attenuation policy, 58, 189, 191

records of decision, 46, 52, 53, 54, 56, 61-63, 69

risk-based assessment policies, 67

technical impracticability waivers, 55, 56, 57

Computer applications, 80-82

Consortium for Environmental Risk Evaluation, 30-31, 32-33, 34-35

Containment systems, see Subsurface barriers

Contractors and contracting, 9, 10, 15-16, 204, 205, 207, 211, 218 -219, 225, 236, 241, 245

Cooperative research and development agreements, 10, 225, 227, 236

Cosolvent flushing, 8, 150-154, 194, 241

Cost and cost-benefit factors

CERCLA, 46

Department of Energy spending, 15, 19, 204-205, 206, 207, 211-212, 213

regulatory environment, 54, 57, 61-63

remediation technologies, viii, 11, 19, 15, 90, 204-205, 206, 207, 211-212, 213, 220, 222, 223, 225, 228-229, 232, 236, 241, 246

DNAPLs, 5-6, 9, 137, 146, 150, 182, 188

metals and radionuclides, 112, 120

Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area, 12, 204-205, 236, 241, 246

see also Funding

Court cases, 40

Creosote, 165, 229

Cryogenic barriers, 90, 216, 265, 266, 267

D

Deep-soil mixing, 86, 90, 91, 265-266

Dense nonaqueous-phase liquids, ix, 1, 2, 16, 25, 27, 29, 129-201

air sparging, 7, 135, 147-150, 215, 242

alcohol flushing, 150-154, 266

bioremediation, 8, 136, 173-180, 185, 187, 189, 194

bioventing, 13, 140-141, 246

cosolvent flushing, 8, 150-154, 194, 241

Department of Energy programs, 145, 150, 161, 167, 171, 172-173, 183, 228-235, 240, 241-242, 243;

see also Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area

dynamic underground stripping, 228-229

electrical and electrokinetic remediation, 135, 163, 166-168, 171173, 194, 228, 229, 230-235, 241, 265, 266

geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic factors, 7, 8, 18, 23, 25-27, 130-135 (passim), 146, 148, 150, 155-159 (passim), 162, 165-166, 177, 185, 188, 192-195

in situ oxidation, 8, 27, 134, 159-162, 242, 267

in situ vitrification, 9, 135, 168-171, 194

joule heating, 166, 169

Lasagna, 172, 217, 232-235, 248, 265

perchloroethylene, 29, 52, 53, 145, 156, 161-162, 167, 173-178 (passim), 186, 189-190, 230

phytoremediation, 9, 180-182

regulatory environment, 48, 55

remediation technologies, 4, 7-9, 11, 17, 19, 84-85, 115, 133-135, 140-195, 208, 228-235, 241-242

cost factors, 5-6, 9, 137, 146, 150, 182, 188

evaluation, 134-136, 139, 145-146, 149-150, 152-154, 157-159, 161162, 165-168, 170-173, 177-182, 185-188, 190-195, 243

soil vapor extraction, 8, 9, 11, 135, 140-146, 150, 167, 168, 178, 193-194, 202, 215, 216, 229, 241-242, 266

thermally enhanced vapor extraction, 9, 228, 230-231, 243, 265

steam injection, 8, 163-166, 134, 163-166, 194, 228, 229, 241, 267

surfactants, 8, 134, 151, 154-159, 194, 241, 266

trichloroethylene, 29, 48, 52, 53, 106, 149, 156, 157, 161-162, 167, 172

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Groundwater and Soil Cleanup: Improving Management of Persistent Contaminants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9615.
×

182 (passim), 186-187, 189-191, 230

see also Chlorinated solvents;

Polychlorinated biphenyls;

Volatile

organic compounds

Department of Defense

remediation technologies, viii, 7, 9-11

Department of Energy, vii, x, 1-2, 3, 15-37

Accelerated Site Technology Deployment Program, 12, 212, 213-214, 218, 246

contractors and contracting, 9, 10, 15-16, 204, 205, 207, 211, 218 -219, 225, 245

cooperative research and development agreements, 10, 225, 227, 236

DNAPLs, 145, 150, 161, 167, 171, 172-173, 183, 228-235, 240, 241242, 243

extent of cleanup requirements, 2-3, 21-24, 36

sites by state, 253-263

funding, 36-37, 204-205, 207-208, 208-209, 211

Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area (SCFA), 9-11, 12, 13, 19-21, 208, 218-220, 235-236, 240-243 (passim), 244, 247-248

historical perspectives, 1, 2-3, 15, 25, 202, 211

management and managers

general, 11, 13, 16, 205, 207, 217, 244-245

OST, 10, 205-206, 208, 217

metals and radionuclides, 72-128 (passim), 222-228, 240-241, 243, 254-263

Office of Environmental Management (DOE), 36, 207, 211-212, 218

Office of Environmental Restoration, 2-3, 12, 19, 35-36, 212, 244

Office of Science and Technology, viii-ix, 2, 10, 20, 203-211, 217 -219;

see also Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area

Office of Technology Development (DOE), 19

remediation technologies, 4, 9-11, 36, 72, 84-85, 101, 202-239;

see also Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area

regulatory environment, 9, 10, 15-16, 18, 39-71, 206-207, 209, 211, 221, 236

see also specific DOE sites

Dichloroethylene, 20, 48, 174, 176-179 (passim), 186-187, 190, 191

Diethylenetriaminepentaacectic acid, 276

Direct-push technologies, 133, 137

Drinking water, 7

regulatory issues, 3, 39, 42, 49-50, 149-150, 161

maximum contaminant levels, 47-48, 49, 52

Safe Drinking Water Act, 42, 47-48, 52

Dynamic underground stripping, 228-229

E

Ecological risk assessments, 31, 33-35, 67, 73

Economic factors, 203-205

contractors and contracting, 9, 10, 15-16, 204, 205, 207, 211, 218 -219, 225, 245

see also Cost and cost-benefit factors;

Funding

Electrical and electrokinetic remediation systems, 11

DNAPLs, 135, 163, 166-168, 171-173, 194, 228, 229, 230-235, 241, 265, 266

metals and radionuclides, 6, 8, 78, 81, 112-114, 121

Electrochemical analysis, 82, 95

Energy Policy Act, 257

Enhanced Site Specific Risk Assessment, 65

Environmental Management Science Program, 13, 248

Environmental Protection Agency, 3, 35, 42, 47, 49, 53, 61-62

brownfields, 63, 64

DNAPLs, 51, 145, 152-153, 157-158, 179, 189, 232

management and managers, 49, 62

metals and radionuclides, 102, 113, 115

natural attenuation, 60, 61, 189, 190

technical impracticability waivers, 55-58

SITE, 102, 113, 115, 179

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 82, 276, 118

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Groundwater and Soil Cleanup: Improving Management of Persistent Contaminants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9615.
×

Evaluation and evaluation issues, 3, 17, 120-122, 209, 244-245

Accelerated Site Technology Deployment Program, 12, 212, 213-214, 218, 246

air sparging, 135, 149-150

alcohol and cosolvent flushing, 152-154, 194

bioremediation, 111-112, 121, 177-180, 194

contaminant characterization, 28-29

DNAPLs, remediation, 134-136, 139, 145-146, 149-150, 152-154, 157159, 161-162, 165-168, 170-173, 177-182, 185-188, 190-195, 243

electrical and electrokinetic processes, 113-114, 121, 135, 167-168, 172-173 , 194

field tests, 8

in situ oxidation, 134, 161-162, 194

in situ redox manipulation, 109-110, 121

in situ vitrification, 9, 99-101, 120-121, 134, 170-171, 194

metals and radionuclides, remediation, 77-80, 105-107, 109-110, 111 -114, 118-121

natural attenuation, 60, 69, 190-191

peer review, 12, 67, 68, 209, 244

permeable reactive barriers, 105-107, 109-110, 121, 183, 185-188, 194

phytoremediation, 118-120, 121, 181-182

remediation guidelines, vii, ix-x, 13, 16-17, 55, 69, 190, 246

steam injection, 134, 165-166

soil flushing and washing, 115-116, 121

soil vapor extraction, 135, 145-146, 178, 193-194

solidification and stabilization, 102-103, 121

subsurface barriers, 94-96, 105-107, 109-110, 120, 121;

Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area, 12-13, 244-245

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation program, 102, 113, 115, 179

surfactants, 134, 157-159, 194

technical impractibility waivers, 57

see also Risk assessment;

Sensor technologies

Excavation of contaminated soils, 19, 35

Exposure, see Risk assessment

F

Federal Facilities Compliance Act, 40, 41

Federal government, 1, 203-204

see also Funding;

Legislation;

Regulatory issues;

specific departments

and agencies

Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable, 13, 246

Fernald Environmental Management Project, 30, 32, 33, 35, 43, 62-63, 73, 213, 259, 266, 267

Foreign countries, see International perspectives

Funding, 13

Accelerated Site Technology Deployment Program, 213-214

brownfields programs, 64

Department of Energy, not SCFA, 36-37, 204-205, 207-208, 208-209, 211

Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area (SCFA), 9-11, 12, 13, 19-21, 208, 218-220, 235-236, 240-243 (passim), 244, 247-248

see also Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and

Liability Act

G

Gasoline, 229, 148, 165

General Accounting Office, 10, 204, 205-206, 207, 208-209, 217, 219

Geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic factors, 7, 16, 21, 27

DNAPLs, 7, 8, 18, 23, 25-27, 130-135 (passim), 146, 148, 150, 155159 (passim), 162, 165-166, 177, 185, 188, 192-195

metals and radionuclides, 25, 27, 76-77, 86, 225, 227

subsurface barriers, 86, 90, 95-96

GeoVIS, 137

Ground penetrating radar, 138

Guidance for Evaluating the Technical Impracticability of Ground-Water

Restorations, 55

Guide to Documenting and Managing Cost

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Groundwater and Soil Cleanup: Improving Management of Persistent Contaminants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9615.
×

and Performance Information for Remediation Projects, 13, 246

H

Hanford Site, 11, 21, 24, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 43, 52, 73, 110, 222-225, 263, 265, 266, 268

Henry's law constant, 130, 142, 145, 147

Historical perspectives

Department of Energy contractors, 211

Department of Energy site cleanup, 1, 2-3, 15, 25, 202, 211

regulatory environment, 3-4, 58, 63

Superfund, 202

Human health risks, see Risk assessment

Hydrogeology, see Geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic factors

Hydrosparge VOC sensing system, 137

I

Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, 11, 21, 24, 26, 30, 33, 34, 36, 52-53, 213, 214, 222, 225, 243, 257, 265-268 (passim)

Incineration, 18-19

In situ bioremediation, see Bioremediation

In situ oxidation, 8, 27, 134, 159-162, 242, 267

In situ redox manipulation, 5, 11, 78, 80, 107-110, 121, 222-225, 243

In situ vitrification, 9, 35, 208-209, 266

DNAPLs, 9, 135, 168-171, 194

metals and radionuclides, 5, 78, 80, 96-101, 120-121

Interagency Working Group on Brownfields, 64

International perspectives, 115-116, 161

Internet, 19

Ion exchange systems, 73, 86, 113, 114, 115, 241

J

Joule heating, 166, 169

L

Lasagna, 172, 217, 232-235, 248, 265

Laser-induced fluorescence sensors, 137

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 11, 16, 22, 43, 165, 228, 254, 265-268 (passim)

Legal Environmental Assistance Foundation, 40

Legislation

Clean Water Act, 42

Energy Policy Act, 257

Federal Facilities Compliance Act, 40, 41

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 3, 40-48, 49, 53, 54, 55, 57, 63, 68, 206, 213

Safe Drinking Water Act (1974), 42, 47-48, 52

Superfund Act, see Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,

and Liability Act

Toxic Substances Control Act, 42

Uranium Mill Tailings Remediation Control Act, 3, 22, 43, 46-47, 49, 51, 68

see also Regulatory issues

Light nonaqueous-phase liquids, 137, 157-158, 165

Litigation, see Court cases

Local government, see State and local governments

Los Alamos National Laboratory, 22, 43, 258

M

Management and managers

contractors and contracting, 9, 10, 15-16, 204, 205, 207, 211, 218 -219, 225, 245

Department of Energy,

general, 11, 13, 16, 205, 207, 217, 244-245

OST, 10, 205-206, 208, 217

EPA, 49, 62

regulatory issues, 40, 49, 51, 54-55, 57, 60, 61, 62-63, 65, 69, 245

site-level, 9, 16, 40, 47, 49, 51, 54-55, 57, 60, 61, 62-63, 65, 69, 204, 212, 225, 244

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Groundwater and Soil Cleanup: Improving Management of Persistent Contaminants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9615.
×

Maximum contaminant levels, 47-48, 49, 52

Metal pollutants, 1, 16, 29-30, 72-128, 208

bioremediation, 6, 78, 110-112, 121

Department of Energy programs, 72-128 (passim.), 222-228, 240-241, 243, 254-263;

see also Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area

deep-soil mixing, 86, 90, 91, 265-266

electrical and electrokinetic remediation, 6, 8, 78, 81, 112-114, 121

geologic conditions, 25, 27, 76-77, 225, 227

in situ redox manipulation, 5, 11, 78, 80, 107-110, 121, 222-225, 243

in situ vitrification, 5, 78, 80, 96-101, 120-121

ion exchange systems, 73, 86, 113, 114, 115, 241

phytoremediation, 6, 78, 80, 116-120, 121

pozzolanic agents, 79, 80, 101, 102

remediation technologies, 4, 5-6, 11, 17, 19, 76, 77, 78-122, 168, 213, 222-228, 241, 243

cost factors, 112, 120

evaluation, 77-80, 105-107, 109-110, 111-114, 118-121

soil flushing and washing, 6, 18, 78, 81, 112, 113, 114-116, 121

solidification and stabilization techniques, 5, 78, 80, 101-103, 121, 215

sorption, 76, 78, 80, 86, 103

speciation, 76, 77, 80

Methanol, 139, 151

Monument Valley, 254

Mound Plant, 43, 73, 213, 214, 259, 265, 267

N

National Contingency Plan, 51

National Priorities List, 43, 44

Native Americans, 31, 32

Natural attenuation, 7, 54, 57, 58-61, 69, 73, 173, 189-191, 215, 243

Natural Resources Defense Council, 40

Naval installation sites, 65, 67-68, 257

Netherlands, 115-116

Neutron probes, 138

Nevada Test Site, 35, 43, 259

Nonaqueous-phase liquids, 120, 137, 142, 157-158, 165

see also Dense nonaqueous-phase liquids;

Light nonaqueous-phase liquids

O

Oak Ridge Reservation, 21, 24, 26, 30, 32-33, 34, 35, 43, 53, 62-63, 73, 214, 261, 265, 267, 268

Office of Environmental Management (DOE), 36, 207, 211-212, 218

Office of Environmental Restoration (DOE), 2-3, 12, 19, 35-36, 212, 244

Office of Science and Technology (DOE), 2, 10, 20, 203-211, 217-219

see also Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area

Office of Technology Development (DOE), 19

Oil, see Petroleum

Oxidation, see In situ oxidation

P

Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant, 43, 172, 234-235, 257, 265

Pantex Plant, 43, 262, 268

Peer review, 12, 67, 68, 209, 244

Penetrometers, 11, 83, 133, 216, 222, 225-228, 243

Perchloroethylene, 29, 52, 53, 145, 156, 161-162, 167, 173-178 (passim), 186, 189-190, 230

Permeable reactive barriers, 5, 78, 80, 81, 103-107, 121, 136, 182 -188, 194, 213, 215, 217, 242, 265

see also In situ redox manipulation

Petroleum, 65, 144, 166, 175-176, 217

Phytoremediation

DNAPLs, 9, 180-182

metals and radionuclides, 6, 78, 80, 116-120, 121

Plutonium, 25, 28, 31, 52, 76, 77, 111, 256

Polychlorinated biphenyls, 29, 42, 47, 102

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 137

Potassium permanganate, 159-162, 183-185, 187

Pozzolanic agents, 79, 80, 101, 102

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Groundwater and Soil Cleanup: Improving Management of Persistent Contaminants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9615.
×

Pressurized injection, barriers, 88-89

Privately owned sites, 40, 203

Public exposure, see Risk assessment

Public involvement, 2, 19, 67, 68, 206

Pump-and-treat systems, 3, 7, 18, 27, 36, 85, 104, 150, 212, 215, 222, 225, 228-229

Push-in technologies, 133, 137

R

Radar, see Ground penetrating radar

Radio-frequency heating, 167-167, 230

Radionuclides, 1, 16, 27-28, 29-35, 72-128, 208, 222

deep-soil mixing, 86, 90, 91, 265-266

Department of Energy programs, 72-128 (passim), 222-228, 240-241, 243, 254-263;

see also Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area

electrical and electrokinetic remediation, 6, 8, 78, 81, 112-114, 121

geologic conditions, 25, 27, 76-77, 86

in situ redox manipulation, 5, 11, 78, 80, 107-110, 121, 222-225, 243

in situ vitrification, 5, 78, 80, 96-101, 120-121

ion exchange systems, 73, 86, 113, 114, 115, 241

phytoremediation, 6, 78, 80, 116-120, 121

pozzolanic agents, 79, 80, 101, 102

remediation technologies, 4, 5-6, 11, 17, 19, 74, 76, 77, 78-122, 171, 213, 214, 222-228, 241, 243

cost factors, 112, 120

evaluation, 77-80, 105-107, 109-110, 111-114, 118-121

see also specific technologies infra and supra

soil flushing and washing, 6, 18, 78, 81, 112, 113, 114-116, 121

solidification and stabilization techniques, 5, 78, 80, 101-103, 121, 215

sorption, 76, 78, 80, 86, 103

speciation, metals and radionuclides, 76, 77, 80

standards, 48, 50, 52-53;

see also Uranium Mill Tailings Remediation Control Act

see also Plutonium;

Uranium

Regulatory issues, 2, 3-4, 39-71, 240, 245

alternate concentration limits, 48-49

applicable or relevant and appropriate requirement, 48, 49, 51

Department of Energy, 9, 10, 15-16, 18, 39-71, 206-207, 209, 211, 221, 236

drinking water, 3, 39, 42, 49-50, 149-150, 161

maximum contaminant levels, 47-48, 49, 52

Safe Drinking Water Act, 42, 47-48, 52

historical perspectives, 3-4, 58, 63

management and managers, 40, 49, 51, 54-55, 57, 60, 61, 62-63, 65, 69, 245

maximum contaminant levels, 47-48, 49, 52

new technologies and, 9, 10, 15-16, 206-207, 209, 211, 221, 236

pump-and-treat remediation, 18

records of decision, 46, 52, 53, 54, 56, 61-63, 69

secrecy requirements, 25

soil screening level, 49-50

Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area, 9, 10, 12, 39, 54, 55, 57, 61, 63, 68, 69, 221, 236, 243, 245

technical impracticability waivers, 54-58, 69

see also Legislation

Redox manipulation, see In situ redox manipulation

Remediation technologies, 1-2, 16-17, 55, 56-70

conventional, limitations of, 17-19

cost factors, 11, 19, 15, 90, 204-205, 206, 207, 211-212, 213, 220, 222, 223, 225, 228-229, 232, 236, 241, 246

DNAPLs, 5-6, 9, 137, 146, 150, 182, 188

metals and radionuclides, 112, 120

DNAPLs, 4, 7-9, 11, 17, 19, 84-85, 115, 133-135, 140-195, 208, 228 -235, 241-242

cost factors, 5-6, 9, 137, 146, 150, 182, 188

evaluation, 134-136, 139, 145-146, 149-150, 152-154, 157-159, 161

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Groundwater and Soil Cleanup: Improving Management of Persistent Contaminants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9615.
×

162, 165-168, 170-173, 177-182, 185-188, 190-195, 243

see also specific technologies infra and supra

Department of Defense, viii, 7, 9-11

Department of Energy, viii-ix, 4, 9-11, 36, 72, 84-85, 101, 202-239;

see also Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area

metals and radionuclides, 4, 5-6, 11, 17, 19, 76, 77, 78-122, 168, 213, 222-228, 241, 243

cost factors, 112, 120

evaluation, 77-80, 105-107, 109-110, 111-114, 118-121

see also specific technologies

site-level management and managers, 9, 16, 40, 47, 49, 51, 54-55, 57, 60, 61, 62-63, 65, 69, 204, 212, 225, 244

technical impracticability waivers, 54-58, 69

see also Evaluation and evaluation issues;

Regulatory environment;

Sensor technologies;

Technical assistance;

specific technologies

Remediation Technologies Development Forum, 13, 248

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 3, 40-48, 49, 53, 54, 68, 206, 213

brownfields, 63

technical impracticability waivers, 55, 57

Risk assessment, general, viii, 3, 13, 17, 21, 29, 30-35, 54, 65-68, 69, 241

brownfields, 64

ecological, 31, 33-35, 67, 73

excavation of soils, 18

metals and radionuclides, 74

new technology, 9, 10

subsurface barriers, 9, 10, 11

Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area, 9, 10, 11

wildlife, 33-35

Risk-based corrective action, 65-68, 69

Risk-based screening level, 4

Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site, 21, 24, 26, 30, 32, 34, 35, 43, 53, 73, 214, 256

S

Safe Drinking Water Act, 42, 47-48, 52

Sandia National Laboratories, 43, 60, 73, 213, 230, 254, 259, 267, 268

Savannah River Site, 19, 21, 24, 26, 30, 32, 34, 35, 43, 53, 73, 150, 161, 214, 261, 265, 266, 267

Seismic techniques, 95, 138

Semivolatile organic compounds, 8, 99, 168, 193-194, 230

Sensor technologies, 83-84, 94, 95, 133, 137-140, 213, 216, 221, 225, 227, 228, 242, 266, 267

see also specific technologies

Sequential extraction procedures, 82-83

Single-extraction procedures, 83

Site characterization and analysis penetrometer system, 222, 225-228, 243

Site Screening and Technical Guidance for Monitored Natural Attenuation at DOE Sites, 60

Site technology coordination groups, 207

Site Technology Deployment Program, 211-212

Soil flushing and washing, 6, 18, 78, 81, 112, 113, 114-116, 121

Soil screening level, 49-50

Soil vapor extraction, 8, 9, 11, 135, 140-146, 150, 167, 168, 178, 193-194, 202, 215, 216, 229, 241-242, 266

thermally enhanced vapor extraction, 9, 228, 230-231, 243, 265

Solidification and stabilization techniques, 5, 78, 80, 101-103, 121, 215

Solvents

for DNAPL remediation, 134

see also Chlorinated solvents;

Cosolvent flushing

Sorption, 76, 78, 80, 86, 103

Southern States Energy Board, 209, 211

Speciation, metals and radionuclides, 76, 77, 80

Spectroscopy, 77, 83, 137

State and local governments, 39, 40, 140, 206, 240

brownfields, 63-64

monitored natural attenuation, 60-61

risk-based corrective action, 65

Standards, see Regulatory issues

Steam injection, 8, 163-166, 134, 163-166,

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Groundwater and Soil Cleanup: Improving Management of Persistent Contaminants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9615.
×

194, 228, 229, 241, 267

Strontium, 28, 29, 48, 102, 113

Subsurface barriers, 5, 9, 11, 12, 36, 84-96, 120, 136, 188, 213, 222, 225, 242-243

cryogenic barriers, 90, 216, 265, 266, 267

geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic conditions, 86, 90, 95-96

permeable reactive barriers, 5, 78, 80, 81, 103-107, 121, 136, 182 -188, 194, 213, 215, 217, 242, 265;

see also In situ redox manipulation

risk assessments, general, 9, 10, 11

trenching, 5, 43, 86-88, 106, 115, 121, 143, 152, 177, 183, 188

Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area, 2, 7, 9-13, 19, 202-236, 240-248

cost effectiveness, 12, 204-205, 236, 241, 246

funding, 9-11, 12, 13, 19-21, 208, 218-220, 235-236, 240-243 (passim), 244, 247-248

regulatory environment, 9, 10, 12, 39, 54, 55, 57, 61, 63, 68, 69, 221, 236, 243, 245

Superfund, see Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation program, 102, 113, 115, 179

Surfactants, 8, 134, 151, 154-159, 194, 241, 266

T

Technetium, 5, 28, 29

Technical assistance, Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area, 10, 12, 13, 246-247

Technical impracticability waivers, 54-58, 69

Technology Practices Manual for Surfactants and Cosolvents, 151

Trenching, 5, 43, 86-88, 106, 115, 121, 143, 152, 177, 183, 188

Tetrachloroethylene, 48

Thermal desorption volatile organic compound sampler, 137

Thermally enhanced vapor extraction, 9, 228, 230-231, 243, 242, 243, 265

Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure

Toxic Substances Control Act, 42

Trichloroethane, 181

Trichloroethylene, 29, 48, 52, 53, 106, 149, 156, 157, 161-162, 167, 172-182 (passim), 186-187, 189-191, 230

Tritium, 28, 29, 208

U

Uranium, 25, 28, 29, 32, 33, 48, 53, 73, 74, 76, 77, 111, 213, 254 -263

Uranium Mill Tailings Remediation Control Act, 3, 22, 43, 46-47, 49, 51, 68

V

Vadose zone, 84, 94, 95, 130, 131, 132

Video imaging system, (GeoVIS), 137

Vinyl chloride, 29, 48, 173, 176, 177, 179, 186-187, 190

Vitrification, see In situ vitrification

Volatile organic compounds, 137, 140-146, 150, 161, 178, 186, 213

see also Semivolatile organic compounds

W

WASTECH, 13, 246

Weather, see Climatic conditions

Wildlife, 33-35

World Wide Web, see Internet

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Groundwater and Soil Cleanup: Improving Management of Persistent Contaminants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9615.
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This book presents a comprehensive, up-to-date review of technologies for cleaning up contaminants in groundwater and soil. It provides a special focus on three classes of contaminants that have proven very difficult to treat once released to the subsurface: metals, radionuclides, and dense nonaqueous-phase liquids such as chlorinated solvents.

Groundwater and Soil Cleanup was commissioned by the Department of Energy (DOE) as part of its program to clean up contamination in the nuclear weapons production complex. In addition to a review of remediation technologies, the book describes new trends in regulation of contaminated sites and assesses DOE's program for developing new subsurface cleanup technologies.

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